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Janardan S Project
Janardan S Project
AND
PROJECT REPORT ON
GENERATOR PROTECTION
AT
SUBMITTED BY:-
JANARDAN KUMAR
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
143/07, 6th SEMESTER
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHEDPUR
Plant training report Completed Project on Generator Protection
JAMSHEDPUR JAMSHEDPUR
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to all those who gave me
this great opportunity to compare my report .Firstly I want to thank Mr.
Cosmos D. Lakra , Sr. Manager H.R. ,Tata Power , Jamshedpur and the
Department of Electrical for giving me permission to commence this report
in the first instance, to do the necessary field work and to use departmental
data.
I am also deeply indebted to Mr. S. K. Sahoo and Mr. Saket Kumar whose
technical input, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in the
completion of report and provided me with practical on- field knowledge of
the subject.
Who all helped to get knowledge about working and maintenance of the
plant and the vital role they play in the performance of the plant.
Plant overview
Environmental Management
Operation
Electrical System
Protective Relays
Generator Protection
Trip Classes
Protection Application
REG
SPAJ
Reference
TATA POWER- OVERVIEW
The Tata Power Company Limited is one of the oldest power sector utilities in India. The
Tata Power group (TEC) comprised three companies:-
These companies were merged in the year 2000 to form Tata power.
Now The Tata Power manages around 3200 mw of generation, transmission and
distribution business at present and has set goals to take this level to 5000 MW by the
year 2008.
Tata Power started its operations in Jharkhand with the acquisition of 67.5
MW of coal based captive power unit of Tata steel in April 1996. Tata power added three
units of three units of 120 MW capacities each at Jamshedpur .The first unit began
commercial operation in February 2001 followed by the second unit in February 2002
while the third became operational by 2005.A 120MW plant is going to be operational
from July 2010.
UNIT COMMISSIONING:
• The primary fuel is coal,60% of which is procured from Tata steel .The balance
quality is supplied by Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL) . The specific consumption of
the division is 0.76 kg/KWh.
• The secondary fuel used in the plant is Light Diesel oil (LDO). It is sourced from Indian
Oil Corporation or HPCL or BPCL. Specific LDO consumption of the division is 2.46
Liter/KWh.
WASTE DISPOSAL:-
In the Power generation process coal ash is generated in two forms- fly ash and
Bottom Ash .Fly ash is conveyed pneumatically to M/S Lafarge and through baulker to
ACC and Grasim for Cement making. Bottom Ash is disposed to ash pond for setting and
water is recovered, recycled and reused.
PROCESS:-
Important parameters are monitored on continuous basis through DCS. VISTA and other
systems all the important control loops run in auto mode with self –correcting
characteristics. The power is generated at 11KV level and then stepped up to 132 KV
level by generators transformers. Electrical power is supplied to Tata Steel at two voltage
levels 132 KV and 32 KV.
The power at 132 KV level is fed directly to the main grid of Tata Steel at Golmuri
Substation. The division feds the 33KV power to local industries through a 33KV
substation directly as per guidelines given by Tata Steel. Power generation, in –house
consumption and power supply to customer is monitored on – line through VISTA
system.
DEMINERALIZING PLANT:
The high pressure boiler at the Jojobera thermal power station unit requires high purity
water for their smooth and safety operation. This insures that the boiler water will always
have limited salinity and the problem of scaling and corrosion of boiler internals is
prevented. Further in the event of high salinity in the boiler water there is always the
danger of salts being carried over with steam, to be ultimately deposited on lower
pressure side of the turbine blades. This salt laden water may also damage the turbine
blades as it is emitted at a very high velocity.
To produce this high quality water for the boiler feed purposes, DM plant is installed to
remove all the salts to maximum extent from the available normal incoming raw water.
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS (E.S.P.):-
Exhaust gases contain large quantity dust particles which are emitted into the atmosphere.
This poses threat to mankind as devastating health hazard.
E.S.P. Advantages :
E.S.P. uses intense electric forces to separate suspended particles from the flue gases.
Process involves :
Cooling tower is very large and is divided in smaller parts as the size of droplets. These
water droplets drops fall from a height of 8 to 10 meters to the bottom of cooling tower.
