AUDIO & HI-FI COMPUTERS & MICROPROCESSORS DESIGN IDEAS RADIO, TELEVISION & COMMUNICATIONS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

TEST & MEASUREMENT


FROM CONCEPT TO ARTWORK IN 1 D
IE
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Your design ideas are quickly captured using the ULTIcap schematic design Tool. ULTIcap uses
REAL-TIME checks to prevent logic errors. Schematic editing is painless: simply click your start and en
points and ULTIcap automatically wires them for you. ULTIcap's auto snap to pin and auto junction
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editing is flawless. Blind and buried vias and
surface mount designs are fully supported.
If you need partial ground planes, then
with the Dos extended board systems you
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simply by drawing the outline. The polygon
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all correct pins are connected to the
polygon with thermal relief connections
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ULTlboard's autorouter allows you to
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ULTlboard's backannotation automatically
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 April 1995
ELEKTUR
ELECTRUNIN
CONTENTS Volume 21
Number 232
ISSN 0268/4519

In next month's issue I s

b.
FOCUS ON: 54 New amplifiers simplify wideband techniques AR *
as 1
8'

AUDIO STANDARDS A Maxim Integrated Products Application i. Al

c, :
& TEST METHODS
MIDI analyser I' : I I e ii '-
Digital sine wave
20 FOCUS ON: Microcontroller development systems
9 '
generator
By our editorial staff
NiCd battery -quality tester
Rechargeable alkaline Function generator - p. 8
. . I
batteries
89C5 1 programmer 14 CHIP CARDS: an introduction
ADR-Astra digital radio Based on an article by J. Heine
and others for your 30 COURSE: The digital solution
continued interest. Part 5: Storing data
By Owen Bishop
36 PROJECT: Stepper motor control
Design by B. Yahya
48 PROJECT: Electronic barometer
Design by J. Ruiters
62 PROJECT: Bat detector
Design by L. Lemmens
76 PROJECT: Sun blind control
Design by A. Gessler
Front cover Chip cards - p. 14
Many computer owners use
I
their computer to control
electromechanical systems. 8 PROJECT: Function generator ..
In such applications, it is Design by H. Bonekamp .

often required to switch and

control stepper motors. The 1 ' 0 1 .Z ' 9\
circuit presented on page 36 -

communicates with the PC 81

82
Book availability & prices
Buyers' guide
.

..r. '
. -

r....
via the serial interface, and is
80 Corrections to earlier articles
capable of driving two 5 From the World of Electronics
stepper motors. One of these 82 Focus on microcontroller systems
Index of advertisers p. 20
takes whole or half steps, the 70 Readers' services
other half steps only. The 7 RS Components International goes CD-ROM, too
control board is a 81 Switchboard
general-purpose design that 72 Terms of Business
is suitable for a wide range
of applications involving
stepper motors.
i
Copyright © 1995 Elektuur

ABC
AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS

CONSUMER PRESS
Bat detector - p. 62

Elektor Electronics is published monthly, except in August, by Elektor Electronics (Publishing), P.O. Box 1414, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8YH, England. The magazine is
available from newsagents, bookshops, and electronics retail outlets, or on subscription at an annual (1994/95) post paid price of £28.00 in the United Kingdom; airspeeded:
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Avenel, New Jersey, N.J. 07001.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

4 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 From the World of Electronics
Consultative expertise - by
satellite
The development of the CAMNET telepres-
ence system by British Telecom Labora-
tories (BTL) is about to revolutionize many
of our ideas and practices concerning re-
medial aid at a distance. The term reme-
dial aid is used in its widest sense to in-
clude not only medical treatment and op-
erations but trouble shooting, emergency
repairs and specialized maintenance in a
variety of systems, equipment and situa-
tions: in fact, in all situations where the
man on the spot needs immediate and ex-
pert advice to tackle and complete suc-
cessfully the task in hand.
CAMNET makes this possible. It is a corn-
munications system that uses a headset
incorporating a miniature camera and a
built-in screen. Transmissions from the
headset can be sent via an umbilical, or
radio, or optical link to an integrated ser-
vices digital network (IsDN) and thence to
the remote expert who can send back ver-
bal instructions and visual data in the
form of diagrams, text or pointers which
can be viewed on the screen. But this sys-
tem is feasible only where there is an ISDN
channel readily available, while expertise
is often needed in remote parts of the world
where no such facilities exist.
This matter has now been rectified in
a joint enterprise by BTL and ABB Nera (an
ASEA Brown Boveri company) to develop
a system in which CAMNET telepresence
can be provided by satellite in any part of
the world, however remote.
CAMNET is an acronym used by BTL for
camera and network technology. At the
heart of the system is an audio visual
headset based on a pilot's standard head-
set comprising earphones and noise -can-
celling microphone; but one earphone has
been removed so that the wearer can hear
and respond to local audio stimuli. Attached
to the left side of the headset above the ear
cup is a small CCD camera, which in con-
junction with a codec can send a com-
pressed video picture of the scene being
viewed via the Inmarsat A high-speed data
facility and the ISDN network to the ex-
pert.
Private eye
The headset has a miniature screen, which
enjoys the soubriquet of Private Eye,
viewed with one eye at a distance of a few
centimetres. The optics of Private Eye
gives the viewer the observed effect of a
300 -mm monitor at a distance of one
metre. The image is an intense mono-
chrome red -on -black, high -resolution dot
matrix with a contrast ratio of 70:1, mak-
ing it ideal for use in bright conditions. The
pixel resolution is 720x280 (HxV), suitable
for viewing highly detailed line drawings.
The image is produced by an LED bar of 280
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
elements which is modulated at up to considerable cost, but a substantial time
8 MHz, the image being swept across the delay - first in getting the expert there, and
user's field of view by a resonating mirror then in getting the items of equipment he
at 50 Hz. has diagnosed necessary to rectify the
The electronics necessary to drive the problem. The potential applications are only
CCD camera and Private Eye are housed too obvious for all types of complex and spe-
in a belt -pack connected to the SatCom ter- cialised equipment in service around the
minal by a 30-m umbilical; this will be re- world. Those relating to oil platforms,
placed presently by a cordless link. ships and aircraft spring immediately to
The expert at the base end of the sat- mind.
ellite link uses a PC terminal connected to
a En' video codec and the ISDN network. On
its video display, he will view the image
transmitted from the CCD camera on the
CAMNET headset. The PC would also con- Optoelectronics
tain data for the expert to send to the communications research
headset wearer in the field such as line
diagrams, circuit diagrams, or text. keeps Britain ahead
The information is converted to the cor- Two researchers at British Telecom Labo-
rect format for display on Private Eye by ratories, Kevin Smith and Julian Lucek,
proprietary software running under have developed in recent months what
Windows, and transmitted at the press of may be the first all -optical signal regen-
a button; it is sent via the ISDN and SatCom in erator, a significant advance that enhances
a dedicated area of the 64-kbit s-1 channel and reinforces Britain's leading position
separate from the audio and video. in optical communications. The BT team
is examining ultra -fast data processing
Intrinsically robust for the sophisticated optical -fibre net-
The Saturn Compact Inmarsat earth sta- works needed to meet the world's tele-
tion is intrinsically robust and designed communications demands of the next cen-
for trouble -free operation. A recent mem- tury.
ber of the family of ABB Nera Saturn Inmar- Their achievement uses the results of
sat earth stations, with over 3300 in op- research over the past six years at the
eration around the world, it has a new de- Optoelectronic Research Centre (ORC) at
sign and incorporates state-of-the-art com- Southampton University. Here, 100 sci-
ponents to save weight, space and im- entists and support staff in world -class re-
prove performance. search laboratories sustain and advance
In addition to the telepresence equip- previous pioneering work by promoting
ment, it can be supplied with a variety of the theory, basic science and technology
communications devices such as teleprint- of optoelectronics.
ers, facsimile transceivers, data modems,
and various types of power supply. For Communications achievements
the telepresence application, as well as As a prestigious body, ORC maintains
teleconferencing, it works in conjunction strong links with industry and research
with a 64-kbit s-1 duplex high-speed data institutions around the world, and works
(lisp) system which digitizes and com- to increase the numbers of broadly-based
presses video material before transmission. and highly -trained scientists and engi-
neers in its field. With its established grant
Three units of 12 million over six years, ORC is cre-
The hardware for the complete system ating new applications for a world market
comprises three units, each shock -mounted that has grown to more than 7 billion a
and housed in a 700x600x300 mm rug- year in less than 20 years. The Southampton
gedized moulded polythene trunk. Two initiative has been rewarded by the BT
trunks weigh 34 kg each, the third 15 kg. scientists' most recent development and
The trunks, which are weatherproof, are by communications achievements in other
easily portable by light transport and can British companies such as STC, Mercury
be manhandled to the most difficult sites. and Cable & Wireless.
The trunk for the earth station termi- Britain is among the front-runners
nal contains all the requisite electronics striving towards the concept of a vast in-
as well as a sectionalized parabolic dish formation network straddling the earth
which can be quickly assembled on site and providing instantaneous access to
bringing the terminal on the air within centres of knowledge, information and
five minutes. The complete telepresence entertainment. This is the Holy Grail of
system should take no more than ten min- modern telecommunications, a prize sought
utes to become completely operational. after by the advanced economies. Mankind's
The applications envisaged for the sat- big leap forward lies in communications.
ellite system include any activity where it
has been necessary in the past to fly an Optical amplifier
expert to the scene, engendering not only The optical amplifier, the erbium -doped fibre,
 6

invented at Southampton in 1987, is rev-
olutionizing optical communications around
the world. This device is considered one
of the last decade's top three inventions
in all fields and is recognized worldwide
as a British discovery. The trans -Pacific
link between the US and Japan, to be in-
augurated this year, will use erbium -doped
fibre amplifiers.
Britain's STC Submarine Systems is a
lead company in undersea and trans-
oceanic communications and supplies a
large part of the world market. This
Northern Telecom business unit has won
a contract for a system from Spain to infinitesimally small, the distances large,
Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands. but their potential is colossal. The relia-
From Spain to the UK and Belgium, the
system is optically amplified, but the
284 km between Belgium and the
Netherlands is an unrepeated system
thought to be the longest in the world.
Data transmission
The BT innovation could remove the need
for electronic amplifiers and make a sig-
nificant contribution to optical sub -oceanic
links, enabling a variety and profusion of
information to reach faraway destinations
accurately and reliably. Only mode -locked
fibre lasers in ultra -fast pulses will be able
to accommodate the enormous data trans-
mission demands created by the homes
and businesses of the 21st century. This
steps beyond the traditional notion of a
simple pulse source and the laser is per-
forming essential network functions at
the heart of all -optical processors.
The BT research team, although capa-
ble of generating unimaginably fast
pulses in the femto-second (10-15 s)
range, prefers to concentrate on a 'more
realistic' time -scale of 100 Gbit s-1.
According to Kevin Smith: "To achieve in generating these pulses, but pulses
networks with almost unlimited range at transmitted over thousands of kilometres
these speeds and beyond, we must use all - would suffer significant loss if they were
optical techniques and employ light itself not rescued by erbium -fibre amplifiers. The
to control light, or photons to control pho- core of this fibre is doped with ions of the
tons. Optical technology is fundamentally rare metal erbium; a laser pump source
faster than the alternative - electronics - is used to excite them. A signal weakened
where electrons ultimately control the by distance along a fibre can extract this
photons and vice versa." energy and receive gain from the excited
erbium. The amplifiers, installed up to
Colossal potential 50 km apart, ensure the entire network is
Most of the BTwork covers the infrared spec- transparent and eliminate huge losses.
tral region and uses light of 1.3 pm and This development is revolutionizing the
1.55 pm wavelength. The time -scales are way engineers are starting to think of these
networks, allowing them to concentrate on
the data bits, that is, pulses used to com-
bility of the system is excellent and, com- municate information, and this is where
pared with the conventional electronic the solitons come in.
amplifier, the optical system is far simpler. Fibre lasers generate the pulses, their
For the same return, an electronic system sources being the same as the amplifiers
requires signal detection, conversion, pro- inserted along the system. The use of
cessing and optical remodulation. mode -locked fibre lasers represents one
Kevin Smith's development uses er- layer of technology beyond the fibre laser.
bium amplifiers, mode -locked fibre lasers This is a very rapidly evolving field, where
and, to support this telecommunications many are competing for the pulse source
technology of the 21st century, a wave prize. In the laboratory, at the moment, the
phenomenon known as the soliton, brought mode -locked erbium fibre laser is favourite.
to optical reality by ORC in recent years. The capacity of soliton systems is very
A soliton is a non -dispersive optical high and in this 'shrunken -time' world,
pulse, a pulse that in principle does not where a second is measured in hours,
broaden. Lasers, unlike normal pulses, can today's electronics can not easily manip-
create soliton-like phenomena. Only in ulate the pulses. All -optical processing, with
the last few years have scientists both in switching capabilities of the order of pi-
Britain and elsewhere begun to see the soli - coseconds (.10-12 s), reigns supreme, at
ton as a fundamental of future commu- least for the time being.
nications technology, providing a near -per-
fect, dispersion -less pulse that maintains
its fidelity while in the transmission sys-
tem.
Erbium fibre
13T has been pioneering the use of fibre lasers

Produced and published by ELEKTOR Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Farm Overseas editions: NETHERLANDS
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 RS COMPONENTS INTERNATIONAL GOES CD-ROM, TOO

Preliminary details of the as with the conventional cat-

first release of the RS alogue, moving progressively RS
International catalogue on between section, sub -section
CD-ROM were unveiled at a and product group before
press briefing at the RS making a final product se-
headquarters in Corby, on lection. Alternatively, the RS

18 January 1995. This CD- user can search by typing in

ROM, which will be available a key word, or a partial or
in March 1995, follows the complete version of the RS
resounding success of the stock number or manufac-
UK version which was first turer's own part number.
introduced in July 1994. Containing approximately
Designed to assist equip- 10,000 full colour product il-
ment designers, engineers lustrations, the CD-ROM of-
fers a unique 'virtual page'
and purchasers in the selec-
tion and ordering of elec- function that brings up im-
tronic, electrical and ages of a range of alternative
mechanical components, RS products for browsing, while
Components International a `view' function examines a
has developed a CD-ROM particular product in detail,
version of its product cata-
displaying all relevant cata-
logue. The RS 'Electronic
logue data. A 'related prod-
uct' function allows the user
Catalogue' runs on all stan-
-a.
dard IBM compatible PC to identify products used in
configurations. conjunction with the prod-
The first of its kind and uct choice.
available free to RS cus- The ordering function of
tomers, the Electronic the electronic catalogue en- 111, millr-4
Catalogue, like its paper ables significant time sav-
companion, is updated an- ings to be made. In making a
nually. With over six product selection, a stan-
Gigabytes of compressed dard order form can be
data on a single CD-ROM called to simultaneously
disc, detailing over record order details of the
40,000 components, and in- selected item. Order forms The complete RS Components catalogue (who does not have a
cluding the RS Technical can be archived and output copy?) and RS Data Library are now available on CD-ROM. Note that
Data Library, the user has a to printer or fax using an ap- the international version of the catalogue consists of one (very thick!)
range of options that help propriate software/hardware book only, whereas the UK version is split into three volumes.
speed up selection of the interface.
product best suited to an ap- RS Technical Datasheets
plication. form an integral part of the
Searching by product new electronic catalogue. process, supporting in-depth 1995 in Europe and the rest
type, the user can `browse' During the product selection technical datasheets can be of the world, with country -
called up for reference, mak- specific introductory sec-
ing it even easier to identify tions ensuring customers
the most appropriate solu- receive distribution and con-
tion to a technical problem. tact information relevant to
A simple start-up proce- their market. (950059)
dure ensures fast installa-
tion of the electronic Further information from
catalogue, while a powerful your local/national RS
graphic tutorial section and Components distributor, or
on-line help facility help to from RS Components
guide the user around the International, P.O. Box 99,
new system. The CD-ROM Corby, Northants NN17 9RS,
runs on a conventional CD- United Kingdom. Tel. (+44)
ROM reader operating with a 1536 201234, fax (+44) 1536
standard PC equipped with a 401096. Telex: 342512.
minimum of a 386 proces-
sor, 4 MB RAM, Windows
software and VGA screen.
For enhanced operation, a
486 -based system with an
The RS Components headquarters are housed in a 75,000 m2 (equiva- SVGA, 256 -colour screen is
lent in size to ten football pitches) warehouse and office complex in recommended.
Corby, Northants, England. Over 10,000 orders are processed at ter- The international versions
rific speed every day at this location, including orders for the 'retail' of the CD-ROM catalogue
branch of RS Components, Electromail. will be available from March
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 8

FUNCTION GENERATOR
Design by H. Bonekamp

A simple function generator is described, which provides

rectangular, triangular and sinusoidal waveforms in the
frequency range d.c.-100 kHz. In contrast to many 'simple'
function generators, it provides a fairly good sine wave.