The splitting of water into small droplets, the draught provided by the tower and the large
evaporating surface helps to cool water very quickly practically during the time when it is
descending. Water from the base of the cooling is pumped into the condenser and the
cycle is repeated. Some water about 2% to 5% is lost due to evaporation and has to be
added from the tank. Cooling tower are classified as atmospheric (or natural draught) and
mechanical draught.
The water supply source is river Subarnrekha which is treated with Na2SO3 to drive away
C12, which would otherwise oxidize and damage resin permanently and then with iron-
ammonium alum to precipitate suspended impurity materials.
CONTACT TANK
Takes care of suspended matter and filter them out .Alum solution dosed to incoming raw
water facilitate proper reaction. To place in the contact tank with sufficient retention
capacity for the alum, to form a filterable flock.
DEGASSER:
It removes the carbonic acid at the SAC outlet .At SAC inlet, soluble carbonates are there
.They are converted in SAC to carbonic acid .An intimate contact between solution and
air enable CO2 stripping. As the bicarbonate content is nearly half of total anion load of
the influent water to plant, degasser educe the load on anion resin and regenerate
significantly.
The anion and cation not absorbed earlier are absorbed her.
1. Procurement of coal.
3. Feeding of coal.
OPERATION
The steam cycle is working on a non heat regeneration cycle. Feed water is
supplied to the drum through the economizer outer limbs. Water in the boiler
tubes absorbs heat from the furnaces. The mixture of water and steam is
discharged into the boiler drums. The separated saturated steam is led to the super
heater where it is heated to about 810 k.
Super heated steam from the boiler is fed to the turbine via the turbine top valve,
emergency stop and governing valve. Steam first enters the HP turbine, gets
expanded here and then it is directed to the inlet of the LP turbine for further
expansion. In the process the turbine starts rotating which in turn rotates the prime
mover of the generator, thus producing electricity.
Steam generation is done in a radiant reheat, wet circulation, single drum, direct
corner fired fitting burners and top supported type boiler.
• Re-heater section
• Draught system
A stem turbine is a prime mover in which rotary motion is obtained by the gradual
change of momentum of the steam.
1. The nozzle in which energy of high pressure is converted into kinetic energy,
so that steam issues from nozzle at high velocity.
2. The blade which change the direction of motion of steam issuing from the
nozzle that force acts on the blades to change momentum and propel them.
The turbine mainly consists of nozzle or set of nozzle and rotary blade wheel. The
steam expanded from high pressure to low pressure either in the nozzle or in the
blades and kinetic energy thus obtained is supplied to the blades where the it is
transformed into mechanical work. The power is made available at a turbine shaft
directly or with the help of reduction gear.
• Condensate extraction pump.
• Surface condenser.
- LP heater
- HP heater
- De aerator
• Grid troubles
• Trouble in process
• Trouble in equipment.
When this balance is disturbed, all the process variables deviate from the normal
value. Thus, they create a necessity for the deviation .
• Instruments – to measure and indicate the amount of deviation.
TYPE OF INSTRUMENTS:-
The instruments that are being used in the process instrumentation for measuring
the physical qualities can classified as
1. Indicators: They are of two categories local and remote local indicators
are self controlled and self operative and are mounted on the site .the remote
indicators are used for telemeter purpose and are mounted in the centralized
control panel.
Electrical System
Electrical System is one of the most important components of a power plant.
With the help of this system the mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy and is distributed to various consumers according to their
requirements.
• SCADA for remote switchyard operation and data transfer to Load Dispatch
Centre.
Turbo –Generators:-
Stator:-
The stator consists of two parts viz. the outer casing and inner frame
supporting the core and the winding .Outer casing is of welded construction
.Welded tubes and ducts provide flow paths for cooling. Inner stator consists of
stator and core windings. Stator core stacked with insulated electrical sheet steel
laminations clamping fingers ensures uniform pressure and intensive cooling of
stator core ends. Stator winding fractional pitched, two layers consisting of
individual bars. To minimize the losses, the bars are separately brazed together
and insulated from each other.