Alsmost all function generators con- to 100 kHz. Its amplification is

ist of a variable -frequency, rectan-
gular -wave oscillator that provides a
number of switch -selected frequency
ranges. Its output is applied to an inte-
grator which converts the rectangular
waves into triangular ones. Finally, the
triangular waves are converted to 'sine
waves' by soft clipping with a diode.
The present generator is no excep-
at which charging and discharging
tion as is shown in Fig. 1. The triangu-
takes place depends on the capaci-
lar -to -sine wave converter is based on
diodes and has an output voltage of tance and the applied voltage. The
5UD, where UD is the forward voltage of value of each of capacitors C3 -C7 dif-
one diode. It can be shown that for cor- fers by a factor 10 from the preceding
rect operation, the converter needs an
input of (n/2) x 5UD.
Moreover, the diodes in the con-
verter make it necessary for the input
voltage to be temperature -compen-
sated. This is assured by limiting the
output of the comparator to 1 UD by two
anti -parallel connected diodes. This is
raised to a level of 5UD by the amplifier.
The 1:0.5n ratio of the feedback re-
sistors ensures that the input voltage
to the triangular -to -sine wave con-
verter is (n/2) x 5UD as required.
Circuit description
In Fig. 3, the comparator of Fig. 1 is
formed by ICib. Capacitor C2, shunting
R2, compensates for the delays caused
by op amps ICia and ICib, so that the
level of the output voltage of the rec-
tangular -wave generator remains fairly
constant up to 100 kHz.
Capacitor C1 decouples R1 for h.f. to
prevent the input capacitance of ICib
having an adverse effect on the wave
shape.
Resistor R1 compensates for the off-
set error caused by the bias current
through R2 -R3.
The limiter consists of anti -parallel
connected diodes DI and D2. These are
fast types to ensure that the circuit
quickly operates correctly. Since the
limiter should operate symmetrically, it
is important that the diodes are
matched.
The amplifier is formed by ICia. This
is an op amp with a fairly high slew
rate (300 V ps-1) which is essential for
a well -shaped voltage at frequencies up
arranged at exactly x5 by R5 and R6. Parameters
Frequency control of the oscillator is Frequency ranges:
obtained by driving an integrator, con- 1 Hz - 10 Hz
sisting of R8, IC2b and one of capacitors 10 Hz 100 Hz
C3 -C7, with the rectangular wave. The 100 Hz - 1 kHz
op amp ensures that the capacitor se- 1 kHz 10 kHz
lected with SI, is charged or dis- 10 kHz - 100 kHz
charged at constant current. This gives
rise to a triangular voltage. The speed Functions: rectangular, triangular,
sine wave
Rise time (rectangular wave):
<100 ns
THD (sine wave). «0.75% (at 1 kHz)
Output voltage. 0-20 V peak -to -peak
one. Switch SI, which selects one of Output impedance: 600 Q
the capacitors, thus provides subdivi-
sion of the frequency range into five.
The triangular voltage is applied to
the non -inverting input of ICib and de- angular wave, the output of the inte-
termines, in conjunction with the out- grator is reduced by 2/7c by R9.
put of the x5 amplifier, the exact The triangular -to -sine wave con-
change -over point of the comparator. verter is not a simple diode clipper, as
The triangular voltage is available at in many simple function generators,
the output of IC2b. Since it is important but consists of a JFET op amp with in
for the integrator that the bias current its feedback loop two rows of five se-
is as low as feasible, IC2 is an op amp ries -connected diodes, D3 -D12, and re-
with (high -resistance) JFET inputs. sistors R12 -R14. The output of IC2a is
The low slew rate does not matter here. thus not clipped by one diode junction,
The peak value of triangular voltage but in three stages both on the leading
is, as explained earlier, 0.5n higher and the trailing edge. This design re-
than that of the rectangular wave. To sults in a sine wave that has a nearly
ensure that these level differences do true -sinusoidal shape-see Fig. 2.
not have a deleterious effect during Preset P3 provides accurate offset com-
switching from rectangular wave to tri- pensation.
0.5n R
limiter - 5> -0- -0j)
comparator
V
0E1
950044 - 12
Fig. 1. Principle of a function generator.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 FUNCTION GENERATOR 9

Fig. 2. How the sine wave is shaped.
The three output signals are applied
to FUNCTION selector S2. Circuit IC3 am-
plifies and buffers the selected output
signal. The amplification is set to x3.5
by R15 and R16, so that the output volt-
age can be adjusted with P4 between
0 V and 20 V The output impedance
is fixed at 600 52 by R17.
The symmetrical power supply fol- two whose knee voltages are identical
lows the usual pattern of mains trans- or very nearly so. This is ascertained
form, bridge rectifier, buffer capacitors by connecting the diodes in series with
and two voltage regulators, IC4 and an 8.2 kS2 resistor to a 12 V d.c.
IC5. Since the circuit does not draw source, and measuring the drop across
much current, the specification of the each diode with a digital voltmeter. Do
transformers and buffer capacitors is not touch the diodes during the mea-
modest. surement and make sure that the am-
bient temperature remains constant:
Construction small differences in temperature can
have a large effect on the measure-
The generator is intended to be built on ment.
the printed -circuit board shown in The same applies to the 1N4148
Fig. 4. Note that the transformer, diodes for the triangular -to -sine wave
switches and preset controls are converter. Using the method just de-
mounted directly on to it. scribed, select ten with an identical or
It is advisable to adhere strictly to near -identical knee voltage. From
the components and devices specificed these, select five pairs that are identi-
in the parts list. Many resistors have a cal: D3 -D4; D5 -D6 D11 -D12.
tolerance of not more than 1%. The completed prototype board is
Capacitors C3 -C7 should be good qual- shown in Fig. 5. This is readily fitted in
ity types; do not use an electrolytic ca- an 80x200x132 mm enclosure-see
pacitor in the C3 position, but a poly- Fig. 6 -with suitable spacers. A sug-
propylene or polyester type. gested front panel (a photo copy of
Diodes D1 and D2 should be which can be used as a template for
matched. Instead of buying two, buy drilling the front panel) is shown in
four of them. From these, select the Fig. 7.

D3 05 D7 D9 D11

R2
C 13 i4 15 16 17
68p
R3
10k0
1p5 7
4
5 150p

5
R6
-177071-0 1
(:).
Si
0-6
5

-
R8
6
IC1a 10k0 R10
IC2b 1 k00
P2
IC2a
A 1klin
R5 R7 R9 R11
C1 01 02
rn

co

Tn
2x mi.
1N4151
S2
2

TR1 4x 1N4001

C13
® 15V
IC4 mim
15V :100n
R15

R17 K1

IC3 60452
8
4
R16
IC1 = AD827/JN AD847JN
1C2 = OP249GP P4
10k - :17
lin

700n
O 15V
105 950044 - 11

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the function generator.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

10 TEST & MEASUREMENT

01 1

Ra

amt
10
2

TR1 Z10( R2 I°
1-t

0;r cia
°UK°

t
"... K2 Lt71:4 03 K1
950044-1
P2 '3/4 - od1-
C5

1C4
C8

0 I

Fig. 4. Printed -circuit board for the function generator.

Calibration
There are two calibration controls: P1
and P3. The former sets the operating
point of the limiter, which is important
for the production of the third har-
monic of the sine wave; the latter
causes a small offset correction voltage
to be added at the input of op amp
IC2a, which affects the second har-
monic. A spectrum analyser makes
their setting easy: adjust them (at
1 kHz) for minimum amplitude of the
two harmonics.
Where a spectrum analyser is not
available, calibration can be carried
out with a dual -channel oscilloscope
and a digital voltmeter.
Apply one channel of the scope to
the junction R6 -pin 1 of IC la, and the
other channel to junction R12 -R13 -R14.
Connect the scope's earth to junction
RTP2.
Switch on the generator and the os-
cilloscope and set the generator to
1 kHz, whereupon channel 1 shows the
rectangular wave and channel 2 the
sine wave. Adjust the attenuators and Fig. 5. Completed printed -circuit board.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 FUNCTION GENERATOR

P2 = 1 ki/, linear potentiometer

P3 = 100 Id2, preset
P4 = 10 kf2, linear potentiometer

Capacitors:
C1 = 1 nF, polypropylene
C2 = 68 pF, ceramic
C3 = 1.5 pF, polypropylene/polyester
C4 = 150 nF, polypropylene
C5 = 15 nF, polypropylene
C6 = 1.5 nF, polypropylene
C7 = 150 pF, ceramic
C8, C9 = 1000 pF, 25 V, radial
C10, C14 = 10 pF, 16 V, radial
C11 -C13, C15 -C17 = 100 nF

Semiconductors:
D1, D2 = 1N4151 (matched - see text)
D3 -D12 = 1N4148 (matched - see text)
D13 -D16 = 1N4001
D17 = LED, high efficiency

Integrated circuits:
ICI = AD827/JN (Analog Devices)
IC2 = OP249GP (Analog Devices)
IC3 = AD847/JN (Analog Devices)
IC4 = 7815
Fig. 6. Completed function generator with top cover removed. IC5 = 7915

Miscellaneous:
X/Y controls of the scope so that both Parts list K1 = BNC connector
waves fill the screen and cover one an- Resistors: K2 = 2 -way terminal block, pitch
other. Then, adjust P1 until the ampli- RI = 6.19 kS2, 1% 7.5 mm
tudes of the two waves are equal. R2 = 15.8 1.(52, 1% S1 = 2 -pole, 6 -position rotary switch
Set the digital voltmeter to the direct R3, R8 = 10.0 k52, 1% S2 = 4 -pole, 3 -position rotary switch
voltage range and connect it across the R4, R9= 4.7 kS2 S3 = mains on/off switch
output of the function generator. R5, R10, R14 = 1.001d2, 1% Tr1 = mains transformer, secondary
Turn P4 fully anticlockwise and note R6, R13 = 4.02 k52, 1% 2x15 V, 3 VA (Velleman 2150038M -
the reading on the voltmeter: this is R7 = 82 CI Maplin)
the offset voltage of IC3 R11 = 470 IcI2 Enclosure 80x200x132 mm
Turn P4 fully clockwise and adjust R12 = 2.43 kcI, 1% (31/8x77/8x53/16 in)
P3 until the voltmeter reading is the R15, R18 = 6.8 Ic4 PCB Order no. 950044-1*
same as in the preceding paragraph. R16 = 2.7 IcC2 Front panel foil Order no. 950044-F*
R17 = 604 52, 1% * see p. 70
P1 = 10 ki-2, preset 0500441

x 10kHz
FREQUENCY x lkHz

0 5 6 x 100Hz
4 7
x 1014z
3 8 x 1Hz
POWER FUNCTION

2 9 RANGE
10V
8V,....r.,j2V OUTPUT
1 10 6V 14V

4V 16

2V 18V 60062
FUNCTION GENERATOR LEVEL OV 20Vpp

950044-F

Fig. 7. Suggested front panel for the function generator (true scale).

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contactil g advertisers
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0.51 74AC377
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0.44 744C521 B80C1500SIL 0.60
UPD4160-3 3e5
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7460643 1.3674607257 1.11 74640 0.94 7440540 298 L4940V5 6.40 SKB6008/604 POA 32,
DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SPECIALIST 7460646 1.8874607258 1.1174651 0.94 7440541 028 LM317MP 0/8 SKD6008/604PO4 40, 50 632.768,
66MHz33.33,
STATIC RAM
7460648 1,8874607259 1.24 74F64 1.24 7440573 128 LM3 1 71 0.78 CRYSTALS
74110651 1.4974607273 1.24 74F74 0.31 7440574 1.38 LM338K 4A5 Price: £4.45 e0. 2114-35 3.40
45118 044 401687 0.43 74175 1.10 741_0189 2.81 74LS693 POA HC49( HC18/U)
4000 SERIES 45128 7460652 2A0 74607280 1.29 74F85 2.24 7440646 POA LT1084075 622 6264LP-10 2.70
0.66 401767 0.78 74180 1.16 7470190 0.54 74LS794 POA 746C658
POA 74607283 064 74686 0.34 744C648 POA LT1085075 6.60 Freq.MHz Programmable
40008 0.18 4513B 049 74LS795 POA 6264LP-12 2.70
560 401887 0 78 74184 POA 74L0191 7490659 POA 74607297 1.48 746109 0.58 0C41959 2A0 1.843200 1.60 Crystal
4.95
400008 0.18 45146 62256LP-12
1.12 402087 0.95 74185 1.76 741_0192 0.54 741_8796 POA
7460664 POA 74HC7299 1.68 746112 0.63 7L7830K0 628 2.000000 1.66 Oscillators
0.18 4515B 622564P-10 4.95
400113 402167 0.65 0.48 74LS797 POA
1 12 74191 1.26 74L0193 7460665 POA 74HC7354 0.74 74F113 POA 74000 0.50 2.453200 9.96
DM -3C SERIES CDM6116AE3 5.30
4001UB 0.22 45166 0.44 402387 0.38 74192 1.41 74LS194 0.54 74L0848 POA
7460670 1.15 74607356 1.54 746114 POA 74CO2 0.50 DIODES 2.457600 1.49
8pin DIL Plastic CDM6117AE3 5.85
40028 0.18 45178 184 402487 0.76 74193 1.65 74L01944 0.54 81LS954 1.25
7460677 POA 74807365 1.28 746125 0.56 74008 0.50 3.276800 098 HM1.6116-5

40106 0.2974042
40068 4.38
0.42 4518B 044 402567 0.38 74221 2.40 74LS1 954 0.56 81LS974 1.25 741-10678 POA 74607366 124 746126 POA 74010 050 19298613018.20 3.579545 1.10
Freq.= MHz
MHz HM3-6116-5 3.60
4007UB 0.24 451913 0.36 402707 0.45 POA 2.54
/4259 2.92 741_0196 ass 74014 POA 1N3881 3,686400 102
40088 0.42402867
45208
0.44 0.56 74265 1.46 7475221 0.46
74HC SERIES 741-10680 POA 74607367 0.59 746132
7411000 022 7460682 POA 74607368 1.29 74F138 0.58 74020 0.50 1939974 6.55 4.000000 1.02
12, 1A31d18, 16,
15384,19.6608 8
HM6116LP-2
HM6116LP-3
ass
2.60
40094E 0.26 4521B 0.64 4029611 ass 74273 POA 74LS224 10.30 746002 0.22 7460684 POA 74607373 0.52 746139 0.58 74030 0.50 I N4001 0.04 4.096000 1.10
4009UB 0.29 45228 a70 20MHz HM6117LP-3 5.75
0.86 4040137 74276 5.18 74L0240 0.48
746003 0.28 741-10680 0.74 74607374 0.52 746148 POA 74032 0.50 1N4002 004 4.194304 1.10

4530B 2.2474076
74F153 0.58HM6264A5P.20 404287 0.74 0.48 024 HM62256LP-10 793
4526E3 0.60 79279 POA 7470241 746004 0.22 7460690 1.62 74607377 0.65 746151 1.47 1.78 1N4003 4.433619 1.10
40118 0.28 45275 0.58 404687 1.41 POA Price: £3.92 ea. HM6264ALP-12 3.95
74283 POA 741_0242
7460004 0.24 7460691 1.82 74HC7390 0.68 74046 1.84 1N4006 0.04 4.608000 1.10
4011UB 3.95
0.28 452813 0.49 404707 1.06 74LS243 0.50
746005 0.32 7460692 1.82 746C7393 0e8 746157 0.56 74073 1.68 194007 0.04 4.915200 1.20
40124E 0.20 45258 0.74 404967 1.06 16pIn DIL Plastic HM6267P-35 5.92
74365 POA 7449244 0.48
0.48 7460693 1.82 74607394 POA 746158 080 74074 0.89 194148 0.03 5000000/8 1.02
40128 0.22 0.46
746007 Package HM628128LP-80
4050E17 74367 POA 741_3245 0.50 1.14 1N4149 0.06 5.068800 1.10 1,,
74HCO8 0.22 7460696 1.82 74807423 0.82 746160 0.90 1794
4013B 0.22 45318 405107 0.78 74393 4.89 7412247 POA 1.66 194150 0.08 5.242880
1.18 746009 0.48 7460697 1.82 74607533 1.63 7461604 POA 74085 1.20 57 0i0.Frequency HM66204L-12 15.80
40148 0.42 45328 0.86 4052137 0.84 74403 POA 74LS244 POA 74090 1.16 194446 D.06 5.688200 190
40158 0.42 0.98 746010 0.29 7460698 1.42 74607534 0.75 74F161 098 KM62256ALP-10 495
4053BT POA 74LS249 POA 0.24
40168
4016013
0.28
0.26
4534B
45265
2.82
1.08 406081
406687
0.84
0.59
El1=11
74423
74L0251 0.00
0.00
746011
746014
0.22 7460699 1.62 74607540 0.66 746162 POA 74093
0.26 74604002 0.48 741-107541 0.74 746163
1.63 1947284
0.88 740150 3.48 1947354 0.24
6.000000
6.144000
102 SPG864049
1.02 0.005 to 600kHz
LH5164D-10L
P0D5101P
2.40
3.30
40178 0.38
45386 0.60
0,2 406867
741_000 0.18 74LS253 7460144 0.36 74604015 1.07 741-107563 1.46 746164 0.88 740151 POA 1947364 0.24 6.400000 1.64
SPG8640BN UPD43256AGU1OL
45398 0.38 74L0256 POA
741_001 024 746020 0.24 74604016 0.58 74607564 1.67 746166 3.82 740154 4.88 1947404 0.24 6.552000 1.40 0.0083 to 1MHz 833
40188 046 40690131 0.38 000 746021 0.24
45418 0.56 74LSO2 0.18 741_0257 0.24 74604017 ass 74607573 0.74 746168 POA 740157 3.02 1N4743A 6.553600 121
0PD432560-12 5.60
40198 0.28 45438 0.57 407007 0.38 74LS03 220 741_0257A 0.48 746027 0.24 74604020 0.52 74607574 0.74 74F169 3.60 740164 1.91 1947444 0.24 7.372800 078 SPG864009
UPD4364C-15 4.70
40204E 0.36 45448 3.52 407167 0.38
741_804 0.21 74LS258 1.00
746030 0.24 741-104022 0.74 74607583 1.48 746174 0.80 740221 2.54 1144756A 0.24 8.000000 1.00 t
aed6R4at:Generator
768kHz
4020B 0.38 45478 3.25 407567 0.38 741_505 0.21 741_02584 0.48 746032 0.24 74604024 0.62 74607597 1.52 746175 0.80 740240 1.38 195226B 0.14 8.667230 1.34
40218 0.40 7.50 407707 0.38 UVPROMS
45498 744506 0.51 74LS259 POA
746042 0.54 74604028 0.58 74607640 1.34 74F181 6.85 740244 1.38 1952328
0.14 9.830400 1.20 560865013N
40220 0.40
0.51 74L5260
4078131 0.38 POA 0.00083 to 100kHz
45518 1.62 741_007 741-1051 0.32 74604040 0.48 74607643 1.97 74F182 POA 740373 1.38 1952348 0.14 10.00000 1.10
270128-25 3.95
4023B 0.20 45538 2.95 408167 0.38 POA 1953370
741_808 0.18 741_0266 746058 0.54 74604046 1.44 74607646 2A0 746189 4.40 740374 1.38 0.98 10.69500 1.90 P00-600
402308 0.23 45546 0.45 7475273 POA 27C64A-15 3.95
POA 4093137 74L009 0.20 746073 0.38 7460404641.90 74607648 6.40 746190 POA 740901 0.94 1953490
0.98 11.00000 1.10 0.005 to 600kHz
40244E 0.30 45555 0.82 4094137 0.95 POA 270256-15 3.95
747010 0.18 741_0275 746074 0.28 741104049 0.46 74607651 POA 746191 2.92 740902 0.94 1953526 0.98 12.00000 0.92

74LS283 0.45740907
40248 0.32 45568 0.82 450867 270256-25 3.95
2.05 74LS11 0.18 74LS279 0.35
7460744 0.28 74604050 0.38 74607652 POA 746192 POA 740903 POA 11153578 0.98 13.87500 aao P50-1000
40256 024 45578 1.98 4510137 1.02 0.86 1.64 0
All0083 to 1MHz
2705120-12 6.48
74LS12 0.16 741_8280 7411075 0.48 74604051 0.74 74607670 1.10 74F193 2.92 740906 0.94 19536513 0.98 14.00000
402508 ass 45558 2.54 4511B7 1.35 0.94 1 953660 0.98 14.31818/S 0.85 Price: £ 9.25 ea.
2701000D-12 992
74LS13 0.24 746076 0.48 74904052 0.74 74607673 POA 74F194 1.36 2704096-12 POA
402613 0.94 45608 1.62 451287 0.68
74LS14 0.24 74L0290 POA
746C77 0 52 74604053 074 74607688 1.10 746195 2.00 740908 1.51 1953700 0.98 14.74580/S 1.10
40278 HM27C1016-20 9.80
0.30 45616 1.96 451487 2.20
74L215 0.38 74LS292 14.58 746C85 0.52 746040534712 746C74002 0.39 746219 POA 740911 13 98
19538013 ass 1474560 1.10 OS.P0 OG088635 to 100k6427010240010
40286 0.38 5.82 451681 1.02
4562B 74L020 0.20 74LS293 0.42
746086 0.30 74604060 0.46 746074015 1.41 74F224 POA 740912 13.98 195401 0.11 15.00000/S 1.10 Cal. Tol. 5pprri
4029B 0.39 1.18 16.63
45666 1.111 451413T 0.20 741_0294 1A58 746093 740914 0.94 1N5402 0 11 16 00000 Price: 0 10.50 ea.
741_521 0.48 74604061 POA 746074016 as2 746240 0.60 1.02
4427C64FP-20T 3.40
40308 0.34 45558 542 4520BT 1.18
74L522 0.24 741_0295 POA 7460107 0.48 74604066 0.50 746014017 0.68 746241 0.60 740915 2.24 1 N6287A 1.55 16.00000/S 1.20 DC to DC 6427064G-15
40318 1.24 1.07 5.60
45698 3.04 4521131
741_024 0.68 74LS2954 POA 7460109 0.46 7460406640.58 746014020 074 746244 0.60
740922 5.60 1 N825 2.98 14A3200/8 1.10 Converters
4032B 0.70 4522137 1.22 141427C64G-20 560
45720B 0.84 741_526 0.20 74LS294 POA 74110112 0.50 741104067 4.72 746014024 0.68 746245 0.66 740923 6.28 198254 2.98 19.66080/S 1.20
40338 0.68 452887 69462532P 4.50

74LS31 1.5827.64800/S
4573P 0.88
6.98 74LS27 0.20 741_0299 1.76
7460113 0.54 741-104072 0.48 746014040 0.70 74F251 POA 740925 8.40 19827 3.42 20.00000/S 1.60 TDK 0E-0344 5.60 694827128G-25 4.55
40346 2.10 4534BD POA
4580B 8.84 74LS28 0.24 74L0321 3.29
7460123 0.42 74604075 0.44 746074046 2.10 746251A am 740926 8.40 100252 0.20 22.11840/S 1.68 3W5R 15-15 27.50 1-19482764G
403513 0.52 45818 390
P08 4538811 1.05 747030 0.18 7475322 POA
744C123A D.42 74604078 0.46 748074051 0.96 746253 POA 740929 POA 5082-2800 0.66 24.00000/0 1.82
40368 2.98 pa, 454187 1 05 74LS322A 608 IPL 0.010 23A0 m27164 pi 250
40378
45828 7440125 0.42 74604094 0.78 746074052 0.96 746257 P0A, 80095 0.76 5082-2810 2.47 1.20
M5L2732K 4.40
1.27 45830 1 38 454387 1.02
0.20 74LS323 POA 0.68
74LS32 744C126 0.45 74604316 0.74 741-1074053 0.84 7462574 0 56 80098 0.98 5082-2835 30.00000/5 6.99

744040 0.1844Z17
403813 0.78 4,640 0 58 4555137 POA 1 Watt DC/DC M5427641< 3.30
74LS33 0.60 74LS347 POA
746C131 0.52 74604351 1.05 746074059 2.24 74F258 POA 44119 0.60 32.00000/5 1 40 5V input -,-Output
4039B 3.22 4,850 074 4556B7 1.05 POA MBM27064-20/21V
741.037 0.20 741_0348 7440132 0 60 74604352 1.62 746074060 0.84 746259 POA 745 SERIES A4144 0.72 48.00000/S 1 96 DIL 8 SIL by
40408 0.42 45978 6.60 4585137 0.95 4.90
744038 0.18 74LS352 POA
7460133 0.44 74604353 1.62 746074066 0.66 746260 0.76 74500 0.68 44Z15 0.58 s series
Newport MBM270126-30 4.20
4041B 0.48 45858 7.40 4010607 0.53 POA 0.58
7460137 0.72 74604511 0.84 746074067 5.78 74F269 5.54 74502 0.68 HC33/U
4041UB 0.48
40428 0.38
45225
47208
5.82
POA
4024467 1.35
4037387 2.34
741_042
741_544
0.32
74L-5353
74LS363
2.11 741_5364
POA
POA
7460138 0.34 74604514 1.10 746074075 0.36 74F273 0.96 74003
746074094 084 746280 74504 0.68
0.780.204800
4218
08010A 0.48
0.12
823
NMA050555V
NMA050959V
MBM27C256-30 5.10
NMC2702560-25
40438 0.39 74HC139 0.32 74E104515 1.85 0.70 0.307200 6.99 NMA0512512V 4.95
4720V POA 744547 0.68 741-0365 - 74H0141 POA 74604518 0.87 749014316 0.68 746283 1.00 74808 0.68 BAV45 4.98

47550p pa,26.70
74 SERIES 1.000000 315 NMA0515515V
40448 0.39 74L03654 0.54 NMC27C640-25 3.66
40458 1.10
4723B POA 7400 0.36 741_548 0.64 7460147 0.68 74604520 0.78 746074351 1.04 746299 POA 74009 0.68 BAW62 0.06 1.843200 3.71 Price: £ 13.0580.
TMS2516JL-45 4.58
4724B 0.98 0.30 744S49 POA 741_0366 POA
7460148 0.72 74604534 POA 746074510 1.54 746323 POA 74810 1.10 134016 0.08
404613
40478
0.44
0.44
422( (4 9.80
-8 -
4737,p 19.60
7401
7402 0.32 741_051
744054
0.22 741_83664 POA 7490151
0.28 741_8367 0.36
0.40 74604534 0.68 746074511 0.94 746350 POA 74811 0.682.097152
00204
0.68 8821 2
0.44
2.94
2.000000 455 TMS27128JL-25 4.60
3.71 DC/DC Converters TMS2716JL-45 4.60
40488 0.82
7403 0.32 7460153 0.42 74604543 098 746074514 1.64 74F352 POA 74020 2.457600 192 by Computer UPD272560/21V 5.60
40498
4738VP 19.74 7404 0.34 744855 a44 741_03674 0.36 74110154 0.62 74607001 1.01 746074515 181 746353 POA 74S32 0.68 BE1405E1 0.33 2.500000 la2 Products
0.30 UPD27324/21V 4 95
475000 28.50 7405 0.34 74LS73 a35 741_0368 026 7460155 0.72 741107007 0A2 746014516 POA 746365 POA 74038 0.68 80805 050 3.000000 2.25 PM623 24.60 UPD270256D-15 580
4049UB 0.28 74703684 POA
40506 0.28
4752VP 29.25 7406 0.68 744573A 0.79 7460157 0.42 74607032 POA 746074520 0.90 746366 PO4 74540 0.25 87179 0.74
HC49(U46 PM671
0.48 UPD270512D-15 596
7407 0.81 744274 0.20 741-0373 7460158 0.54 74607074 POA 746074538 1.02 746367 1.42 74551 0.36 BY260-200 3.58 1.66 PM672 26.70 UPD27064D-25 4.95
40618 034 4754VP 608 741_0374 0.48 BY261-200 3.98 3.2768 00
7408 0.37 744574A 0.26 74140180 0.74 74607240 0.98 746077007 0.39 742368 POA 74064 0.36 4400
40528
40530
0.33
0.36
40085 POA 7409 0.38 741_575 0.25 741_5375 ,,,
0,42
74140161 0.42 74607241 0.98 746077038 5.40 74F373 0.60 74074 183 BYV28-100 0.99 '1' '1
5.068800
O 1.58 PM903
2.25 PM951 46.50 EEPROMS
40548 0.79
40097 0.68 7410 0.35 744S76 POA 7413377 "'"- 7440162 0.74 74607244 0.98 74H017046 2.80 748374 0.60 74086 0.83 80032-50 1.60
POA ' 964920 1.49 RESISTORS
40098 0.68 7412 a64 744S76A 1.05 741_0378 7460183 0.42 74607266 0.66 7460140102 2.43 746377 1.34 745112 a90 CV8805 0.60
8.000000
40558 0.82 741_5379 1.50 1.14 28064-25 9.80
40566 0 82
40100 POA 7413 0.76 741_577 0.44 7440164 0.42 74607292 1.10 7490140103 1.48 74F378 2.72 745124 3.13 DS160 0.40
10.00000 2 25
40101 PGA 7414 0.64 74L578 0.32 74L5381 A PO4 7460165 7460740104 POA 745132 M01404 15.90 METAL FILM 28064-15 10.95
608 7460166 0.55 74607294
405913 315 40102 1.10 746381 5.70 1.11 11.05920 2.40 280256-20
0.39 74L5385
1.86 MV209 1.82 0.25W 1% 18.40
7416 0.48 74LS83 0.86 74607640 1.98 74HC SERIES 74E385 POA 743133 0.80
40608 0.38 40103
74170 48 12.00000 14 280256.15 19.60
1.14 744S83A 0.39 74L0386 POA
746395 POA 748134 2.15 04200
E24 Series
1

7440173 0.76 74607643 1.98 0.84

40635 0.58 SURFACE 14.00000 2.25 280256-1513C 2950
4066B 0.27
40105 POA 74 0.37
74251.10
741_085 0.36 74L5390 ---
0.42
7460174 0.42 74607645 1.98 MOUNT 746399 POA 7401313 0.97 04202 0.84
16.00000
100 to 1M
1.14 Pack of 5 - 15p X281640
40106 0.32 744386 0.26 741_8393 7460175 0.36 746040102 1.32 748412 POA 740139 0 97 0A47 0.14
4067B 2.28 m000sa 1.92 Pack 01 10 25p X281640-25 5.10
40107 0.42 7426 0.48 741_090 0.32 74LS395 POA
7460181 1.94 746040103 1.12
74HCOOM 0.32
746413 POA 740140 1.02 0490 0.14
4068B 0.28 24 00000 1 90 X286440-35 1220
40108 POA 7427 0.59 741_291 POA 74L03954 POA 7460182 0 59 746040105 1.42 746002M 0.32 74F432 POA 740153 1.39 P6KE313A 0.99 - '

406906 0.22
POA 7475396
40109 1.24 POA 7411003M METAL FILM 24C01 1.62
40700 0.22
7430 0.35 744592 7440190 0.88 0.32 74F521 1.05 740157 1.89 P6KE47A 0.99 UM -1
POA 232 746524 POA 745163 279 REC534 PRECISION 24002 2.10
4071B 0.22
40110 1.62 7432 0.45 744093 0.40 741_5398 7460191 0.68 74HCT SERIES 746004M 0.92
24004
0.92 7460004 0.25 WATT 0.1% 2 98
40114 3.40 7437 0 54 741_595 0.48 741_0399 7460192 0 78 0.32
746533 POA 740174 1.01 ZP02.7V 0.06 8.000000 2.25
40725 0.22 24016 540
40736 0.28
40116 POA 7436 0.46 741_696 0.82 741_5423 0.98
7460193 0.76 74110702 0.24 746008M 0.32
746534 P08 745175 1.49 8.192000 2.02
E96 Series
28C04A.20 4.40
741_5445 POA
40758 0.22
40117 POA 7440 0.77 74LS107 7460194 0.78 7490103 0.28 746010M 0.32 746537 POA 740182 3.62 ZENER DIODES 1000000 2.25
10011 to 255K
40147 1.23 7442 0.54 74LS1074 0.78 74L0450 10.64 7460195 0.78 746C704 024 746014M 0.36
746538 POA 740169 2.35 MISC. 11.00000 2.25
PrIce: £0.94 each 59C11 1.44
40768 0.64 93C06 1.12
40160 0.92 7445 1.12 741_5109 0.33 741_5461A POA 7460221 0.58 7460708 0.24 746020M 0.36 746539 POA 740195 2e4 1228600 2.66
40778 0.28 93046
40161 0.54 7446 1.38 74L01094 0.66 74L0465 4.18
7460237 0.76 7460710 0.24 746030M 0.36 746540 POA 740240 2.31 BZY9307V57.40 1500000 2.25
HIGH PRECISION 1.28
407013 0.28 93056
40816 0.22
40162 0.72 7447 0.98 741_5112 023 74L0467 POA 7460238 0.64 7460711 0.24 746032M 0.36
746541 1.98 740241 2.31 1321(93C15 7.40 17.73447 280
NON -INDUCTIVE 1.52
40163 0.72 74474 1.40 7455112A 0.66 7470468 POA 7460240 046 7460714 0.28 7460744 0.36
746543 3.57 745244 1 95 BZY9301887.40 12.00000 2.50 WIRE WOUND 93066 2.16
4082B 0.22 40174 0.42 7451 0.57 74LS113 0.36 741_0469 POA 7460241 0.78 7490120
0.28 746075M 0.34
74F544 P08 740257 1.34 BZY93C20 7.40 moo= 2.25
0.15 WATT 0.1%
40856 0.56 MISC. MEMORIES
40175 0.42 7454 0.72 74LS1134 0A2 741_8490 POA 7460242 098 7460721 0.28 741-1085WM 0.65 746545 P08 740258 124 BZY93024V7.40 21.00000 225
4086B 0.56 POA 74LS4914 POA 7460727 0.28 746086M 0.36
40181 7470 0.54 74L0114 0.36 740260 0.77 BZY93033R7.40 'eme-cea-ea'
4089B 0.98 40192 7472 0.38 741_01144 0.40 74LS540 ass 7460243 0.98 746547 PO
7480244 0.48 746C730 0.28 74HC123AM 0.46 746573 2.78 74S273 2.68 BZ7030120 0.74
24 00000 290
10R,50R,100R,2508, 6341-1J 4.58
40938 0.26 0.80 8M2148 -450C 5.44
40193 0.74 7473 0.58 741_5122 0.33 741_0541 74110245 0.48
7460732 0.28 7460125M 0.46
746574 2.78 740274 2.66 BZX61C9V20.09 CRYSTALS MISC. 10K,100K
4094B 0.38 40194 POA 7474 0.53 7472123 0.35 741-S569 POA 74602454 0.54 7480742 048 7460132M 0.42 746579 6.59 740280 1.06 82/C610241/0.09 Price: £3.85 each 8M275281PC 3.98

40244 1.36741-10775
7460138M 0.38 748604 5.59 740283 2.09 HC43/T IDT7130LA-100P 10.40
0.36 7460773 0.38
4095B 0.70 40195 POA 7475 0.64 74L0125 0.28 74LS573 1.02 741-10251 ZENER
1.10 40240 1.000000 6.99 HIGH PRECISION 10771321_4-1000 12.20
40556 POA 74LSI 254 0.32 74LS574 1.02
7460253 0.52 7460774 0.28 7480139M 0.38 746620 POA 740374 2.31 DIODES

40373 1.34VOLTAGE
7476 0.64
40978 2.75 5.09 0.38 74HC154WM 0.64 NON -INDUCTIVE MB8414E 495
7480 1.26 741_5126 0.32 7460257 0.52 748621 POA 74S394 2.31 400mW MINI CYLINDER
4098B 0.84 40245 1.36 7483 1.10 74L51264 0.40 74LS592 5.09
0 73
74601185 0.54 74HC157M 0.38 746623 POA 74S412 2.31 2AV to 75V 0.032768 0.88 WIRE WOUND MCM4027AC3 2.80
40995 042 40257 0.05 6825099 POA
0.52 7460786 0.38 74110161M 0 48 746646
7485 0.58 741_0132 D.29 74LS5,49'7.2102 7460259 Price: 6p each 0.33 WATT' 0.1%
4104P 1.01 WATCH N62S126AN 249
7486 0.53 741_5133 D.35 74h07; 7460793 0.60 74HC164M 0.48 0.032768 0.82
4106B 0.88 ,7,cnc 741-10266 a48 746676 3.22
580
40374 1.34 7490 0.72 741_5136 D.78 741-5- 77- 7460273 0.54 74607107 0.40 74601 65M 0.57 746821 POA REGULATORS ZENER DIODES TemaCoeff.3ppm 98281535
41606 1.40 POA CRYSTAL 161,5R,1061,20R,5061 982S -1814N 509
41610 1 20
45026
45027
POA
5.gg
7490A 0.72 744S137 1.58 741_5621 7460279 258 741-107109 0.42 7460173M 0.48 746623 POA 78008AP 1.34 500mW
OSC. MODULES Price: £3.60 each 140
74LS622 POA
7460280 0.92 74607112 0.42 7460174M 028 746625 POA 7805
7491 2.56 741_5138 2.34 0.44 2AV to 200V NM06504.1-9
41638 1.20 45022 pa, 7492 0.67 7475139 D.42 74LS623 POA 7480283 0.76 74607123 0.64 7460221AM 0.65 746827 3.32 76054 .68 Price: 6p each
NMC93069 145
41745 1.20 Spin DIL 190
45040 POA 7493 0.60 741_01394 D.42 741_5624 2.10
74140294 129 74607125 0.56 74HC240WM 055 746841 151 700564 0.98 100R,120R, 250R, 05101 L-1
417513 1.14 Plastic pkg TBP185030N 174
45041 7104 7493A 0.60 74LSI 45 0.66 741_0625 POA
74410298 278 74607126 0.54 74HC244WM 055 7806 0.88 ZENER DIODES 500R,IK, 2K, 5K,
4194B 1.43 4,100 1.56 TTL Output TBP24S10N 290
7497 4.48 74L0147 POA 741_0626 POA
7460299 1.38 74607132 0.50 74HC245AW 0.62 74AC SERIES 7806 1.3 WATT I OK,20K
4409P 11.05 45106 pa, 74104 0.67 74L0148 0.87 74607137 0.54 74HC251M 0.42
1.34
4 Pins spaced at Price: £3.10 each TBP245410N 3.19
4410P 16.45 4,105 pa, 7460323 1.82 7809 0.72 2.70 to 200V
741_0628 1.78 Corners of BpinDIL 705501P 150
4411P 21.58
74107 0 60 74L0151 ass 7460352 1.20 74607138 0.32 7460259M 0.69 744000 0.38 7812 0.68 Price:10p each cerea
Freq.= MHz 1055044P-2
45145 13.96 74110 POA 7412153 0.36 74L0629 2.25 74607139 0.52 74HC273WM 0.55 744002 0.49 78124 0.98 MEMORIES 340
4412FP POA 45146 13.96 P08 4, 49152, 2 10,
4412VP POA 4515,2 p08 74116 3.10 74LS154 1.23 74L0631 0.84 74607147 0.70
74HC367WM 0.53 744004 azio 7415 0.68 ZENER DIODES
T055174P-2 4.20
POA 12, 16 6 20MHz 70556501_-15
74118 P08 74LS155 0.38 741_0639 7460356 0.84 74607151 0.52 741-10373WM 055 744008 aao 7418 3.0 WAIT DYNAMIC RAM 3.60

1=1
4416P POA 4515202 POA 0.72
741_0156 0.38 741_8640 POA Price: £3.66 ea. 7M54014J0L 3.40
7460365 0 52 74607153 0.52 74HC374WM 025 744010

7460367 0.52ZENER
4429PB POA 451550213.96 74119 POA aao 7824 0.72 7.50 to 2700
74121 1.40 74L0157 0.42 74LS640-1 2.79 74607154 1.20 7460390M 057 24,32,40,50966MHz 4164-10
7460366 0:62 744011 aao 78L05 0.28
4433P P08 45156P213 96 74L0641 POA 74607157 0.45 7460393M 053 748C14
.

p each Price £3.94 ea. 4164-12 P08

4443P POA 74123 0.88 74L0158 028 aao 78L054 0.28 PeceI74'DIODES POA
451570211 08 74125 0.64 741_0160 0.52 74LS641-I 2.47 7460368 0.56
74607158 0.50 7460540WM 0.76 744020 aao 78LI 2 0.28 4164-15 1.40 ORO to 3M3
4447P POA 74L0642 POA 74607160 0.54 5.0 WATT
4467P1
4468P
7.20
6.94
45158P211.08
45155 pa,
45403P P08
74126
74128
0.98
1.42
74701604 0.60
74LS161 0 46 74LS642-1 POA 7460374
PO4
7460373 0.48
a48 74607161 0.54 74HC573WM 1093.3V
74HC541WM 0.76 744032
748074
0.40 781_124
0.48 78715
0.28 to 200V
azs Price:98p each
Elpin DIL
Sealed Metal
41256-8
41256-10
POA
POA
Case 1206 -Pack of 5
Price: £0.30 per pk.
4469P POA
74132 0.86 74LS161A 0.49 741_0643 74110375 0.78 74607162 0.84 741-10574WM 094 7440109 0.64 7BL24 0.28 Package 41256-12 POA
CAPACITORS
44590
44907
008 454070
45406P
6.4774L0645
3.56