KW: - 67500
PF: - 0.8
KVA: - 84375
4639 amps
RPM: - 3000
Frequency: - 50 Hz
Phase: - 3
Connection: - Y
Coolant: - Air
Insulation Class: - B
The heat generated inside the stator and rotor due to the copper losses, iron
losses, friction and windage losses are dissipated through the secondary coolant
air. Direct cooling of rotor essentially eliminates hot spot and different
temperature between adjacent components, which could result in mechanical
stress, particularly to the copper conductor. Indirect cooling is used for stator
winding.
The cooling air is circulated in generator interior in closed circuitry to axial flow
fans arrange on the rotor shaft journals. The cooling air has three flow paths. The
air flow mixes in the air gap. The cooling air then flows radially outward through
ventilating slots in the core within the range of hot air compartments for cooling
further portion of the stator core and stator winding. The hot air returns to the air
cooler. The air cooler shell and tube type heat exchanger, which cools the air in
the generator. From hot air heat is dissipated through cooling water which is
regulated through the valve. In the stator cooling medium is circular which has
copper fins to obtain a large heat transfer area. It is designed on principal of cross
counter flow system.
Transformer:-
According to uses and types, transformer can be divided into different category.
Power transformer, Control transformer, Rectifier transformer, Auto transformer.
Transformer core:-
Transformer provides continuous path for electromagnetic flux and are made of
cold rolled grain oriented alloy steel (CRGO), which reduced Hysteresis loss and
enable the core to operate at higher flux density. Generally it has limbs which
mitered with top and bottom yokes. CRGO steel has a feature that has specific
loss in Watt/Kg is lowest in the direction of rolling.
Cores are laminated and each lamination is coated with phosphorous glass type
coating to reduce the Eddy Current losses in the core. Laminations built to from a
stepped Limb (cross section) having as near as possible a circular section and
mitered at 45 degree with top and bottom yoke.
Radiators are provided to enlarge the cooling surface area of the oil filled
transformer. It is made of mild steel but not designed for vacuum. For ONAF and
OFAF type, electrically driven cooling fans are provided to cool the radiators.
They are mounted either below or at side of the radiator. For OFAF type of
cooling, OIL pumps are also provided to circulate the oil between Main Tank and
Radiator to improve the cooling. Hot oil comes from top of the Main tank in the
Radiator and cold pushed from bottom in the Main Tank.
Transformer Oil:-
Transformer oil protects the core and coil assembly from chemical attack. It
provides dielectric strength of the transformer insulation system. It provides
efficient cooling system of transformer. Transformer oil is a pure hydrocarbon
mineral oil and generally paraffin base.
Relief Vent:-
In case of severe fault inside HVR, terminal pressure may be built up to a very
high value, which may result in the explosion of tank .To avoid such a
contingency, a relief vent of diaphragm type is fitted. The diaphragm breaks open
and relieves the pressure if the pressure is more than 35 KN/m2.
Buchholz Relay:-
A double float relay is fitted with a mercury switch. The switch contacts are
brought to thermometer box for alarm and tripping.
Conservator:-
Oil conservator is connected to HVR tank to account for any change in the
volume of the oil due to variation in the oil temperature. A prismatic oil gauge is
provided to indicate the oil level. In some of the cases conservator is provided
with magnetic type oil level gauge with low oil level alarm as per the contact
requirement.
Dehydrating Breather:-
Circuit-Breakers:-
The circuit breakers are the device, which is capable of making and breaking of
an electrical circuit under normal and abnormal conditions. During Normal
operating
Condition the CB can be opened or closed by a station operator for the purpose of
switching and maintenance. During the abnormal or faulty conditions the relays
senses the fault and closes the trip circuit of the circuit breaker. Thereafter the
circuit breaker opens .The circuit breaker has two working positions, open &
closed .These correspond to open circuit breaker contact and closed circuit
breaker contact respectively. The operation of automatic opening and closing the
contact is achieved by means of operating of the circuit breaker. As the relay
contact closes the trip circuit is closed and the operating mechanism. In Tata
power , the 132 KV breakers for GT #1,2,3 are all ABB and are SF6 circuit
breaker in which closing and tripping is through charged spring .
Lightning Arrestor:-
Lightning Arrestor are usually connected between phases and ground in the
distribution system to protect apparatus insulation from lightning surges. The
resistor blocks in the arrestor offers low resistance to the full impulse wave. Here
zinc oxide arrestors are used. Zinc oxide arrestors have higher energy absorption
level.
DC System:-
Total power failure of a thermal power station is a most critical situation for the
station .Since the turbo –generators sets takes about 20-25 minutes for coasting
down to barring speed; it is essential to provide emergency oil supply to the
turbine and generated journal bearings.
In the event of total power failure any delay in coming up emergency DG sets,
DC supply system takes over the oil supply to scanners in steam generators in
addition to catering power to entire protection system.
Float charger:-
The Float Charger is meant for supplying the continuous dc load and at the
same trickle charging the battery to keep it in fully charged condition. The float
charger may either be operated in auto or manual mode. In the automatic mode,
the output voltage is held constant at present value (around 2.15 V/cell) whereas
in manual mode the output voltage may be varied within the limits by
potentiometer.
Boost Charger:-
The boost charger is basically meant for quick charging the battery (cc
mode) after a heavy discharge so as to restore the capacity of the battery within
minimum time. The charger may be operated in auto mode or manual mode. In
the manual mode the output current may be varied within the limits by adjusting a
potentiometer.
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
The function of protective relaying is to cause the prompt removal from service of
any
element of a power system when it suffers a short circuit, or when it starts to
operate in any abnormal manner that might cause damage or otherwise interfere
with the effective operation of the rest of the system. The relaying equipment is
aided in this task by circuit breakers that are capable of disconnecting the faulty
element when they are called upon to do so by the relaying equipment.
PRIMARY RELAYING
Fig. 1. One-line diagram of a portion of an electric power system illustrating
Primary relaying.
BACK-UP RELAYING
Back-up relaying is employed only for protection against short circuits. Because
short
circuits are the preponderant type of power failure, there are more opportunities
for failure
in short primary relaying. When we say that primary relaying may fail, we mean
that any of several things may happen to prevent primary relaying from causing
the disconnection of a power-system fault. Primary relaying may fail because of
failure in any of the following:
A. Current or voltage supply to the relays.
B. D-C tripping-voltage supply.
C. Protective relays.
D. Tripping circuit or breaker mechanism.
E. Circuit breaker.
Although a modern power system could not operate without protective relaying,
this does not make it priceless. As in all good engineering, economics plays a
large part. Although the protection engineer can usually justify expenditures for
protective relaying on the basis of standard practice, circumstances may alter such
concepts, and it often becomes necessary to evaluate the benefits to be gained. It
is generally not a question of whether protective relaying can be justified, but of
how far one should go toward investing in the best relaying available.
Like all other parts of a power system, protective relaying should be evaluated on
the basis of its contribution to the best economically possible service to the
customers.
1. The contribution of protective relaying is to help the rest of the power system
to function as efficiently and as effectively as possible in the face of trouble.
One should not conclude that the justifiable expense for a given protective-
relaying
equipment is necessarily proportional to the value or importance of the system
element to be directly protected. A failure in that system element may affect the
ability of the entire system to render service, and therefore that relaying
equipment is actually protecting the service of the entire system. Some of the
most serious shutdowns have been caused by consequential effects growing out of
an original failure in relatively unimportant equipment that was not properly
protected.
HOW DO PROTECTIVE RELAYS OPERATE?
Thus far, we have treated the relays themselves in a most impersonal manner,
telling what they do without any regard to how they do it. This fascinating part of
the story of protective relaying will be told in much more detail later. But, in
order to round out this general consideration of relaying and to prepare for what is
yet to come, some explanation is in order here.
All relays used for short-circuit protection, and many other types also, operate by
virtue of the current and/or voltage supplied to them by current and voltage
transformers connected in various combinations to the system element that is to
be protected. Through individual or relative changes in these two quantities,
failures signal their presence, type, and location to the protective relays. For every
type and location of failure, there is some distinctive difference in these
quantities, and there are various types of protective-relaying equipments
available, each of which is designed to recognize a particular difference and to
operate in response to it.