454110 POA7470645-1
74145
74150
1.10
1.86
74LS162 1.10
74L01628 1.10
74LS644 POA
0.64
7460377 0.52 74607163 0.54 7460688WM 0.84 7440112 0.81 78L56
7460386 0.38 74607164 0.52 74604017M 0.48 748C138 ass 78M05
1.10
0.70
ZENER DIODES
STUD MOUNT
HCMOS Output 41264-15
41964-12
2.24
445
SURFACE MOUNT

0.48 74607165 052

4.50 74151 0.80 74L5163 0.40 2.79 74HC4020M 0.48 7440139 0.65 78M058 20 WATT 13.2mm sq. 41464-10 4.45
7460390 0.70 Multilayer Ceramic
4495P 6.55 45414P P08 74153 0.90 74LS1634 0.64 74L5646 4.65
7460393 0.41 74607166 0.52 741-104040M 0.44 7440151 0.68 78M12 0.70
75V to 75V Pins spaced at 4464-10 2.80 63 VOLT
6.98 PO4
4497P
4499P 6.98
45428 POA 74154 2 80 741_0164 0.40 741_5652 7460423 0.54 74607173 0.52 74604046M 1e8 7440153 ass 76M124 0.70 Price: £7.40 ea'
corners of 8pinDIL 4142564-70 POA Case Size: 1206
45008 15.80 74155 0.81 741_0165 0.50 74L0669 1.58
7460521 POA
74607174 052 741-104060M 0A8 7440157 0.81 78M134 1.40 BRIDGE Freq.- MHz 44C2564Z-10 6.95 L2XW1.25mm
4000 SERIES
741_8166 0.50 7470670
4501UB 0.44
45025
SURFACE
74157
74158
0.74
1.57 74LS168 POA 74L5673
0.78
POA
7460534
o 0.94
0.96 74607181 3.240.94/200VD17
74607175 0.52 741104066W 094 7440150 0.65 78M15
7440163 0.60 78505
0.78
1.10
RECTIFIERS 3.6864,8,10,12MHz 511000-85
Price: f4.13/3 each HM48416AP-15
8.45
10p522pF,33pF,47oF

45036
4504B
0.56
0.48
1.36
MOUNT
400107 0.32
400207 0.32
74159
74160
74161A
3.89
0.94
0.74
74LSI 69 0.50 7470674 16.89 7460540
74LS170 POA 74LS682
74LSI 73 0.52 74LS683
2.62
POA
7460541
7460563
'
0.69
746C7190 0623.0A/200V
0 69 74607182 1.20
74607191 0.59 74600
746 SERIES 7440169 1.98 78012
7480174 0.65 78015
0.28 7480175
0.60 7905
1.10
1.10
0.38
SIL
0 57 Price: £3.84 each HY53C2561_5-80
4,,,,,
162024,32,40850MHz HM484166P-204.25
10026,22066,3a:0F
4709F,1000p4.2200pt
230066,471:404
45055 POA 4011131 0.88 74802 0.28 0513 10000:26.22000p6
0.32 3.85
74163 1.28 74L81734 0.52 741_8684 7460564 0.88 74607192 1.20 74604 7440191 128 79054 0.98 6A/100V OH- ----TTL
''''''' - ''''''' POA ascoopF
45068 1.40
450608 1.40
4011067 0.32
40126T 0.32
74184 1.16 7470174 0.3374140573
74L5685
74LS686
POA
POA
0.68 74HCT19":52 74606
028 7440240
0.74
0.92 790584 0.68 1.60 Output
14pin DIL Layout
HY530A641_8-130 Price: 157 each
4508B 1.68 401357 0.45
74165 1.57 74L0182 0.33 741-105734 0.86 74607194 1.20 74607 0.74
7440241 0.92 7909 0.98 84/200V OIL POA
74166 1 06 741_18 POA 741_8687 POA 741-107195 1.20 7440244 1.96 Sealed Metal W13511000-85 8.45 4700026 1000oopF
45105 0.54 7460574 0.64 0.92 7912 0.68
401567 0 84 74174 1.37 7475183 POA 741_5688 1.98 74607221 0.66 74608 0.28
7440245 1.10 7912A 4pin Package Price: 18p each
0.98

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contactin,t, advertisers
MICROPROCESSOR DS9639A 198 PIC16C57RC/P 5.06 SGS7P050 4.55 CL7652BCPD 8.24 LM350T 4.77 NE5532AN 2.02 71_074ACN 240 75176A 2E9 BD743C 1.90 Personal Computer Products
& SUPPORT ICs EF6821P 1.68 PIC16C64-04/P 13.98 SP1450B 176 CL7652CP0 8.24 LM351N 2.60 NE5532N 0.82 TL0740N 0.97 751766 1.86 BDT85 1 12
CL7660CPA 188 LM358N 0.36 NE5534AN 1.28 TL081CP 0.74 7517637 119 BDX676 MOTHER BOARD
EF6850P 1.68 PIC16C64-20P 23.85 ULA1R1302961 6.80 218
100114DEC 7.40 EF681309EP 5.35 PIC16C64-JW 3096 ULA2ORK008615 972 CL7660SCPA 2.96 LM359N 2.84 NE555N 140 TL082CN 0.81 75177 160 80796.,-44, VESA 986 3VLslots,256kCache
with ZIFF Socket for CPU and
f85
100141DC 980 EF68809P 4.73 PIC16C71-11P 8.94 XR-T5683 3.60 CL7662CPA 335 LM360H 7.72 NE556/SMD 122 TL0840N 0.84 75178 4.14 BF195-C 008
140 293 BF199 8132 & 2x72Pin SIMM Sockets
6303XP 8.76 DEB/1E121P 2.56 Pi016084-10/P 12.24 ZNA2L029J-BS 280 CL7663BCJA 178 LM36IM NE556N 1.18 TLC27L2CD 1.96 75182 122
CL7663BCPA 110 LM363H-100 16.50 NE5585 2 TL497ACN 3.95 75183 accepts 486SX/DX/DX2-66 CPU62
6321P 4.41 EP610PC-35 POA PIC17C42-16JW 35 51 ZNPCM1J-BS 195 2.93 BF200 0.16
795 3.82 NE564N 3.75 TL507CP 5.96 75188 0.96 BF256B (without CPU&DRAM)
63485CP32/SM 19.95 H51-0165-5 10.96 R6502AP 191 CL7664CPA LM369DN 0.38
63603XP 1E07 HD146818AP 441 136520P 440UNEAR & MISCS. CL7665ACPA 4.47 LM369DRC 170 NE565N 2.94 TL7702ACP 1.22 75189 0.98 BF256C 0.38 MICROPROCESSORS
6502 276 803-6402-9 216 86522 4.40 CL7673CPA 1.26 LM380N 198 NE567N 0.91 TL77054CP 1.22 75189A 0.98 BF259 0.40 80486SX-33MHz INTEL E 75
363011M/BB 14032
718
6502A 3.98 889 86522813 1 CL8052ACPD 173 LM381 AN NE56BN POA TL7705CP 1.22 75361 3.74 BF324 8048600-33MHz INTEL £ 125
6520P
6522
4 40
4.40
H#03-6495.949620/BB
HD#03-6440-9
6495.9
H044183
8.89 865002P2
POA 065CO2P3
8.54
7.16
555 -TIMER
POA CL8068AJD 1149 LM385Z-1.2
0.40CL8069CCSO 4.09 LM385Z-2.5
198 NE570N
1.98 NE571 N
7.53
4.96
TL7709ACP
TL7770-SC
2.04 75365
3.82 75437A
150 6E421
3.26 56450
0.28
012 1304860X2-66MHz INTEL
Heat Sink 1- Fan for 486CPU
£ 160
10
0.20 £
6522A 5.32 HD46505SP POE R65CO2P4 8.95
6 341 -1J PA
O
CL8069DCSO 2.83 LM386M1 115 NE589N 4.25 TL783CKC 753 7545213 0.66 BF451 0 22
741- 0PAMP 0.18 166 HARD DISK DRIVES

AD548,1111.2MB
6551 443 HD46802P POA 13650102P2 6.78 CL80690CZR 2.21 LM386N1 1.28 NE592/SMD TLC15411N
1.80 15.63 75451 138494 116
AD520JN POA CL821 1CPA 1.49 LM386N3 1.80 NE592N 210 TLC2201CP 5.50 754518 0 96 88759
270M8 1361sec 3.51 LP £149
6551A 5.20 HD6321P 4.41 065021P2 5.46 0.26
AD524 166 8E961 340MB 1331sec 3.5" LP £ 179
65CO2P2 6.54 FID63485PS32 32.50 R65022P2 6.51 21'02 CL8212CPA 274 LM386N4 2.60 NE592N14 200 TLC2274CN POA 75452
65CO2P3 7.16 HD631303XP 11.74 s41380032-16 6.98
AD534JH 4827 CM71701PG 114 LM387AN 5.20 NE602AN 298 TLC251CP 428 754520 0.96 BF981 "E
090
FLOPPY DISK DRIVES
AD537JH POA 1.44MB 15" £ 28
65C102P2 6.78 HD68000P6 11.59 sAi380C32P 4.28 CM7207AIPD 1135 LM38851 4.25 NE604AN 198 TLC26520P 5.98 75453 011 BF982 188
2.06 296 BFG6S 5.25" £ 38
65022132 6.51 H5680313 7.98 588800535-N 12.24 AD574AKD CM7207IPD 794 LM389N POA NE605N 11.85 TLC2654CP 5.98 75453B 1.79
54.57
650516.1 5.60 H068455P 4.86 SAB8151P 3E2 CM72091PA 6.99 LM3900N 1.02 NE612AN 3.40 TLC271CP 1.20 75454 0.64 13E1153-22Hz 0.48 GRAPHIC CARDS
AD578JN P0Ao
2.16 75454B ISA TRIDENT TVGA 8900D 1M6£ 48
650516-2 220 H06845213 POA 58682598P 3.59 CM7211AMIPL 5.25 LM3909N 2 12 NJ8821 DP 12.06 TLC272CP 0.98 BFF191-5Ghlz 0.90
AD581JH
68000CP-12 a65 HD681321P 3.53 SAB82C54-2-P 4.12 -72 CM7211MIPL 6.75 LM39141,1 125 OP07CJ 3.60 TL0272CD 2.29 75462 1.31 BER91A-8GHt 1.20 ISA TRIDENT TVGA 9000 512413 £ 28
AD581KCSA 9.97

40648316110436
678 CM7212AMIPL 112 LM393N 0.56 OP070N8 1.40 TLC274CN 3.09 75463 1.10 BFW10 1.20 VL Bus Graphic Card 1MB £ 55
68000CP-8
68000P-10 741
18.20
#13-71596-5AD585A0
HI1 7159-5

HM10422
20.68
23.40
14.20
SABB2C55A-2-P 4.80
0080C451CCN84
AD5920N
315571994-5

POA
-- CM72131P0
CM7216AI21
9.11
30.89
LM393P
LM394CN
0.96
4.80
0P070P3
OP97E13
1.40 TLC339CN
110 TLC372CP
2.58
1.95
75468
75469
3.15 BFX48
1304 BF085
049 expandable to 2Mega Bytes
6800013-16 13.60
AD594AD 18.80
159 MEMORIES (SIMM)

-.A
6800813-8 6.85 08208614 17.06 0087C51CCF40 31.50 0M721741P1 842 LM3999Z a21 OPI IGP 6.68 TLC551CP 4.62 75470 808 BFX813 030 1Mx9x3 CHIP 70.0
AD595AD 15.24 E 30
6800P 5.70 M6402AIPL 10.20 SC87C510C340 31'25 CM721 7BIJI 1298 LM399H 6.68 OP177FP 171 TLC555CP 1.44 75471 3.35 BFX89
3.09 1 59 (4MB 72PIN) 70ns POA
6801013-12 POA M64021 PL 7.75 5052661001628 POACM72171J1
AD707JN 3.65CM7218AIJI
15.26 LM4250J 11.82 01327013 41] TLC556CN 2.53 75472 135 13E1(50 0-34 256Kx9 3 CHIP 80os £ 12
6802P 390 M6403I PL 12.92 SCN2661CCN28 POA 9.30 LM555CN a68 OP42FZ 923 TLC7524CN 5.98 75473 335 8E1152 0.39
AD711JN 2'61
248 0P770P 225 BF790 I/O CARDS with Cables
6803P 798 MS2600P-15 TLi 6C550AN 13 96 CM721841PI 8.68 LM560C4 3.23 TLE2061 CP POA 75474 0.92
AD712JN 3M7 CM7218DIJI 1095 LM710CH OPO7CN 192 TLE2062CP POA 75477 2.10 B0107 IDE 2H0/2FD/20/1P/10 £ 15
6805E3E 14 75 NS8250N 7 80 TMP7002NL-2 4.97 1.71 0.26
7E0 TMIPB085AP-2 AD7245JN/KN POA
CM7218EUL 1476 PCM63P K 238 VL/B Mold 1.0.Card
600913 4.98 NS8250N-B 198 LM723CH 1.63 35 80 TLE2064CN PO 75491 0.99 430170 £ 25
5.89 TMS320C1ONL AD736JN 821 CM72241PL 142 LM723CN 0.72 PM7548HP 17.99 TLE2161CP POA 75499
661 OP POA M5M82C5IAP 9.32 3.98 8S250 012 KEYBOARDS & MICE
AD741KN
6821P 1 68 M5M82054P46 657 7MS320C25FNL 17.23 487,2366 93Irn CM7226AIJL 37.20 LM733CN 2.65 804136N 0.80 TMS3477NL 168 75ALS176 4.24 85860 0.48 102 UK Enhanced KeyBoard £ 17
6840P 322 MA1380314H12P 4.23 TMS320C25GBL 70.58 -
AD7537JN
4. CM7226BIPL 3252
38.04
LM7410J-14 2.20 8042 7131024066E 7.14 75ALS192 4.72 BSX20 018 102 UK High Quality Keyboard t 25
6844P 17 20 MABI1035HLEP 5.98 TMS3477NL 168 CM7249IDM POA LM741CN 0.45 8042070/9 1.92 TPIC2802KV 9.42 75ALS193J 4.72135X21 3.46 Keyboard
AD7537LN POA 804558
6845P 416 MCI 0103P 2.89 TMS3700NSB 5.78 CM7555IBA 0.99 LM747CH 240 191 TPIC6259N 3.28 7501154 4.06 BSX61 115 3 Button Serial Mouse £ 8
6845SP 4.86 M010115L 3.85 TMS3702ANS
40754201 3935 CM75551PA 068 LM747CN 074 80455813 0.91 TP1062735 328 7501408 251 57138.800 1.18
9 78
68409P M0115P 2.89 TMS3835AN5
AD7543JCWE P08CM7556IPD 1.16 LM78G0P REFO1 CP 3.48 TPIC6595N 3.28 750185 198 BUW46
4 60 C-1 7.55
40757866 5081
1.80 494 IMPORTANT
68821P 196 MC146805E2P 6.53 721577031NL 10 74 M6403/PL 12.92 LM79GCP 1.80 REF21HP 7.40 TSC426CPA POA 75018/3 2.32 Buz) 1 1.60 Ail prices are excluding V.A.T.
AD844AN 171 274
6884013 156 MC68000P12 POA TMS9900NL 2440' L272 LM833N 1.31 REFO2CP 4.95 750500013E POA 7501896 2.32 6UZ118 1.62 Postage &Packing Charges
MC68000P16 18.20 TMS9901 NL
ADC0804LCN 3.98 2.38 LS285AB 2.40 REF03GP 5.42 TSC7106CPL 181 75C189AD 2.32
68A5OP 2.95 14.16 L272M BUZ47A 6.90
POE 72109902ANL
ADC804LCWM 1110 L293B 312 LS288B 4.32 REF25Z 0.98 TSC7116CPL 7.68 75LBC176 C100 for orders upto £40005. V.A T.
68BOOP 7.68 MC68010P10 15.94 4.14 IFIFZ14 1.14
473 MC68010P12 POA TMS9914AHL
ADC0820CC5 1993 L2535 3.27 LS7210 POA S2560A POA TSC7126CPL 8.28 and
6860913 2a10 IRFZ20 1.77
68821P 2.56 MC6802P
ADC0834CCN 1010 L.297/1 198 LT1006CNB 2.72 5881027 5.94 TS07660CPA 1.40 55.00 for orders over £40 exc.V.A.T.
3.95 TMS9928ANL 7.40 J113 0.39
68B40P 3.20 MC6821P 1.99 TMS9995JDL
A208460-10 38.98 1298N 780 LT1010CT 4.58 SAA1043P 9.60 U10968 4.02 TRANSISTORS 75 applicable to all goods under the
69.85 018
ADC9013HP 18.42 THYRISTORS heading of
80805 POA MC6840P 5.05 U496364CP 2166 L4805CV 3.40 LT1028CN8 7.98 SAA3049P 1198 020668 214 3270 0/2
AD0A080N POA 5.50 & TRIACS 'Personal Computer Products'.
808544-2 598 MC6844P 18.40 UA9637A 2.38 L487 3.76 LT10320N 4.70 SAA5025D 940 024009 JA101 0.48
ADG201AKN

5.98IEZEZEMEEI
7.59 L4960
8086 11.92 MC6845P 7.38 049638CP 2.66 2.79 LT107007 10.98 54460024 10.80 042240CN 2.79 MEID501 1.10 Postage & Packing will be charged at
80013070N 1.L70243
92
3.68 SAS5605 140 042240PC 279 40406 1E0
8086-2 11.92 MC6850P 3.35 089639CP 2.38 LT1083CP 8.82 MJE13070 1.10 cost for all destinations outside the U.K.
8H001500 17.20LA6351 40673 290
800286-8/PLCO24.40 MC68705R3P 25.35 0M68456 4.95 POA LT1088CT 3.81 SED2000FVA 9.60 UA709CP 015 MJE340 0.68 VA T. 4 payable on Peseta, & PacXng.
80032.16MHZ 8.98 61068800P 7.02 um9151 AT1.1270 3.60
LA6510 4.88 LT1134CN 8.14 5802301450 178 04709130 0.85 130107A/13 0.17
POA MJE350 1.10
47-5-1013 4.60
80C32P 4.28 MC68A09P 7.62 LIM9151-3 POA LA6520 6.22 LTC1052 7.97 0802741 DC a30 04715HC 4.50 130108A/131C 117 0.80
A7 -11013A
80085A 5.91 MC68HC05E0F511.96 uP88238 POA LC7132 PO4 LT01099CN 14.39 5035246 1.66 08723013 0.70 001096/0 0.18 0.18
47-5-1250 POA
80085A-2 1 97 MC8314P 160 0P682820 4.98 L07522 197 LTC485CN8 2.60 51766004 1.92 04733CJ 296 60140-19 0.48 Mps406 0.12 A to D Converter with Software
AY -5 -3800 -PRO 996 L,7555 158
8118-5CH
82054-2
93L3400
7.60
4.10
7.08
MCM681 OP
MCM68410P
MM53200N
498 UP88284AD
742 UPB82860
4.73 UPD70108C-10
4.98

9.10
BA6109
0A6228
1-68 L5111401
1-40
LF13508D
9.78
POA
1165
LTC490
M5218AL
M5220
4.40
3.20
6.21
SLI 452
SL2369C
SL31176
7.85 UA741MP
197 3874170
POA U4748CP
060 130146/01
028 BCe49
0.98 60107
'"
234
MPSA13
MPSA63
MPS/02
0 12
012
024
596 each
ask for leaflet for full details
2 Digit Display Board for Turbo PC
AM25LS2568P 2.68 MM58167BN 13.65 upD70108C-8 6.95
083046 0.54LF311H 6.87 M5238L 3.98 2.82 U477000UIC POA
SL4B6DP Diplays 1 to 99, Jumper selectable
80154 0-34 MPSU05 221
14.82 L:070116010 12.90 CA3046(SMD) 0.89 BC169C 114
AM25LS2569P 2.68 MM581749N LF347N 1.34 M5298P 6.22 260 U4798TC
SL4900P 180 MTP8P08 2.10 Can he wired e.g. 25MHz & 66MHz
AM2602PC POA MM582740N 9.59 upD70116C-8 9.20
093054 1.LF351N
68 0.48 M706111 1/2 SL560CDP
300 UCN5800A 2.83 80179 124
083059 MTP6P10 2.80 46x56rnrn £15.95 each
8M26L531DC 2.30 MSM5832R 5 5 UP571055C 4.77
11011
LF353N 0.61 MAX134CPL 17.95 SL6270CDP
2.97 UC55801A 3.96 80182 0.08
CA3078AT 3.84 LF355N FN3643 0.16 8 Digit 7 Beg. LED MPX Display
AM26LS31PC 1.28 MSMBOC35RS 4.90 up072014C 6.93 126 MAXI 232CNG POA SL67000DP
POA UDN2981A 3.15 BCI 82A 0.08
TICI 06M 0.78 Board fitted with 2x8Pin SIL Header
AM270191ADC 10.20 MSM80039/SMD 645 UP57201C 6.12
083079 1.LF356N
20 1.33 MAX1232CPA 2.42 SN5281CN
POA UDN2982A 3.02 001820 208
0830806 TICP206D 0.61 size 15X61 mm, supplied with HP
AM27S281PC 9.82 MSM80C39RS 7.55 UPD7654C 5.42 2'60 LF357BN 2.98 MAX1259CPE POA 555545111G 2.85 UDN61184 2.13 BC1821. 0.08
CA 3081
7101/1013D 124 HDSP-7511 0.3" (7 6rnrn) Dis plays.
AM2964B5C 12.36 MSM80C85A 5.91 upD780C-1 9.76 414 LF357M 2.40 BIAX162A0NG POA 00012 a22 UGN3501M POA 80182L0 5-28 TIP115 015 use Common Anode Display Drivers
461296500 10.68 M554200254-2 5.98 up080C351HC C83089E 1.68 1.33 MAX2324CPE 212 sp16431)0 BC183 0.08
8.42 LF357N 6.60 ULN2001AN 0.58 71812., 0.66 CP172168/0 or 10M7218A/CrEIJLetc.
AM2966P0 4.97 710 UPD8155HD 0430944E 216 LF398N 3.77 MAX232CPE 2.54 S134534 BC183C 0.08
MSM130C88 5.84 POA ULN2002A 0.58 TIPI 45 1.37
0430966 B01831_ 0.08 Kit: 518ea. Assembled: 524 ea.
4M29826DC 5.98 MSM81055 4.60 upD8251AFC 4.08 3'64 LF411CN 1.22 MAX232EWE 180 5P47400P 4.46 ULN2003AN 0.58 TIP2955 0.88
AM685DL CA3097E BC184 0.08 Vaccurn Fluorescent Displays
9.82 MSM82C51A 4.87 UPD8253C-2 3.98 2M2 LF412CN 1.69 MAX232N 4.98 SP86600P 4.96 ULN2004AN 0.58
CA3120E POA B04 84B 0.08 2.42 CU205ECPB 20 Digit 507 Dot Matrix
AM8238PC 5.60 MSMB2c53-2 538 UPD8253C-5 3.98 LF441CN 012 MAX280CPA 6.94 STK4I 4111 5.20 ULN2024A POA TIP3055 0.88
08313013T 19.20 00184L 0.08 by ISE Japan, 176056mm C32 each
AM905000C MSM82C53-5 5.38 UPD8286C POA LF4420N 1.48 MAX452CPA 138 STK5151 6.40 ULN2032A POA TIP31A 018
4m9050CPC MSM82C54-2 4.20 UPD8741AD 12.52
043130E
CA3140AE
"1
1.60
LF444CN 1.98 MAx627C134 3.40 578417111 7.10 ULN2801AN 184 BC184LC 808 7113328 140
All Sial
pec Products: P&P £1.20
8M9102CPC 2.82 M5M82055A29S 5.18 UP08749HC 14.74 LH0002CN 13.04 MAX6600PA 6.30 STK4181-V 910 ULN2803AN 284 BC212-18 0.08
043140E 242 LH003200 711347 180 2N4401 118 20E11052 1.20
AM911413DM 9.96 m521820594-2 3.98 02110MHZ 9.10 35.96 M4069040P8 466 018419211 7.80 UM5100 POA 130212A 0.06
083146E V275LA10 0.92 2N4403 0.18 2501185 1.52
AM9551PC 9.66 MSM82034A 4.42 V20-8MHZ 6.95 0.98 LM101511 344 MAX693CPE 6.68 STK4277SL 10.80 UM5101 4.52 602126 0.7/90104/93
08
0.92 254921 1.40 20131238 182
AM96L02PC 3.35 MSM82C134A-2 495 V30-10MHZ 12.90
0831606 149 LM100N 724 MAX694CPA 1 70 TA7215P 7.20 XR2211CP POAVN66AFD 50212L
/.40 265401 0.18 20137504 120

562845N835N1.20
87-5-8136 5.45 MSM82C88 12.60 0328MHZ 083240E 427 LM111H 5.21 MAX697CPE 1 TA7256P 2.60 XTR110KP 11.84 BC2i2L8 0.0869
9 .20 VN90AB a96 255415 0.72 208834 114
AY -58136806 6.45 N80028110/PL 24.50 761030P 7.80 CA224°1 3M9 LMI 36004 1.89 MAX7219050 788 78736813 PO4 7111211 4.60 80213 Vp0-104-N3 0.92 255449 250949
C1164/SMD a 6800286.12/PL 29 54 VC0106763 0432600 "4 LM13700N 1 58 M508211CPA 228 74765813 1.20 7M362313 15.48 BC213I- 8
0.98
0.88 1.98

ZN414Z6
7130104N2 255459 0.53 206950 1.40
082318 N80L286-8C2 3620 x68H005E0FN 083280AE 5.94
Lmi 391N 1.98 MAX9018CPE POA 78780058P BC214 ria
11.86 0.48 ZN1034E 2.66 VP0104N3 0.92 2N5485 0.48 2001079 5.80
043280E 3.42
01253 3.60 3.68 Z0800110P50 16.90 LM139J 3/5 MC1377P 4.93 748200AH 7.82 BC214L 0.11
770212 0.18 255876 2001115
04800856
0082085
5.98
9.62
2
N820126AN
3.68 Z0868112PSC
5.88 2180-81PU
3.20
POA
c4555CE
087410E
0.40
0.18
LM14585
LM1496N
059 6101413P
2.26 MC14411P
0.74 T88410K
1425 TA8449P
2.80 ZN415E
131 75416E
POA
2.32
60237
62239
''''
0.12
21X237
77(300
0.26 2116034
1.32
0.72 2001129
400
048
POA LM18015 0.16 256037 0.72 2001213 040
0082086H-5 9.74 1I825181F 10.04 Z8001 / CPU 11.96 005503- KG 712 M014416L POA T886596N 1222 ZN423 2.28 50307 0.08
0X79258 POA 27103131. 0.28 2N6050 3.12 2501279 1.10
CDP68186E 832 NS16450N 5.98 z8018006VSC 225 LM1881N 4.48 M014495P 698 0448614 P08zN425E8 4.95 80327 0.08
D16903 7110.320 0.38 2N6051 3.49 2501318 0.60
POA.79
am zN426E8 80328 0.08

P80854-28.75
COM8136 6.45 NS1655DAFN 12.60 2808 -CPU 2 LM1889N POA MC145406P 2.80 TBA1205 5.35 25017405
DACOBOOLCN 140 80337
X5100.08 03 8 266054 2.20 0.40
COM131017 9.41 N0080019 ZT0550 024 25017416
DAC0832LCN 5.60 i4(4215,4 256056 1.94 132
01382054 6.42 13803288 4.62 Z80A-CTC 2.98 POA MC1455P1 1.40 TCM1531P POA ZN42868 6.40 80837.25 "'4 ZTX551 0.36 2N6057 2.24 2501775 128
0AC08C13 3.53 LM2396
CRT1004-001 265 1380514H 11.20 z804 -DART 4.94 390 MC145819 0.60 TCM1705AN p04 zN429E8 1.98 BC489 0.24
TRANSISTORS 2N6058 2.68 2501845 128
DACO8EP 4.65 LM2901N
CS8205 8.92 P80524H/BASIC24.99 7808 -DMA 5.40 0.86 mc1488L 240 TCM3105N 9.42 ZN432E 21.49 00490 0''''" THYRISTORS 2N6109 0.78 2002009 0.44
DAC1008LCN 10.73 7.95 00516 0.22
03232
08086
08086-2
6.86
11.92
11.92
P8080A

P8085AH-2
POA 7804810
5.92 Z818510/0
6.88 2808 -CPU
2.60
9.76
2.60
DAC1222LCN
DF1700P
20.40
17.91
LM2903N
LM2904N
LM2917N-14
0.86 MCI 488P
0.86 1001489AL
610 MC1489AN
142 TCM5087N
225 TCM50B9N
aBo 7081023
3.44 ZN449E2N2219A
3.44 ZN4486

2.30 ZNA134E
80517
16 72 50546
0.20
aM5
& TRIACS

2N2222
028
286125
256388
2.08
0.98
25021805
2S02235
196
040
DG201ABK 183 LM29175-8 0.05
0.28 206517 0.34 2502238/0 176
082028 POA P8088 6.80 280E-CPU/CMOS 4.66 384 MC14891. 2.20 7081083 340 7N8134H 12.73 BC'4°A 2N2222A a22
3.802112369A
OG211CJ 256519 0.34 250223813 0.76
03254-2 142 P80031613 .26 z806-0TC 3.02 1-26 LM29400715 POA M01489P 0.38 7081085A 3.80 ZNA234E POA 805460 M's'" 252369 0.24 256668 1.40 2002240 0.24
DG508ACJ 3.47 80041 0.08
082848 390 P80032/INTEL 8.30 78013 -DART 4.93 LM2940075 POA M01496N 176 75410850 0.24 26696 2002275 0.64
DG508CJ BC5474 0.26
D82/38 P8C/C51FA 16.52 2865_DMA POA '''25 LM2984CT 496 61015661. 332 7081151 1.88 75 SERIES 0.
2112484 0.32 25022756
207066 088
0820234-12 9.60 P800136AL-2 12.60 280B -P10 3.00
0514880
"2
LM301 AN
5514C88M/SMD1.65 L,807,
154 MC1648P 12.40 TDA1170,5 3.54 BC547B
1.66 BC547C
2N2894 0.78 2SK129A
0.48
.2 2002278 1.18
0820284-8 7.85 P8155H/2 6.98 7802010/0 9.92 0.96 MC165817 1278 TDA1515A 4.98 75107 am 252905 0.32 20K2969 2002362
5014086N 1.47 1.618084 0.34
0820288-10 10.96 138205 2.00 Z800004138 3.38 0.91 6101709cp1 1.20 70815218 4.88 751078 466 00548 0.013
DS -140894N 1.47 252905A 0.32 30845 185 2002389 a36
0620288-12 11.85 P8212 2.40 284042 CMOS 160 LM3105 256 MC17230P 1 20 7081576 4.98 75108 1.42 BC54913 a
252907 0 30
HA12017 1 55 1.84 60549 30888 0.84 2002497 1.20
0820288-8 9.36 P8226 2.40 Z8681-81 179 LM3115 0.38 MC1741CP 145 70815788 4.81 75108A 0.08
H813426 11. 2529074 030 JAPANESE 2502577 1/4
D8748H 10.26 P8251A 4.05 LM311N-14 2.15 MC3242AP
2A 7.54 1052096/A POA 75108B 2.08 B05496 0.
'
252923 130 2002579 320
DP8228N 6.83 P8253 4.70 TELECOM & SPECIAL HAI 7723 1.40 LM3I 2H 8.95 MC3301P 2.60 TDA2595 4.41 75109A 2.46 00,50 078 TRANSISTORS
FUNCTION1Cs H075189P 0.80 2N2243 2002591 1/8
DP823814
01383040N
6.72
2.94
1382558.5
P8259
3.90
2.85
HEF4754V POA
LM317AT 2.40
176
MC3302P 2.46 7083048N
375 7083505
185 751108 2.43 52550
BC550C
.--
0.08
253053 0.34
20510487 214
2SC2603 832
LM3177 MC3340P POA 75113 2.02 253055 0.98 2002705 0.44
415 6200/390 4118 H11 -0201-5 143 2.26 0.08
DP8311N 8.51 P82596 3.70 Lm317T-L7 284 MC3357P 3.98 TDA3810 p08 75114 1305513
253441 1.25 2081096R 0.96 2002928 4.82
F111 -506A-5 11.21 2.25 60556A
DS1221 8.11 P8274 16.71 707W02020 5.25 LM3185 3.12 MC3403P 140 TDA440 POA 75115 253553 0.98 2051100 0.60
HI1149-5 POA 5.74
2503180N 2.38
001231-20 550 138279-5 3.20 733W00124 5.25 LM319N 2.68 MC3446AP 6.75 7084510 3.38 75116 BC50613 0.08 2N3684 1.65 2081102
H11 -5744K13-5 42.50 0.08
° 2003101N 220
001232 4.12 P8282 2.64 AMAI5030X13 4.68 LM32OLZ-12 034 MC3479P 7.92 7084583 4.98 75121 2.59 BC557 2N3702 0.10 2541104
HI3-0201-5 3.95 paa 0.08
2SC3182N a64
D0341361.1 1.74 P8286 3.60 0881505/Ple09e0 2.20 LM324AN 374 M03523U 180 7044660 75122 EIC55713
253704 0.10 2581111 0 2003243
FDA FDA BC558 0.08
836
IDS3487N 1.74 P82C54-2 8.98 CLA25106/PLCC 5.95 HIO 00096-5 LM324J 171 MC4024P 12.78 70A6579T POA 75136 2581115
HI ILI 2.40 253706 0.10 0 2503281 272
00340886 294 PAL10U3CN 1.90 GA05001000 3.20 LM324N 138 M012 0.98 T087010T 75138 5.74 B05584 0.08 253725 0.78 2541145 0.45
H0574 -AK 1120 2503284 500
0534087N 294 pAL12H6CN 1.90 88960013 11.72 LM325N 609 M0761 1.18 7087052 2.52 75140 135 505588 0.08 2051263N 1.80
L7104-16CPL26.08 2N3789 2.16 2503377 024
DS363119 4.35 PAL16R4-150/9 2.98 KS-49258/PLCC 5.92 LM3301N 210 MF100,CN POA 1548702 6.22 75150 1.39 BC559A 0.08
2N3819 0.54 2SAI 264N 2.60 2003581
CL7106CPL 160 "554z 1.3g B055913 0.08
156
DS3632N 3.44 PALI 6R4BCN 2.17 MJ1459BB 7.65 171 ML924 4.90 TEA1045 POA 75150M 253866 2041265N 2.60
L7107COH 120 LM335Z 5.35 BCS6OA
1.24 200369 0.44
0536336 PAL20L10CNS 4.35 MK5175N 3.80 1.62 MM5309N 5.76 TEA1060 4.20 75152 0.08
253904 0.11 2081283 0.28
L7109CPL 1194 1.33 BC560C 0.08
250373 244
0536344 3.44 PAL200,30810 3.32 00-147-7 2.40 LM336Z-2.5 1.48 61115310511 4.98 1E85620 POA 75154 0.12 2041295 7.32
CL7118CPL 8.53 LM3362-5.0 2003907 4.20
0536914 304 P008584P 12.22 P00352303 840 1 48 MM80095N 1.44 T1PC280114V 8.79 75154M 1.39 BC184C 0.08
253906 0.10 2041302 3.74
L7117CpL 11.02 Lm3574. 3 06 8C771
200458 0 15
00386211 1E98 130085847 12.22 PP34C108 1.12 MP7570JD POA TL026CP 1.84 75155 0.22 2041399 .58
L7126CPL 11 02 2N3958 2.12 200465 118
00500132-12 31308 PCF85613P 8.28 04704 3.80 LM339AN 2.37 MUX2460 14.82 TL062CN 1.26 75157 440 BD131 254037 0.48 2041482 .78
L7135CPI 12.19 200486 1.88
0586400 1.71 P0F85667 8.28 OMV1613P5 7.98 LM339N 0.34 MUX24FP 14.82 TL062CP 1.30 75159 5.45 BD135 0.44 2.30 2041515 0.78
5.05 L7136CPL 11.02 25405 250497 1.64
5081320AN 1 92 PCF8570P 8.63 OMV18C LM340AT12 2.05 MV5000P 2.86 TL06400 0.98 75160A 6.15 BD241A 0.98 2041518 3.24
CL7137CPL 1112 LM3407-5 254062 0.32 2505386 1.98
0588324 388 P088573P 9.64 aMV-18CN1 7.85 0.70 MV6012P 496 TL06406 0.84 751618 6.15 602420 0.52 0.75 208733 0.30
1224LM340712 2N4091 200627

L76500PD
L7650SCPD5.68257897
L76060,JN 6.15 80243 0.50 0.68
DS8836N 2.88 P088574P 7.68 0M1/180W1 7 85 0.70 MV8870DP 796 TL0641D/SMD 2.10 75162A 2088540 0.52
CL7611DCPA 1.41 254123
0.20200826
0.10 200815 168

515250945
0508384 2.83 130885747 7.68 ONIV25C 842 LM340T15 0.70 NE5020N 11 68 TL0714CP 1.57 75172 2.46 130518 0.78 258933 0.24
CL7621DCPA 1.98 Lm345,4 2N4124 0.82
DS8838N 2.75 PCF/3591P 12.26 OMV62AW1 6.90 9.22 5652711 4.63 TL071CP 0.78 75173 246 50675 0.52
254125 0.18 2049330 0.39 200853 0.82
0596368 1 98 P1016C54RC/P 3.60 54534-4M1 820 CL7622 POA 24 50676 0.52
L61346N 4.12 6E5324 1.81 TL07240P 1.64 75174 254126 0,32 2SA965 0.60
0096378 1401605580/P 4.48 58336931 80679 180
1.68 3.20 LM348DP 0.64 NE536H 890 TL0720N 172 7517450 4.21 9-54 2N4221A 296 205968 1.10
0096385 PIC16C56RC/13 442 00M66115P 498 220 80680 0.56 120
118 LM348N 0.64 6E55305 312 TL0720P 1/0 75175 2N4236 372 258970 0.32 200971 0.88