More possible differences exist in these quantities than one might suspect.
Differences in each quantity are possible in one or more of the following:
A. Magnitude.
B. Frequency.
C. Phase angle.
D. Duration.
E. Rate of change.
Introduction
Generators are designed to run at a high load factor at a high load factor
for a large number of Years and permit certain incidences of abnormal working
conditions .The machine and its auxiliaries are supervised by monitoring devices
to keep the incidences of abnormal working conditions down to a minimum.
Despite the monitoring , electrical and mechanical faults may occur , and the
generators may be provided with protective relays which in case of faults ,quickly
initiate a disconnection of the machine from the system and , if necessary , initiate
a complete shutdown of the machine.
b. Overload
c. Over Voltage
d. Unbalanced Loading
e. Over fluxing
f. Inadvertent Energisation
h. Loss of excitation
i. Loss of Synchronization
l. Over-speeding
m. Rotor Distortion
o. Excessive Vibration
This is adopted for those electrical faults of Generator and Generator transformer
and unit auxiliary transformer for which tripping cannot be delayed.
- Auto changeover from unit to station for unit auxiliaries and tripping of
turbine
Class-B Tripping
This is adopted for all turbine Faults (Mechanical) and for some electrical faults
of generator, Generator transformer and unit auxiliary transformer for
which it is safe the turbine
• Ensures that unit does not over speed due to trapped steam in the turbine
during the shut down and also the loss of power to the grid from the Generator is
not sudden.
Class-C Tripping
• This is adopted for all faults beyond the generator system which can be
cleared by tripping of generator Transformer HV side CB alone.
• In this case the TG set run with HP-LP bypass system in operation and
the generator continues to feed the unit auxiliary transformers
Protective relays for generators and generator transformer
units
CT, PT Inputs to relays
The figure below shows an overview of standard protective relays for generator
transformer units. A recommended minimum of relays for different types and sizes of
generators is given under section protective relay schemes.
Fig. Protective relays for a generator-transformer unit
Types of Fault and their Protection
The generator earthing resistor normally limits the neutral voltage transmitted
from the high voltage side of the unit transformer in case of an earth fault on the
high voltage side to max. 2-3% of rated generator phase voltage.
Short -circuits between the stator winding in the slots and the stator core are the
most common electrical faults in generator s. The fault is normally initiated by
mechanical or thermal damage to the insulating material or the anti-corona paint
on a stator coil. Interturn faults, which normally are difficult to detect, will
quickly develop into an earth –fault and will be tipped by the stator earth–fault
protection.
Units with generator breaker between the transformer and the generator should
also have a three phase voltage transformers connected to the bus between the low
voltage winding of the transformer and the breaker. The broken delta connected
secondary are connected to a neutral point overvoltage relay , normally set to 20-
30% of phase voltage , which will provide earth –fault protection for the low
voltage winding and the section of the bus connected to it when the generator
breaker is open . Normally, voltage limiting capacitors will be required for this
bus section.
Loss of Excitation protection
Overloads up to 1.4 times the rated current are not normally detected by the
impedance or over-current protection. Sustained overloads within this range are
usually supervised by temperature monitors (resistance elements) embedded at
various points in the stator slots. The temperature monitoring system enables
measurements measuring points.
As an additional check of the stator winding temperature, an accurate thermal
overload down to some few minutes, which is required for adequate thermal
protection of directly cooled machines.
The temperature rise of the stator winding is , in addition to the magnitude of the
current ,also influence d by the coolant flow , the coolant temperature , etc.
Thermal overload relay RAVK is a microprocessor based thermal overload
relay . The relay has output contact for alarm when the measured thermal content
is 95% of operate value.