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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
14
CHIP CARDS
41
I clearance in the plastic carrier. The chip
e .
- (Fig. 1), and subsequently through -con-
' II
I -
h.*
Based on an article by J. Heine
HIP cards with a variety of appear-
C ances and functions have been
around since the middle of the nineteen
seventies. Today, they are used increas-
ingly in, for instance, telephone booths
(though not yet in the UK) and personnel
identification and work time logging sys-
tems in large plants and office buildings.
In some cases, they are also used for elec-
tronic financial transactions. In the near
future, further measures towards appli-
cation -independent, international, stan-
dardization of the chip card is sure to
give a tremendous boost to the number of
applications. This will be helped by much
reduced productions cost, which goes
hand in hand with high production vol-
umes. Also, a combined chipcard/magnet
strip card will soon be unveiled.
The primary function of a chip card is
to help identify the rightful owner, or,
with non -personalized cards, to grant the
user a certain service for which a remu-
neration is due that is within the limits
of the 'value' of the card. In this respect,
chip cards are the successors of the wide-
spread 'flexible friend', the magnet strip
card issued by banks and credit card or-
ganizations. The requirements as re-
gards physical and electrical
characteristics of the chip card are laid
down in ISO standard 7816, part 3.
Construction of a chip
card
The generic name `chip card' is used to
cover the following products:
- Smart Card
- Memory Card
- Processor Card
- Intelligent Card
- IC card
These different names already hint at
differences as regards function and inter-
nal construction. According to the
ISO 7816 standard, the name `IC Card'
should be used to denote all members of
the chip card family.
Magnet strip cards with their passive
function and small memory capacity
(342 bytes) are easily read, copied and
forged. By contrast, chip cards, by virtue
of their much larger memory capacity (up
to 32 KByte), built-in intelligence and ac-
cess lock, offer a much higher degree of
safety against unauthorized use. Yet,
they are relatively cheap to produce.
Production
The chip card has the same size as a
bank or credit card: 85.6x54x0.76 mm.
For mobile telephones and other applica-
tions where space is restricted, so-called
`Plug-in SIM®' cards are available with a
size of 18x28x0.76 mm. The chip proper
has a size of 10x10 mm2, and is embed-
ded in plastic carrier material. Because
of the flexibility of the card and other ex-
ternal factors, the carrier 'floats' inside a
carrier element is produced by covering
both sides of a foil with copper foil. Next,
the contacts and the layout are etched
tacted. Onto this composite foil, an
equalizing foil is laminated, from which
the clearances for the chip contacts are
punched. The chip is secured on to the
equalizing foil with the aid of silicon rub-
ber cement, connected to the conducting
foil, and subsequently covered by an-
other foil. The rear side of the conducting
foil contains the contacts (shown in the
form of a punch -out pin feed strip in the
background of Fig. 1), which later form
the contacts to the outside world. A fur-
ther layer of foil, which has clearances of
the size of the contact elements, is se-
cured at the contact element side of the
conducting foil. The finished carrier ele-
ment is punched out of a larger sheet,
and inserted into the card, which con-
sists of several layers of PVC foil. These
make the card resistant against high
temperatures, high humidity, and chemi-
cals. However, direct heat transfer to the
card, as well as electrical noise at the
chip contacts (ESD) and excessive strain
caused by bending, should be avoided.
Block diagram
The basic elements in a chip card are
shown in Fig. 2. They include:
- a microcontroller (CPU)
- a scratch memory (RAM)
- a program memory (ROM)
- a data memory (EPROM or EEPROM)
- an input/output block (I/O)
Depending on the application, memory
cards may be preferred over processor
cards. In the long term, however, the
trend will be towards combination cards
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 CHIP CARDS El
rit 1.7x2 mm2. The two possible positions of
the contacts on the card are accurately
defined. The position used depends on
that of the magnet strip and the printed
area.
Chip card readers (also called card
terminals) are currently available in a
number of versions, from simple ones
with spring -operated pin contacts, to
zero -insertion force types with end
switches. The ultimate, however, is the
motor hybrid card reader which automat- 10.25 8181..,
ically moves cards into the contact posi- 12.25

tion, and ejects them after reading. 17.87 max.

18.87 min.

Figure 7 shows a simple and therefore

reasonably priced card reader unit with
pin contacts and an end switch (which
turns the reader on and off). Fig. 3. Location of the eight -way contact are
The position of the contact area of a on the card.
Fig. 1. Building blocks of a chip card: in telephone card with a fixed number of
front, the etched chip carrier element, in the 'credit units' (i.e., cost pulses) is shown in
centre, the (unfinished) card, and in the Fig. 3. The telephone card is powered by
contact designation contact designation
background, the punching tape. a supply voltage of 5 V (Table 1) via con Cl VCC (Supply Voltage) CV GND (Ground)
tacts C1 and C5 (GND), and has an on - C2
C3
RST (Reset)
CLK (Clock SIgnal)
C6
C7
VPP (Programming Voltage)
/ 0 (Input/Output)
card voltage step-up converter for the
I

C4 Reserved C8 Reserved

EEPROM programming voltage. A clock 950036 18

and standardized readers which accept signal (CLK) is applied to the card via Table 1. Functions of the electrical contacts
all types of card. Two of the world's major contact C3 to enable serial data to be on the chip card.
credit card organizations, VISA and conveyed bidirectionally via contact C7
Eurocard, already supply combination (I/O). Contact C6 is rarely used in mod-
cards which allow users to make credit ern card readers. It supplies an external (both according to a protocol described
card purchases in the usual way using programming voltage (Vpp), which is ap- further on).
the magnetic strip system, as well as plied after the card has been identified.
make telephone calls with automatic Only a few types of (by now obsolete) Programming
payment via their account. In response to cards require this programming voltage.
this trend, telephone booths in many Although the functions of contacts C4 Table 2 lists a number of the largest and
countries are rapidly upgraded to accept and C8 are 'reserved' according to the best known manufacturers of chip cards.
these cards. standard, they are not used on most Philips and OKI concentrate on proces-
Because of the standardized protocol cards. Contact C2 functions as a reset sor cores for which extensive develop-
as regards access, and because their 'in- input which allows the 'intelligent' con- ment systems are available, and
telligence' allows them to be tailored to tact with the card to be established, fol- complete these cores with arithmetic
future protocols, processor -type chip lowed by an identification operation processors capable of processing secu-
cards are generally considered the best
candidates to pioneer a universally us-
able and global chip card technology.

Access
The card has six to eight gold-plated con-
tacts with an effective contact area of

1/

950036-15
Fig. 2. The basic architecture of a chip card
is fully equivalent to that of a microcontroller
system. Fig. 4. Possible locations of electrical contacts and magnet strips on combination cards.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
16 GENERAL INTEREST

Manufacturer
Type CPU RAM ROM EEPROM
Siemens 8 Bit
SLE 44xx 8051 derivative 128 Byte 4 kByte 2 kByte
Motorola 8 Bit
68HCO5xx 6805 128 Byte 6 kByte 3 kByte
SGS 8 Bit
ST9 6805 derivative 256 Byte 20 kByte 1.5 kByte
Toshiba 8 Bit
TOSMART Z80 derivative 512 Byte 8 kByte 8 kByte
Hitachi 8 Bit
H8/310 H8 256 Byte 10 kByte 8 kByte
Philips 8 Bit
Fig. 5. Dimensions of a disposable 83C852 80051 derivative 256 Byte 6 kByte 2 kByte
phonecard with a fixed equivalent value. OKI 8 Bit
MSM627xxx 8051 derivative 448 Byte 14 kByte 16 kByte
950036 - 19

rity-sensitive data using encryption algo-
rithms like DES (data encryption stan-
dard).
Chip cards have astoundingly large
memory areas. Today, there is nothing
special about 32 Kbytes of EEPROM,
32 Kbytes of ROM and 512 bytes of RAM
contained in a chip card. Such large
memories speed up arithmetic operations
considerably, and are a must considering
that cards are used with 'signatures' hav-
ing a length of 512 bits, and algorithms
with an iteration depth of up to 32 bits to
encrypt a single block of clear text
(64 Bytes). The large ROM area provides
sufficient space for program, look -up and
encryption tables. The EEPROM loca-
tions are usually reserved for the option
of running several applications on a sin-
gle card.
To the electronics hobbyist, only the
all-EEPROM based chip cards are of pos-
sible interest. These contain a processor
running a program which only arranges
the data transfer to and from the EEP-
ROM, and takes care of the serial com-
munication section. Using these basic
utilities, certain (expired) intelligent
phonecards may be given a 'second appli-
cation' using the read-only mode. Most
ordinary phonecards, however, are use-
less once their credit is used up.
Table 2. Overview of microcontroller products and their main features related to chip cards
Identification
The way chip cards identify themselves
is standardized and referred to as 'an-
swer -to -reset' in ISO 7816-3. The card
reads a ROM -resident 128 -bit wide
recognition word (max. 256 bytes with
other cards) containing, amongst others,
manufacturer data (protocol T=1). This
word is copied to the card reader via the
I/O pin. The designation T=_ refers to a
special protocol which is also specified in
the ISO standard. Currently, there is
T.0, T=1 and T=14.
Cards and countries
Unfortunately, the use of one and the
same chip card for a single application
(for instance, making use of a public tele-
phone anywhere in Europe) is hindered
by difficulties in equalizing (to a certain
degree) the tariff structures used in the
telecommunications field, as well as by
the lack of identical concepts for secure
storage of the card's residual value. The
two problems are caused by the fact that
a number of currently applied protocols
are tailored to one application only.
Market areas formed by country -specific
users have caused the introduction of dif-
ferent protocols and sub -protocols into
the standard.
Although the 'answer -to -reset' proce-
dure is able to identify the protocol used
by the card, that does not mean that the
reader system actually supports that
particular protocol. Consequently, it is
not yet possible to speak of overall com-
patibility or, indeed, of the cross -frontier
and totally application -independent chip
card.
Compatibility so far only means that
any chip card's contact area is to the ISO
standard, and that the reader performs a
standard identification check when the
card is inserted.
Answer -to -reset obviously works on
processor cards as well as on their sim-
pler counterparts, memory cards. The
identification word provides information
on electrical and interface data including
- position of the MSB in the dataword;
- communication protocol;
- clock frequency (internal/external);
- programming voltage (internal/exter-
nal).

By modifying the associated software,

and, possibly, the interface, the card
reader presented in a future article in
this magazine is capable of reading chip
cards from different countries, and de-
signed for different applications.

Protocol
The initialization sequence shown in
Fig. 6 should be used to make the chip
card supply its identification word. The
word comes out in two chunks: the first
has 16 bits reserved for the answer -to -
reset function, the second, 112 bits con-
Fig. 6. Answer -to -reset pulse sequence. taining various data as described below
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 CHIP CARDS m
data security.
address number function - DSA (digital signal algorithm), devel-
000 16 Answer to Reset oped in 1991 by the NSA (National
016 8 11111111 -dummy bits
4 manufacturer and first position of serial number
Security Agency) for the purpose of au-
024
0000 ORGA 0 N1 thenticity checking.
1000 GDM 1 - IDEA (international data encryption al-
0100 ODS 2 gorithm), patent applied for in 1991.
1100 Gemplus 3
- RSA Rivest, also known as the 'Shamir
0010 Solaic 4
and Adleman public key' method.
... - 16
1111 Reserve
028 4 checksum
When picking what looks like the best al-
032 4 value of the new card gorithm, the computing power of the mi-
1100 1,50 DM crocontroller used should be taken into
0010 6,00 DM account to ensure a reasonable trade-off
1010 12,00 DM between the duration of read/write oper-
1110 60,00 DM
4 year of manufacture and second position of serial number
ations and data security.
036
0000 1980+10 N2
1000 1980+10
0100 1980+10
+1
+2
Applications
1100 1980+10 +3 Phonecards are available in two ver-
0010 1980+10 +4 sions: cards with a credit function (where
1010 1980+0(!) +5
--. ..-
the cost of the call is automatically
1111 1980+0 +16 drawn from your bank or girobank ac-
040 4 month of manufacture (0-11) count), and the far more successful cards
0000 January +01 N3 N4 with a fixed equivalent value or a fixed
1000 February +02 number of cost units, for instance, 10 or
0100 March +03 50 units. Although not personalized, the
... latter are still unique because each one
1101 December +12
...
has a unique serial number. Instead of
1111 +16 throwing used -up telephone cards away,
048 4 serial number N9 it would be possible to use them as per-
052 4 serial number NB sonal identification cards in a simple
056 4 serial number N7 controlled access system to an office or
4 serial number N6
060 an apartment building, with door locks
064 8 residual value of card MSB number of 1-B a
8 residual value of card Bits b
controlled by a card reader and a micro -
072
080 8 residual value of card c controller. Taking this a bit further, it
088 8 residual value of card d would also be possible to extend such a
096 8 residual value of card e system with a 'person in/out' recorder
coupled with time logging.
residual value of card in pence = a.84 +b 83 +c 82 +d 81 +e 80 (950036)
104 24 dummy bits 11111...1
950036-20 For further reading:
Amphenol, chip card product information
Table 3. Functions of the bits sent out by a disposable phonecard (having a fixed equivalent C702 -X, C703, C704, C705, C707, C708.
value). Example based on a Bundespost (German PTT) phonecard. OKI, Smart Card product information.
ISO 177, DIN 66003, ISO 7810, IS07811/1,
ISO 7811/2, ISO 7811/3, ISO 7811/4,
ISO 7811/5, ISO 7816-1, 1S07816-2, 1S07816-
and shown in Table 3. The description is Serial number: this is the serial num- 3, ISO 7816.
based on the assumption that a ber of the chip. It consists of nine num- ANSI Data Encryption Algorithm 1, DES
Bundespost (German PTT) telephone bers, N1 through N9. These numbers are X3.92-1991.
card is inserted into the reader. appended to the previously mentioned
information, and are read from bits 24
Manufacturer (bits 24 through 27): a through 60.
distinction is made between the manu-
facturers of the raw materials and the Data encryption
parts (chips) on the one hand, and the
manufacturer of the assembly (the chip Obviously, data on credit cards and, say,
card itself) on the other. health insurance cards is strictly confi-
Value of the new card: two different dential and has to be protected against
fields allow the card reader to establish copying and other forms of misuse. Data
the total value of the card at manufac- on chip cards is therefore encrypted to
ture, and the remaining value (once one of the following standards:
credit units have been used up). The 'full'
value of the card allows two different tar- - DES (data encryption standard), devel-
iff rates to be used automatically, for in- oped by IBM in 1977, is still among the
stance, 25 pence per unit on a card worth simplest, safest and widest used algo-
£5, or 20 pence per unit on a card worth rithms.
£20. - FES (fast data encryption standard) is
Date of manufacture: this indicates a smaller version of DES using a
year and month of production. This is not shorter key. The system offers higher Fig. 7. An inexpensive and simple card
the same as the date printed on the card. processing speed at the cost of reduced reader with PCB contacts and an end switch.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

18 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

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ment and are fully tested, aligned and shipped to you with a 90 day MODORE (including Amiga 1200), ARCHIMEDES Less than Half Price!
guarantee and operate from standard voltages and are of standard 49 etc. The H version will also function with the ATARI in Top quality 19" rack cabinets made in UK by
size. All are IBM-PC compatible (if 3.5" supported on your PC). all modes inc HI RES monochrome. Complete with Optima Enclosures Ltd. Units feature
3.5" Panasonic JU363/4 720K or equivalent 'text switching for WP use.(possible minor screen bums) Syncs down to designer, smoked acrylic lockable front door,
3.5" Mitsubishi MF355C-L. 1.4 Meg. Laptops only £36.95 15 kHz. Supplied in EXCELLENT little used condition with full 90 day full height lockable half louvered back door
3.5" Mitsubishi MF355C-D. 1.4 Meg. Non laptop £29.95 8 guarantee. and removable side panels. Fully adjustable
5.25" Teac FD-55GFR 1.2 Meg £2a95 8) Order as NITS -9600 /H for ATARI £149.00 (E) internal fixing struts, ready punched for any
5.25" BRAND NEW Mitsubishi MF501B 360K £22.95(8) All modes as above Order as MTS-9600 / S £129.00 (E) configuration of equipment mounting plus
Data cable included in price. ELECTROHOME ECM-1211SBU 12" VGA multisync monitor with ready mounted integral 12 way 13 amp socket
Shugart 800/801 8" SS refurbished & tested £195.00(E) resolution 640 x 480. Multi input selection; 9pin CGA/ EGA ; 15 pin switched mains distribution strip make these
Shugart 851 8" double sided refurbished & tested VGA or 5 BNC connectors. 0.31 pitch. Compatible with PCs, racks some of the most versatile we have
Mitsubishi M2894-63 8" double sided NEW £275.00 E) Amiga, Atari and others. In good used condition (possible minor ever sold. Racks may be stacked side by side and therefore require
Mitsubishi M2896 -63.02U 8" DS slimline NEW £285.00 E) screen burns)90 day guarantee...... £99.00 (E) only two side panels to stand singly or in bays
Dual 8" drives with 2 mbyte capacity housed M a smart case with KME 10" high definition colour monitors. Nice tight 0.28" dot pitch Overall dimensions are: 77-1/2" I -1x 32-1/2" D x 22" W. Order as:
built in power supply. Ideal as exterior drives! £499.00(F) for superb clarity and modern styling. Operates from OPT Rack 1 Complete with removable side panels. £335.00 (G)
any 15.625 khz sync RGB video source, with RGB OPT Rack 2 Rack, Less side panels £225.00 (G)
HARD DISK DRIVES analog and composite sync such as Atari,
Commodore Amiga, Acorn Archimedes & BBC.
End of line purchase scoop! Brand new NEC D2246 8" 85 Mbyte Measures only 13.5" x 12" x 11". Only £125 (E)x "4... Over 1000 racks in all sizes 19" 22" & 24"
of hard disk storage! Full industry standard SMD interface. Ultra
hi speed data transfer and access time, replaces Fujitsu equivalent
Good used condition. 90 day guarantee. 3 to 44 U. Available from stock !!
KME 10" as above for PC EGA standard £145.00 (E)
model, complete with manual. Only £299.00(E) Call with your requirements.
3.5" FUJI FK-309-26 20mb MFM I/F RFE NEC CGA 12" colour IBM-PC compatible. High qual,ii
3.5" CONNER CP3024 20 mb IDE I/F (or equiv )RFE £69.95 C ity ex -equipment fully tested with a 90 day guaran-
3.5" CONNER CP3044 40mb IDE I/F (or equiv.)RFE £89.00 C tee. In an attractive two tone ribbed grey plastic case
measuring 15"L x 13"W x 12"H. The front cosmetic
TOUCH SCREEN SYSTEM
3.5" RODIME R03057S 45mb SCSI I/F (Mac & Acorn) £99,00)C(
5.25" MINISCRIBE 3425 20mb MFM I/F (or equiv.) RFE £49.95(C) bezel has been removed for contractual reasons. The ultimate in 'Touch Screen Technology' made by the experts -
5.25" SEAGATE ST -238R 30 mb RLL I/F Refurb £69.95(C) Only £49.00(E( MicroTouch - but sold at a price below cost I! System consists of
5.25" CDC 94205-51 40mb HH MFM I/F RFE tested £69.95(C) a flat translucent glass laminated panel measuring 29.5 x 23.5 cm
8" FUJITSU M2322K 160Mb SMD I/F RFE tested £195.00(E) 20" 22" and 26" AV SPECIALS connected to a PCB with on board sophisticated electronics. From
Hard disc controllers for MFM , IDE, SCSI, RLL etc. from £16.95 Superbly made UK manufacture. PIL all solid state colour monitors, the board comes a standard serial RS232 or TTL output. The out-
complete, with composite video & optional sound inputs. Attractive put continuously gives simple serial data containing positional X &
THE AMAZING TELEBOX teak style case. Perfect for Schools, Shops, Disco, Clubs, etc.In co-ordinates as to where a finger is touching the panel - as the fin-
EXCELLENT little used condition with full 90 day guarantee. ger moves, the data instantly changes. The X & Y information is
Converts your colour monitor Into a QUALITY COLOUR TV!! given at an incredible matrix resolution of 1024 x 1024 positions
20"....£135 22"....£155 2611....£185 (F) over the screen size !I! So, no position, however small fails detec-
TV SOUND 12" Mono. Philips BM7542 /05G for CCTV NEW £69.95 (C) tion. A host of available translation software enables direct con-
nection to a PC for a myriad of applications including: control pan-
& VIDEO DC POWER SUPPLIES els, pointing devices, POS systems, controllers for the disabled or

, TUNER!
10,000 Power Supplies Ex Stock
Call for info / list
computer un-trained etc etc Imagine using your finger in 'Windows'
instead of a mouse I! (a driver is indeed available !) The applica-
tions for this amazing product are only limited by your imagina-
The TELEBOX consists of an attractive fully cased mains powered Power One SPL200-5200P 200 watt (250 w peak).Semi open tion!! Supplied as a complete system including Controller, Power
unit, containing all electronics ready to plug into a host of video moni- frame giving +5v 35a, -5v 1.5a, +12v 4a (8a peak), -12v 1.5a, +24v Supply and Data at an incredible price of only:
tors made by makers such as MICROVITEC, ATARI, SANYO, 4a (6a peak). All outputs fully regulated with over voltage protection RFE. Full Software Support Available - Fully Guaranteed r745.00 (e)
SONY, COMMODORE, PHILIPS, TATUNG, AMSTRAD etc. The on the +5v output. AC input selectable for 110/240 vac. Dimsl 3" x
composite video output will also plug directly into most video
recorders, allowing reception of TV channels not normally receivable
5" x 2.5". Fully guaranteed RFE. £85.00(B)
Power One SPL130. 130 watts. Selectable for 12v (4A) or 24 v
LOW COST RAM & CPU'S
on most television receivers* (TELEBOX MB). Push button controls (2A). 5v @ 20A. & 12v @ 1.5A. Switch mode.New. £59.95(B) INTEL 'ABOVE' Memory Expansion Board. Full length PC -XT
on the front panel allow reception of 8 fully tuneable 'off air' UHF Astec AC -8151 40 watts. Switch mode. +5v N 2.5a. +12v @ 2a. and PC -AT compatible card with 2 Mbytes of memory on board.
colour television channels. TELEBOX MB covers virtually all televi- -12v @ 0.1a. 6-1/4" x 4" x 1-3/4" RFE tested £22.95(B) Card is fully selectable for Expanded or Extended (286 processor
sion frequencies VHF and UHF including the HYPERBAND as Lambada LYS-PV-12 200 watt switch mode.+12V DC @ 29a and above) memory. Full data and driver disk supplied. In good
used by most cable TV operators. A composite video output is semi enclosed, 10" x 5" x 5". RFE and fully tested. £59.95(C) used condition fully tested and guaranteed.
located on the rear panel for direct connection to most makes of Conver AC130. 130 watt hi -grade VDE spec.Switch mode.+5v @ Windows compatible. Order as: ABOVE CARD E59.95(A1)
monitor or desktop video systems. For complete compatibility - even 15a, -5v @ la,+12v @ 6a.27 x 12.5 x 6.5cms.New. £49.95(C) Half length 8 bit memory upgrade cards for PC AT XT expands
for monitors without sound - an integral 4 watt audio amplifier and Boshert 13090.Switch mode.ldeal for drives & system. +5v@ 6a, memory either 256k or 512k in 64k steps. May also be used to fill
low level Hi Fi audio output are provided as standard. +12v @ 2.5a, -12v @ 0.5a, -5v @ 0.5a. £29.95(B) in RAM above 640k DOS limit. Complete with data.
TELEBOX ST for composite video input type monitors £34.95 Farnell G6/40A. Switch mode. 5v @ 40a.Encased £95.00(C)Order as: XT RAM UG. 256k. £32.95 Or 512k £38.95 (Al)
TELEBOX STL as ST but with integral speaker £37.50 1 MB x 9 SIMM 9 chip 120ns Only £19.50 Al
TELEBOX MB Multiband VHF -UHF -Cable- Hyperband tuner £69.95
For overseas PAL versions state 5.5 or 6mhz sound specification.
SPECIAL INTEREST 1 MB x 9 SIMM 3 chip 80 ns
1 MB x 9 SIMM 9 chip 80 ns
only
only
£23.50 Al
£22.50 At
'For cable / hyperband reception Telebox MB should be connected INTEL SBC 486/133SE Multibus 486 system. 8Mb Ram £1975 4 MB 7Ons 72 pin simm module only £89.00 Al
to cable t .5 service. Shi in code on all Teleboxes is B Zeta 3220-05 AO 4 pen HPGL RS232 fast drum plotter £1950 SPECIAL INTEL 486-DX33 CPU few only £79.99 (Al
3M VDA - Video Distribution Amps.1 in 32 out £375
FANS & BLOWERS Trio 0-18 vdc bench PSU. 30 amps. New
Fujitsu M3041 600 LPM band printer
£470
£1950
NO BREAK UNINTERRUPTIBLE PSU'S
MITSUBISHI MMF-D6D12DL 60 x 25 mm 12v DC £4.95 10/ £42 VG Electronics 1035 TELETEXT Decoding Margin Meter £3750 Brand new and boxed 230 volts 1 KVa uninterruptible power supply
MITSUBISHI MMF-09612DH 92 x 25 mm 12v DC £5.95 10 / £53 Andrews LARGE 3.1 m Satellite Dish + mount (For Voyager!) £950 system from Dense!. Model MUD 1085-AHBH. Complete with
PANCAKE 12-3.5 92 x 18 mm 12v DC £7.95 10 / £69 RED TOP IR Heat seeking missile (not armed !!) POA sealed lead acid batteries in matching case. Approx time from inter-
EX -EQUIP 120 x 38mm AC fans - tested specify 110 or 240 v £6.95 Tektronix 1L30 Spectrum analyser plug in £330 rupt is 15 minutes. Complete with full manual.
EX -EQUIP 80 x 38mm AC fans - tested specify 110 or 240 v £5.95 Thurlby LA 160B logic analyser £575.00.
£375
VERO rack mount 1U x 19" fan tray specify 110 or 240v £45.95 rat GEC 1.5kw 115v 60hz power source £950 EMERSON ACCUCARD UPS, brand new 8 Bit half length PC
IMHOF B26 1900 rack mnt 3U x 19" Blower 110/240v NEW £79.95 Brush 2Kw 400 Hz 3 phase frequency converter £850 compatible card for all IBM XT/AT compatibles. Card provides DC
Shipping on all fans (A). Blowers (B). 50,000 Fans Ex Stock CALL Anton Pillar 75 kW 400 Hz 3 phase frequency converter POA power to all internal system components in the event of power sup -
Newton Derby 70 KW 400 Hz 3 phase frequency converter POA ply failure.The Accusaver software provided uses only 6k of base
IC's -TRANSISTORS - DIODES Nikon PL -2 Projection lens meter/scope £750 RAM and automatically copies all system, expanded and video
OBSOLETE -SHORT SUPPLY -BULK Sekonic SD 150H 18 channel digital Hybrid chart recorder £1995 memory to the hard disk in the event of loss of power. When power
HP 7580A Al 8 pen HPGL high speed drum plotter £1850 is returned the machine is returned to the exact status when the
5,000,000 items EX STOCK Kenwood DA -3501 CD tester, laser pickup simulator £350 power failed I! The unit features full self diagnostics on boot and is
Computar MCA1613APC 16mm auto iris lenses 'C' mount £125 supplied brand new, with full, easifittihg instructions and manual.
For MAJOR SAVINGS- SAE or CALL FOR LATEST LIST Seaward PAT 2000 dual voltage computerised PAT tester £585 Normally £189.00 NOW! E159.00 or 2 for £120 gin
Issue 13 of Display News now available - send large SfiE - POCKED with bargains!

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notice. Orders subject to stock. Discounts for volume. Top CASH prices paid for surplus goods. All trademarks etc acknowledged. @ Display Electrons 1995.E & 0E. 1/11

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
19

POWER AMPLIFIER MODULES -TURNTABLES -DIMMERS- . .* - - -. - - , -

SERVICE LARGE (A41S.A.E., 60p STAMPED FOR CATALOGUE *
LOUDSPEAKERS -1S INCH STE - M
; SUPPLIED READY BUILT AND TESTED.
THOUSANDS PURCHASED a 6
OMP MOS-FET POWER AMPLIFIERS
-. ,.models
e 11 Ll - : . 1 1A

BY PROFESSIONAL USERS These modules now enjoy a world-wide reputation for quality, reliability and .perfortnance at a realistic price. Four.
HIGH POWER, TWO CHANNEL 19 INCH RACK
- - are available to suit the needs of the professional and hobby market i.e. Industry, Leisure, Instrumental and Hi -Fl
etc. When comparing prices, NOTE that all models include toroidal power supply, integral heat sink, glass fibre P.C.B. and
drive circuits to power a compatible Vu meter. All models are open and shod circuit proof.
' THOUSANDS OF MODULES PURCHASED BY PROFESSIONAL USERS
OMP/MF 100 Mos-Fet Output power 110 watts
R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz

/ -3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 45V/uS,

T.H.D. typical 0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R.
-110 dB. Size 300 x 123 x 60mm.
PRICE £40.85 + £3.50 P&P

OMP/MF 200 Mos-Fet Output power 200 watts

4 R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
THE RENOWNED MXF SERIES OF POWER AMPLIFIERS -3dB, Damping Factor >300, Slew Rate 50V/uS,
FOUR MODELS:- MXF200 (100W + 100W) MXF400 (200W + 200W) "0 T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R.
-110 dB. Size 300 x 155 x 100mm.
MXF600 (300W + 300W) MXF900 (450W + 450W) PRICE £64.35 + £4.00 P&P
ALL POWER RATINGS R.M S INTO 4 OHMS, BOTH CHANNELS DRIVEN 108&aeram---__
FEATURES: *Independent power supplies with two toroidal transformers * Twin L E D Vu meters * OMP/MF 300 Mos-Fet Output power 300 watts
Level controls * Illuminated on/off switch * XLR connectors * Standard 775mV inputs * Open and short circuit
proof * Latest Mos-Fets for stress free power delivery into virtually any load * High slew rate * Very low . R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
distortion * Aluminium cases * MXF600 & MXF900 fan cooled with D C loudspeaker and thermal protection -3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 60V/uS,
T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R.
USED THE WORLD OVER IN CLUBS, PUBS, CINEMAS, DISCOS ETC -110 dB. Size 330 x 175 x 100mm.
'
SIZES:- MXF200 W1 9"xH3',x" (2U)xD11" 41.1112Mmimmir:, PRICE £81.75 + £5.00 P&P
MXF400 W19"xH5 \ ." (3U)xD1 2" ..
MXF600 W1 9"xH5 \ ." (3U)xD1 3"
MXF900 W1 9"xH5 \ ." (3U)xD143,." OMP/MF 450 Mos-Fet Output power 450 watts
PRICES:- MXF200 £175.00 MXF400 £233.85 R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
MXF600 £329.00 MXF900 0449.15 -3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 75V/uS,
SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. 612 50 EACH T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R.
-110 dB, Fan Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2
OMP X03 STEREO 3 -WAY ACTIVE CROSS -OVER Second Anti -Thump Delay. Size 385 x 210 x 105mm.

f:7
PRICE £132.85 + £5.00 P&P

* ' /V. '"' .. OMP/MF 1000 Mos-Fet Output power 1000 watts
R.M.S. into 2 ohms, 725 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms,
Nil t14-7 -
- frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz -3dB, Damping
,ff. Factor > 300, Slew Rate 75V/uS, T.H.D. typical
0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB, Fan
Advanced 3 -Way Stereo Active Cross -Over, housed Ina 19' x 1U case Each channel has three level controls I Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2 Second
bass, mid & top. The removable front fascia allows access to the programmable DIL switches to &bust the Anti -Thump Delay. Size 422 x 300 x 125mm.
cross -over frequency: Bass -Mid 250/500/1300Hz MId Top 1 13/3/5KHz, all at 24dB per octave Bass invert switches PRICE £259.00 + £12.00 P&P
on each bass channel. Nominal 775mV input/output Fully compatible with OMP rack amplifier and modules i..
Price £117.44 + £5.00 P&P NOTE: MOS-FET MODULES ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO VERSIONS:
STANDARD - INPUT SENS 500mV, BAND WIDTH 100KHz.
z . 1/ . * ECHO & SOUND EFFECTS* PEC (PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT COMPATIBLE) - INPUT SENS
775mV, BAND WIDTH 50KHz. ORDER STANDARD OR PEC.
STEREO DISCO MIXER with 2 x 7 band ....
L & R graphic equalisers with bar graph
LED Vu meters. MANY OUTSTANDING LOUDSPEAKERS LARGE SELECTION OF SPECIALIST LOUDSPEAKERS
FEATURES:- including Echo with repeat & AVAILABLE, INCLUDING CABINET FITTINGS, SPEAKER
speed control, DJ Mic with talk -over GRILLES, CROSS-OVERS AND HIGH POWER, HIGH
switch, 6 Channels with individual faders FREQUENCY BULLETS AND HORNS, LARGE (A4) S.A.E.
plus cross fade, Cue Headphone Monitor. 8 (60p STAMPED) FOR COMPLETE LIST.
Sound Effects. Useful combination of the
following inputs, 3 turntables (mag), 3 McKenzie and Fane Loudspeakers are also available.
mics, 5 Line for CD, Tape, Video etc.
Price £144.99 + £5.00 P&P SIZE: 482 x 240 x 120mm EMINENCE:- INSTRUMENTS, P.A., DISCO, ETC
PIEZO ELECTRIC TWEETERS - MOTOROLA ALL EMINENCE UNITS 8 OHMS IMPEDANCE
8" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME8-100 GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, EXCELLENT MID, DISCO.
Join the Piezo revolution! The low dynamic mass (no voice coil) of a Piezo tweeter produces an improved RES. FRED. 72Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 4KHz, SENS 97dB. PRICE 032.71 + C2.00 P&P
transient response with a lower distortion level than ordinary dynamic tweeters. As a crossover is not required 100 WATT R.M.S..ME110 GUITAR, VOCAL, KEYBOARD, DISCO, EXCELLENT MID.
these units can be added to existing speaker systems of up to 100 watts (more if two are put in series. FREE RES. FRED. 71Hz, FREQ RESP. TO 7KHz, SENS97dB.
these PRICE C33.74 + C2.50 P&P
EXPLANATORY LEAFLETS ARE SUPPLIED WITH EACH TWEETER. 10" 200 WATT R.M.S. MEIO-200 GUITAR, KEYB'D, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT HIGH POWER MID.
-... TYPE 'A' (KSN1036A) 3" round with protective wire mesh. Ideal for RES. FREQ. 65Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3.5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE 043.47 + £2.50 P&P
wp, s' bookshelf and medium sized Hi-Fi apeakers. Price £4.90 + 50p P&P. 12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LE GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, DISCO, STAGE MONITOR.
TYPE 'B' (KSNI005A) 3Y," super horn for general purpose speakers, RES.FRED. 49Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 100dB. PRICE C35.64 + C3.50 P&P
TYPE disco and P.A. systems etc. Price C5.99 + 50p P&P. 12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LT (TWIN CONE) WIDE RESPONSE, P.A., VOCAL, STAGE
TY
MONITOR. RES. FREQ 42Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 10KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE 036.67 - C3.50 P&P
-----....../'-vi.
TYPE 'C' (KSN1016A) 2"x5" wide dispersion horn for quality Hi-Fi sys- +MID.
12" 200 WATT R.M.S..ME20 GEN. PURPOSE, GUITAR, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT MID.
terns and quality discos etc. Price £6.99 + $0p P&P. RES. FRED. 58Hz, FREQ RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE C46.71 63.50 P&P
TYPE 'D' (KSN1025A) 2"x6" wide dispersion horn. Upper frequency 12" 300 WATT R.M.S ME12-300GP HIGH POWER BASS, LEAD GUITAR, KEYBOARD, DISCO ETC.
response retained extending down to mid -range (2KHz). Suitable for high RES. FRED. 47Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS 103dB. PRICE C70.19 + C3.50 P&P
TYPE D. TYPE E 15" 200 WATT R.M.S. M E15-200 GEN. PURPOSE BASS, INCLUDING BASS GUITAR.
quality Hi-Fi systems and quality discos. Price £9.99 + 50p P&P.
RES. FRED. 46Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE C50.72 , C4.00 P&P
sr l TYPE 'E' (KSN1038A) 34." horn tweeter with attractive silver finish trim.
Suitable for Hi-Fi monitor systems etc. Price £5.99 + 50p P&P. 15" 300 WATT R.M.S. ME15-300 HIGH POWER BASS, INCLUDING BASS GUITAR.
RES. FREQ. 39Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 103dB. PRICE £73.34 - C4.00 P&P
LEVEL CONTROL Combines,on a recessed mounting plate, level control
and cabinet input jack socket. 85x85mm. Price 04.10 - 50p P&P. EARBENDERS:- HI-FI, STUDIO, IN -CAR, ETC
TYPED
ALL EARBENDER UNITS 8 OHMS (Except 508-50 & EB10-50 which are dual impedance tapped ,c,,, 4 & 0 ohm)
BASS, SINGLE CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND
e 11 111 II : 8" 50watt EB8-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR.
RES. FRED. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 7KHz SENS 97dB. PRICE £8.90 - C2.00 P&P
A new range of quality loudspeakers, designed to take advantage of the latest 10" 50WATT EB10-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR.
speaker technology and enclosure designs. Both models utilize studio quality RES. FRED. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS. 99dB. PRICE 013.65 - C2.50 P&P
12" cast aluminium loudspeakers with factory fitted grilles, wide dispersion 10" 100WATT'EB10-100 BASS, HI-FI, STUDIO.
constant directivity horns. extruded aluminium corner protection and steel RES. FREQ. 35Hz, FRED. RESP. '50 3KHz, SENS 96dB. PRICE 030.39 - C3.50 P&P
ball corners, complimented with heavy duty black covering. The enclosures 12" 1 OOWATT EB12-100 BASS, STUDIO, HI-FI, EXCELLENT DISCO.
are fitted as standard with top hats for optional loudspeaker stands