Fig. Thermal overload relay
The rotor circuit can be exposed to abnormal mechanical or thermal stresses due
to e.g. vibrations, excessive currents or choked cooling medium flow. This may
result in a breakdown of the insulation between the field winding and the rotor
iron at one point where the stress has been too high. The field circuit is normally
kept insulated from earth. A single earth –fault in the field winding or its
associated circuits, therefore, gives rise to a negligible fault current and does not
represent any immediate danger. if ,however, a second earth fault should occur,
heavy fault current and severe mechanical unbalance may quickly arise and lead
to serious damage .It is essential ,therefore ,that any occurrence of insulation
failure is discovered and that the machine is taken out of service as soon as
possible . Normally ,the machine is tripped after a short time delay.
The rotor earth –fault relay type RXNB 4 a dc voltage of 48 v to the rotor field
winding and measures the current through the insulation resistance . When a fault
occurs , a certain contribution to the injection voltage is obtained depending on
the field voltage and where in the rotor winding the fault occurs.
When the generator is connected to a balanced load , the phase current are equal
in magnitude and displaced electrically by 120º.The ampere-turns wave produced
by the stator currents rotate synchronously with the rotor and no eddy current are
induced in the rotor parts .
Unbalanced loading gives rise to a negative sequence current component in the
stator current. The negative-sequence current produces an additional ampere-turn
wave which rotates backwards, hence it moves relatively to the rotor at twice the
synchronous speed. The double frequency eddy currents induced in the rotor may
cause excessive heating, primarily, in the surface of cylindrical rotors and in the
damper windings of rotors with salient poles.
The approximate heating effect on the rotor of a synchronous machine for various
unbalanced fault or severe load unbalance conditions is determined by the product
I22t=K, where I2 is the negative sequence current expressed in per unit (P.U.)
stator current, t the duration in seconds and K a constant depending on the heating
characteristics of the machine, i.e. the type of machine and the method of cooling
adopted.
Table:
Type of generator Max. permitted Max. permitted
I22t=K(seconds) continuous I2 (percent)
Cylindrical rotor
Indirectly cooled 30 10
Directly cooled 5-10 8
Salient pole
With damper winding 40 10
Without damper winding 40 5
Over-voltage protection
If the generator circuit–breaker is tripped while the machine is running at full load
and rated power factor, the subsequent increase in terminal voltage will normally be
limited by a quick acting AVR. However, if the AVR is faulty, or, at this particular
time, switched for manual control of a voltage level, severe overvoltage will occur.
This voltage rise will be further increased if simultaneous over-speeding should
occur, owing to a slow acting turbine governor. In case of a hydro electric generator,
a voltage rise of 50-100% is possible during the most unfavorable conditions.
An excessive high set voltage relay can be include to trip the generator quickly in
case of excessive over–voltages following a sudden loss of load and generator over
speeding .
For high impedance earthed generators, the over-voltage relay is connected to the
voltage between phases to prevent faulty operation in case of earth-faults in the stator
circuits .
Over–excitation protection
The excitation flux in the core of the generator and connected power transformers is
directly proportional to the ratio of voltage to frequency (V/Hz) on the terminals of
the equipment. The losses due to eddy current s and hysteresis and hence, the
temperature rise, increase in proportion to the level of excitation.
An example on the V/Hz capability curve for a generator and the unit transformer is
shown infigure.
As long as the generator –transformer unit is connected to the network, the risk of
over-excitation is relatively small .However, when the generator transformer unit is
disconnected from the network; there is an obvious risk for over-excitation, mainly
during generator start-up and shut down. From cases reported in existing literature it
can be concluded that over-fluxing occurs relatively often compared to the number of
other electrical incidents.
The risk of over-excitation is, obviously, largest during periods when the frequency is
below rated value. Hence, overvoltage relays cannot be used to protect the generator-
transformer unit against over-fluxing. The proper way of doing this to use a relay
which measures the ratio between voltage and current (V/Hz relay).
The microprocessor based over-excitation relay RXLK 2H has two V/Hz measuring
stages with time delay and wide setting range: 0.2-9.6 V/Hz. The relay provides a
precise measurement of the relationship between voltage and frequency within the
frequency range 5-100 Hz.
Generator differential relays
For modern generators, the time constant of the dc component in the short-circuit
current is large, typically more than 200ms. The risk of saturation of the current
transformers in case external short-circuits is obvious .It is, therefore, important
that generator differential relay remains stable even when the current transformers
are heavily saturated.
The principle of the RADHA high –impedance differential relay is shown in Fig.
The current transformers on the generator neutral and the line side shall have
identical turn’s ratio and similar magnetizing characteristics. Hence, under normal
service condition and external faults with unsaturated current transformers, the
voltage across the relay measuring circuit is negligible.
In case of an external short-circuit, one of the current transformers may saturate
more than the others .The worst case will be if one is completely saturated and the
other is completely unsaturated. The maximum voltage across the relay will be:
Umax=Isn (Rct+Rl) where
Isn= secondary sub transient short-circuit current, symmetrical (ac) component
Rl= resistance of pilot wire between current transformer (CT) and relay
Rct=resistance of the secondary winding of the saturated current transformer
The relay operate voltage is set higher than Umax
The minimum operate current depends mainly on the voltage setting of the relay,
the magnetizing characteristics and the current ratio of the CT’s.
For internal faults, with fault current equal to or above the minimum operate
value of the relay, the voltage across the relay goes up to the full saturation
voltage of the CT’s and the relay operates in 10-15ms.
A voltage dependent resistor across the differential relay limits the voltage to a
safe level .
The primary operate current is normally between 1-5%of rated generator
current .The relay requires dedicated CT cores.
Generator and unit transformer differential relay
The purpose of the reverse power relay is basically to prevent damage on the prime
mover (turbine or motor).
If the driving torque becomes less than the total losses in the generator and the prime
mover, the generator stars to work as a synchronous compensator, taking the
necessary active power from the network. In case of steam turbines, a reduction of the
steam flow reduces the cooling effect on the turbine blades and overheating may
occur.
Hydro turbines of the Kapalm and bulb type may also be damaged due to the fact that
the turbine blades “surf “ on the water and set up an axial pressure on the bearing .
The total losses, as a percentage of rated power of a prime mover/generator unit
running at rated speed, are approximately:
Steam turbine 1-3%
Diesel engine 25%
Hydraulic turbine 3%
Gas turbine 5%
These values apply to the case when the power input to the prime-mover is
completely cut off. Thus, in the case when the total losses of a unit are covered partly
by the prime –mover and partly by electric power from the system, the actual power
drawn by a generator, during certain motoring conditions, may be much less than the
above percentage values.
When connected to phase current and phase voltage, the relay cannot operate when
there is a direct earth-fault on the generator bus in the phase selected for
measurement.
The RXPE 40 unit is normally connected to phase current and phase voltage .For
generators with V-connected voltage transformers, the current voltage circuits are
connected in accordance with Figure1.
Modern medium size and large size turbo-generators have the stator winding
designed with only one turn per phase per slot .For these machines, interterm faults
can only occur in case of double earth-faults or as a result of severe mechanical
damage on the stator end windings. The latter is considered rather unlikely to occur.
It is generally considered difficult to obtain a reliable protection against short-
circuiting of one turn if the stator winding has a large numbers of turns per phase.
For generators with split neutrals, the conventional inter-turn fault protective scheme
comprises a time delayed low–set over-current relay which senses the current flowing
in the connection between the neutrals of the stator winding , see Fig. 13.The fault
current can be extensively large in case of interterm faults , hence , the time delay
must be short , 0.2 to 0.4 sec, and the over-current relay must be set higher than the
maximum unbalanced current incase of external faults and the minimum unbalanced
current for single–turn short-circuits have to be obtained from the manufacturer of the
machine.
The microprocessor based time over-current relay RXIDK 2H is used for the
interterm protection
Mechanical Faults
Over speed
The speed of a turbo-generators set rises when the steam input is in excess of that
require to drive the load at nominal frequency .The speed governor can normally
control the speed ,and, in any case , a et running in parallel with others in an
interconnected system cannot accelerate much independently even if synchronism is
lost .However ,if load is suddenly lost when the HV circuit breaker is tripped , the set
will begin to accelerate rapidly .The speed governor is designed to prevent a
dangerous speed rise even with a 100% load rejection , but nevertheless an additional
centrifugal over speed trip device is provided to initiate an emergency mechanical
shutdown if the over speed exceeds 10%.
To minimize over speed on load rejection and hence the mechanical stress on the
rotor, the following sequence is used whenever electrical tripping is not urgently
required:
With the development in the field of electronics and induction type relay have been
replaced by much compact and accurate kind of electronic relays.
One of the latest innovations which took place in the field is the advent of Numerical
relays.
GRP stands for GENERATOR RELAY PANEL comprises of mainly REG, RET and
SPAJ .The combination of the three are used in protection scheme of generator.
Design :
The REG belongs to the generation of fully numerical generator protection terminals, i.e.
analogue to digital conversion of the input variables takes place immediately after the
input transformers and all further processing of the resulting numerical signals is
performed by microprocessors and controlled by programs.
Standard Interface enables REG to communicate with other control systems. Provision is
thus made for the exchange of data such as reaction less reporting of binary of binary
states, events, measurements and protection parameters or the activation of a different set
of settings by higher level of control systems.
The menu based HMI (human machine interface) and the REG small size makes the tasks
of connection, configuration and setting simple.
Figure 1 .Generator Relay panel
Hardware
The hardware concept for the REG generator protection equipment comprises four
different Plug-in units, a connection mother PCB and housing .In the analog input unit an
input transformer provides the electrical and static isolation between the analogue input
variables and the electronic circuits and adjusts the signals to a suitable level of
processing.
Every analog variable is passed through a first order R/C low-pass filter on the main CPU
unit to eliminate what is referred to as the aliasing effect and to suppress HF
interferences. They are then sampled and converted to digital signals. The analog /digital
conversion is performed by a 16 Bit converter .A DSP carries out part of the digital
filtering and makes sure that the data for the protection algorithms are available in the
memory to the main processor. Binary signals from the main processor are relayed to the
corresponding inputs of the I/O unit and thus control the auxiliary output relays and the
light emitting diode (LED) signals .The main processor unit is equipped with an RS232C
serial interface via which among other things the protection settings are made, events are
read and the data from the disturbance recorder memory are transferred to a local or
remote PC.
Fig. Connection of Generator Relay Panel
Application
The main areas of application of the REG terminal are the protection of the generators,
motors and unit transformers .All important protection functions required for the
protection of generators, motors and unit transformers are included .The system can
therefore replace several relays of a conventional protection schemes .The following
table gives a survey of the most significant protection functions of REG.
PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
4.Voltage-controlled Over-current
8. Under-impedance
9. Minimum Reactance
All setting is extremely wide to make the protection functions suitable for a
multimedia of Application.
Digital input and output signals can also be connected together logically:
The pick-up and tripping signals can be allocated to the channels of the
signaling auxiliary relay assembly.
Provision is made for blocking each protection function with digital signals
(e.g. digital inputs or the tripping signal of another protection function).
Digital input and output signals can also be connected together logically.
The pick-up and tripping signals can be allocated to the channels of the
signaling relay assembly.
Provision is made for blocking each protection function with a digital signal
(e.g. digital inputs or the tripping signal of another protection function).
SPAJ
Three-phase, low –set phase over current unit with definite time or inverse
definite minimum time (IDMT) characteristics.
Low-set, non-directional earth fault unit with definite time or inverse definite
minimum time.
(IDMT) characteristics
High-set ,non –directional earth fault unit with instantaneous or definite time
function
Application
The combined over current and earth-fault relay SPAJ 140C is intended to be used for the
selective short-circuit and earth-fault protection of radial feeders is solidly earthed,
resistance earthed or impedance earthed power-systems. The integrated protection relay
includes a phase over current unit with flexible tripping and signaling facilities .The over
current and earth-fault relays can also be used in other applications requiring single ,two
or three phase over current protection and non-directional earth-fault protection .The
combined over current and earth-fault relays also features circuit breaker failure
protection .
There are many protections which have not been shifted to REG and SPAJ due to its own
advantage. The following Protections are the old once itself:
References
5. www.wikipedia.com
6. Internet