POWER RATINGS QUOTED IN WATTS RMS FOR EACH CABINET

FREQUENCY RESPONSE FULL RANGE 45Hz - 20KHz
) RES. FREQ. 26Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 93dB.
FULL RANGE TWIN CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND
5 \ ." 60 WATT EB5-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
RES. FRED. 63Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 92dB. PRICE 09.99 + £1.50 P&P
PRICE 042.12 + C3.50 P&P

MI FC 12-100WATTS (100dB) PRICE £159.00 PER PAIR 6',a" 60WATT EB6-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
ibl FC 12-200WATTS (100dB) PRICE £175.00 PER PAIR RES. FRED. 38Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 94dB. PRICE 010.99 + 1.50 P&P
8" 60WATT EB8-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MILTI-ARRAY DISCO ETC.
SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. E12&0 PER PAIR RES. FRED. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 18KHz, SENS 89dB. PRICE 012.99 - £1.50 P&P
OPTIONAL STANDS PRICE PER PAIR £49.00 10" 60WATT EB10-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI ARRAY DISCO ETC.
Delivery £6.00 per pair RES. FRED. 35Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 12KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE 016.49 - C2.00 P&P

IN -CAR STEREO BOOSTER AMPS THREE SUPERB HIGH POWER 111112pija IA ;11 del:I:vim 0
CAR O BOOSTER AMPLIF IERS '
150 WATTS (75 r 75) Stereo, 150W PROVEN TRANSMITTER DESIGNS INCLUDING GLASS FIBRE
Bridged Mono PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD AND HIGH DUALITY COMPONENTS
250 WATTS (125 - 125) Stereo, 250W COMPLETE WITH CIRCUIT AND INSTRUCTIONS
Bridged Mono 3W TRANSMITTER 80-108MHz, VARICAP CONTROLLED PROFESSIONAL
400 WATTS (200 200) Stereo, 400W
- PERFORMANCE, RANGE UP TO 3 MILES, SIZE 38 x 123mm, SUPPLY In ZL 0.5AMP.
Bridged Mono PRICE C14.85 , 01.00 P&P
ALL POWERS INTO 4 OHMS FM MICRO TRANSMITTER 100-108MHz, VARICAP TUNED, COMPLETE WITH
Features: VERY SENS FET MIC, RANGE 100-300m, SIZE 56 a 46mm, SUPPLY 9V BATTERY.
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 20

FOCUS ON: MICROCONTROLLER

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS
In this day and age, it is difficult, if not impossible, to think of The 803x/805x series from Intel has the
largest number of members. Philips,
electronics without microcontrollers. This article discusses Siemens and others have developed ex-
some of the development tools marketed for the more popular tended controllers on the basis laid by
microcontrollers. These tools fall into three categories: Intel. An example is the Siemens
SAB80C535.
hardware only, software only, and mixed hardware/software. The aim of this article is to provide an
introduction to development tools avail-
able for, among others, the microcon-
Simulator Bronz troller families mentioned above. Like
<()?< the microcontroller families, these tools
Edit Display IL-
fall into categories: hardware only (rare),
software only, and mixed hardware/soft-
1,1 6' Q;? I c4. 2 ware.

*
0
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4
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* Nearly all development tools for micro -
006:9. 0 .00°00
4_0 controllers make use of a program, used
°'"/,s
alone, or in combination with other pro-
44 \°°*,. grams, or in combination with certain
hardware (which will be reverted to fur-
ther on). The software aspect is formed
by:

- cross assemblers
- cross compilers
- full -page editors
r - linkers;
- simulators;
- debuggers;
- format converters.

Most of these programs are available in

By our editorial staff.
ONE of the technical characteristics
by which microcontrollers are classi-
fied is the size (width) of their internal
registers, which is usually 4, 8 or 16 bits.
However, there are also microcontrollers
with combined register widths, such as
8/16 bits, while 32 -bit types are on their
way to us.
The diversity of devices being enor-
mous, it is not possible to cover all micro -
controllers on the market in this article.
Only the most popular devices will be
discussed in relation to the development
tools available for them. These devices
are typically 8 -bit or 16 -bit register
types. Four -bit register controllers are
not covered here because they appear to
be used for very special applications
only, while 16 -bit and 32 -bit register de-
vices are still few and far between.
From a point of view of accessibility
and general availability, four families of
microcontrollers are of particular inter-
est to the electronics enthusiast:
- the 80xx series from Intel, which was
the first to be available in large quanti-
ties, and are currently second -sourced
by many manufacturers, including
Philips and Siemens;
- the ST62 series from SGS-Thomson
Microelectronics;
- the PIC series from Arizona Microchip
Technology, with its famous derivative,
the 'Basic Stamp' from Parallax Inc.;
- the 68HC11 series from Motorola,
which is very popular with amateurs
and professionals alike.
versions for different operating systems:
DOS or Windows for the PC platform, or
Unix for larger systems.
The two most popular programming
languages used for development systems
are BASIC and C. In particular the 8051
and it derivatives have established a cer-
tain basis as regards programming in C.
Although BASIC interpreters have been
developed for the 8051 family, the use of
a compiler is generally preferred.
In most cases, the software supplied
with an evaluation kit has the following
functions and features:
- communication with the host computer;
- uploading and downloading a program
to/from the host computer;
- symbolic debugging;
- single-step debugging;
- setting breakpoints, doing 'snapshots',
register freezing, register tracing, set-
ting watchpoints, etc.
- offering an on-line assembler;
- offering an on-line disassembler.
Many microcontroller manufacturers
and other suppliers of development tools
sell a product referred to as Integrated
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 FOCUS ON: MICROCONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS El
Most assemblers come complete with a
binary-to-IntelHex file format converter.
The IntelHex format is the standard for
most development systems and evalua-
tion boards.
Cross assemblers, like the CROSS -32
meta -assembler from Isit, are capable of
compiling object code for many types of
microcontroller (which are then called
target devices). The advantage of working
with a cross assembler is that it allows
you to work with more than one type of
microcontroller.

Hardware in mixed
systems
Although nearly all development tools
for microcontrollers include some hard-
ware, systems based on hardware only
are very rare. The hardware may be clas-
sified as follows:

- development cards;
- evaluation cards;
- kits and starter kits;
- emulators.

In general, an emulator should have the

Fig. 1. Typical example of a microcontroller system development tool. This is a mini -emulator
(courtesy Raisonance).
Development Environment, or IDE. The
IDE is aimed at giving the user ready ac-
cess to any development tool he or she
wishes to use. The number of IDES run-
ning under Windows is increasing
rapidly. These are the features which
should be offered by a good development
environment:
File Edit Search Project Debug
following abilities:
- trace in real time;
- set breakpoints;
- an easy-going and efficient user inter- - operate in single-step mode;
face, which assumes the use of - measure periods;
- a multi -windows editor; - visualize memory usage.
- mouse control;
- a quasi -automatic assembler -to -object Spread throughout this article are screen
code translator; snapshots of emulator programs running
- an interactive on-line help function; under DOS and Windows.
- a notepad to record useful jottings dur-
ing the development phases. The iC181 is an example of a very power-
ful in -circuit emulator. Depending on the
plug-in socket or adaptor used, the iC181
emulates almost anything from a Z80 to
RC51 - SX
an 8085, not forgetting the HD64189,
Options Window ficip 68HC11, 800552, 515, 517, 31/32, 535,

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manda 61000C
Fig. 2. A couple of screendumps showing
ATI it is within emulator
development software running Windows.
Emulator mode r- nal
Above: RC51 for the 8051. To the right:
pathFinder for the 68HC11 and the 8051.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 ElCOMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

4 -bit Microcontrollers H8/500 series. H8/520,118/532, H8/534,

OKI H8/536, H8/534S, H8/536S, H8/538,
OLMS64K series MSM64162, MSM64164C, MSM64172, MSM64167*, H8/510
MSM64169*, MSM64152/L, MSM64153/L, MSM64155/1, MSM64158/1,
MSM64431, MSM644481* OKI
Toshiba OLMS65K series: MSM65511,
TLSC-42 series TMP42COOY, TMP42(C)40P, TMP42(C)50N, TMP42(C)60N, MSM65512, MSM65513, MSM65514,
TMP42C66P, TMP42(C)70N MSM65516, MSM65524, MSM65544,
MSM65x227, MSM65352,
8 -bit Microcontrollers MSM65355,MSM644481
Motorola
68HCXXX series 68HC11, 68HC711, 68HC811 and their derivatives Texas Instruments
6XOX series. 6809, 6309 TMS370 serves TMS370C010,
TMS370C310, TMS370C311,
Intel TMS370C610, TMS370C710,
MCS051 senes 8X31, 8X51, 8X32, 8X52, 8XC54, 8X58, 8X152. TMS370CO20, TMS370CO22,
MCSO-96 series 8XC194, 8XC196 TMS370C320, TMS370C322,
TMS370C622, TMS370C722,
Atmel TMS370C032, TMS370C332,
AT89 series AT89C51, 8XC51, AT89C52, AT89C2051, AT89D52 TMS370C732, TMS370C040,
TMS370C042, TMS370C340,
Philips Semiconductors TMS370C342, TMS370C642,
MAB84XX series TMS370C742, TMS370C050, Fig. 4. Members of Toshiba's
PCF84CXXXA series TMS370C056, TMS370C058, TLCS-870 family of controllers
PCD33XA series TMS370C150, TMS370C156, (courtesy Toshiba).
8XXXX senes 8051, 8XC750, 8XC748, 8XC751, 8XC749, 8XC752, 80C31, TMS370C250, TMS370C256,
8XC51, 8XC451, 8XC550, 8XC851, 8XC542, 83C852, 8XC575, 83C055 and TMS370C350, TMS370C052, TMS370C352, TMS370C356, TMS370C058,
many others TMS370C358, TMS370C756, TMS370C758

SGS-Thomson Microelectronics 8/16 -bit Microcontrollers

ST6 series ST6210, ST6215, ST6220, ST6225, ST6240, ST6242, ST6245, Intel
ST6260, ST6265 MCSO 251 series (8/16/32 bit registers).

National Semiconductor OKI

COP800 series COPC912, COPC820, COPC840, COPC880, C0PC8780128, OLMS66K series. MSM66101, MSM66201, MSM66417, MSM66507.
C0PC8620, COPC8640 MSM66509
C0P888 series
SGS-Thomson Microelectronics
Toshiba ST9 series. ST9020, ST90R26, ST90(x)27, ST90(x)28, ST90(x)30, ST9036,
TLCS-870 series TMP87PHOON/F, TMP87PH2O/F, TMP87PM4ON/F, ST90(x)40, ST9OR50, ST90R51, ST92(x)91, ST92(x)93, ST92(x)94
TMP87PH4ON/F, TMP87PH46N, TMP87PH47U, TMP87PS64F.
TMP87PM78F1K 16 -bit Microcontrollers
TLCS-90 series TMP91P640, TMP9OPM40, IMP9OP802AP, TMP9OPH48F Intel
MCS096 series 8xC196
Siemens
8X5XX senes SAB80515, SAB80C535, 83C515A-A, SAB80C517, SAB80C537, Fujitsu
SA883C517A-5 F2MC-8L/8LC series: (MB89xxx). M889121, MB89123A, M889125A,
C500 series. SAB-0501/502/503 MB89P131, MB89131, MB89P131, MB89133A, MB89135A, MB89144,
MB89145, MB89146, MB89147, MB89151/A, MB89152/A, MB89153/A,
Arizona Microchip Technology MB89154/A, M889145/A, MB89161/A, M889163/A, MB89165/A, MB89173,
PIC16CXX series PIC16C54, PIC16C55, PIC16C56, PIC16C57, PIC16C58A, M689181, M889182, M889183, M889191, MB89191A, MB89193,
PIC16C64, PIC16C71, PIC16C74, PIC16C84, MB89193A, MB89623, MB89625, MB89626, MB89627, MB89635, MB89636,
P1C17CXX senes. PIC17C42 MB89637, MB89643, MB89645, MB89646, MB89647, MB89653A,
M689655A, MB89656A, MB89657A, MB89663, MB89665, MB89673,
Dallas Semiconductor MB89675, MB89677A, M889816, MB89821, MB89823, MB89846, MB89855,
SoftMicro series. DS5000(T)-X-Z, DS2250-X-Z, DS2251-X-Z, DS2252-X-Z MB89857, MB89665, MB89667, MB89675
These are special devices. The first x in the type number indicates the size of
the memory in kKBytes. The z Siemens
indicates the clock speed in C16X series: SAB-C165, SAB-C167
MHz. Thus a DS5000T-32-16 SAB8XC166 series. SAB80C166 SAB83C166-5, SAB883C166-5
has 32 KBytes of internal SAB-C167 senes SAB-C167-LM, SAB-C167-1RM
RAM, and runs at 16 MHz SAB-C165 series SAB-C165-LM
These devices come in a 40 -
pin SIMM enclosure, and have OKI
an 8051 compatible interface, OLMS67K series. MSM67620
a non-volatile RAM of 8, 32 or
64 KByte, and a built-in serial Toshiba
bootstrap loader TLCS-900 series. TMP96C141F, TMP96C041AF, TMP97C241F, TMP97PS40F,
DS8XCXXX series. DS80C320, TMP97CS4OF
DS87C520, DS800530
Philips
Hitachi Series based on 68000 *
H8300 series. H8/322,
H8/323, H8/324, H8/325, *Processor based on 32 -bits architecture.
Fig. 3. With its 16 Kbytes of EPROM,
118/3256, H8/3257, H8/326,
1.25 Kbytes of SRAM and all the rest, the H8/327, H8/328, H8/329,
DS87C520 from Dallas Semiconductor Is H8/330, H8/3332, 118/3334,
an ultra -modern version of the generic H8/336, H8/337, H8/338,
8051 (courtesy Dallas Semiconductor). H8/350

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995


Fig. 5. The iC166 is a real-time emulator for the 80C166. The unit sports 256 KBytes of emu-
lator memory, and 128 KByte for hardware breakpoints (courtesy iSystem).
537, Z180, 182, and many more.
Impressive.
For the 80xx
Intel itself supplies a development kit for
the devices in the 8XC196 family, con-
taining an assembler (AsM-96), a 32 -bit
floating point library, a locator/relocator
(RL-96), IC -96, PLM-96 and a converter
which turns object code into hexadeci-
mal. Also available is an ice (in -circuit
emulator) system with a window inter-
face, and a family of evaluation cards
sold under the name Ev80c196xx. As re-
: .
Fig 6 Examples of microcontroller develop-
ment software running under DOS
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
FOCUS ON: MICROCONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS
gards the popular MCS-51 family, Intel
seems to rely on the expertise brought in
by other, specialized, companies. Some
relevant products are mentioned below.
The list is not exhaustive!
Keil supply a wide range of extremely
powerful products for the MCS51® and
MCS251® families, including an assem-
bler, compiler (C51 and C251), a real-time
executive, a simulator and a starter kit.
Also available is a macro assembler, A51
(or A251).
Hitex offer a simulator, a ROM monitor,
h..,
an evaluation card and an emulator.
Inform is into development systems
based on fuzzy logic, more of which fur-
ther on.
The MX51 from Hitex is an ICE which op-
erates in conjunction with a development
environment called HITOP which has
some very sophisticated functions.
The IELETEST-51', also from Hitex, is
capable of tackling more than 60 proces-
sors (status: September 1993), from the
8031 to the 83C851, and including some
`rare birds' like the 80CL410 and
83C662. This system is based on differ-
ent probes (interfaces) for the processors
supported.
Contrary to what you may associate
with its name, `TELEMON 8051' is a sys-
tem designed to develop applications for
the 8051, although its monitor calls for a
80C37.
Based on the TELETEST 51, the TX51
may be used with the ROM -less members
of the 8051 family. This system is con-
nected to the parallel port of the host
computer.
The Ax166 from Hitex is an in -circuit
emulator specifically designed for the
80C166 family of controllers. It is backed
by the HITOP development interface.
HITOP166 and TELEMON166 together
form a very effective debugging utility.
HISIM166 is a powerful simulator for
Intel's 80C166 controller.
The MCB-167 evaluation card shows
an interesting approach to development
systems for the 80C166/ST10 controller.
Actually, it contains an 80C167 which
uses its bootstrap loader to copy the mon-
itor - the 166 for dScope - into its
RAM. The 166 is a source debugger con-
sisting of a simulator and a target debug-
ger.
FuzzyTECHn is the latest approach based
on fuzzy logic, marketed by Inform The
00
4 fi
I. I
24 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
fuzzy development environment draws
heavily on graphics interfaces like
Windows. FuzzyTECH® is available in
versions for the 196, 166, 51 and other
processors.
Siemens, like Intel, seems to leave de-
velopment systems for their microcon-
trollers to others. Siemens produces,
among others, the SAB80C510/2/3,
SAB80C535/7, SAB80C515/15A/17 and
SAB83C515A/17A, which are supported
by a range of development tools from var-
ious suppliers based on Keil products.
Raisonance (France) offers a number of
emulators for Siemens microcontrollers.
Boston Systems Office (BSO) supplies
development tools for the
SAB80C166/167 and 165.
Ashling supplies emulators for the
SAB80C166/167/165 from Siemens.
For the ST62 family
SGS-Thomson has different starter kits
for their microcontroller products:
- ST6220 Starter Kit for the
ST6210/15/20/24;
- ST6240 Starter Kit for the
ST6240/42/45;
- ST626x Starter Kit for the ST6260/65.
The ST9 family is supported by
- ST9040 Starter Kit; this relatively low-
cost system allows you to develop appli-
cations for the ST9 series of controllers,
and contains hardware, software, a
power supply, and components, to de-
velop applications based on the
ST90(x)xx.
Interestingly, there is also a FuzzyTECH
version for the ST6215.
For PIC controllers
Arizona Microchip has a range of tools to
develop applications on the basis of their
pic family of devices.
The PICMASTERTM-16B, for example, is
an in -circuit system emulator for
PIC16C71 controllers. Running under
Windows on a PC, it contains the pro-
grammer PROMATETM, assembler MPASM,
logic simulator MPSIM, a few samples, a
demonstration board, extensive docu-
mentation, an active probe card for the
PIC16C71 and a programming socket.
Impressive!
Similar products are the PICMAS-
TERTM-16C for the PIC16C84, the PICMAS-
TERTM-16D for the PIC16C54/54A/55
/56/57 and 58A, the PICMASTERTM-16E for
the PIC61C64, the PICMASTERTM-16F for
the PIC16C74, and the PICMASTERTM-17
for the PIC17C42. All of these are just as
complete as the 16B version of the PIC-
MASTERTm. The contents of these kits is
exemplary, and should set a standard in
microcontroller land. Not surprisingly,
Fig. 7. Contents of the PICSTART-16C kit from Microchip Technology.
an increasing number of designers comes
up with really interesting applications of
PIC controllers (witness some recent ar-
ticles in this magazine).
Arizona Microchip also offers a num-
ber of development kits for its PIC prod-
ucts. These are the PICSTART"4-16b kit
for the PC16C54/54A/55/56/57 and 58A,
PIC16C71 and PIC16C84; and the PIC-
STARTTm-16C for the PIC16C64 and
PIC16C74. These development kits con-
tain a programmer board for the relevant
controller, an assembler, a simulator and
host system software (including commu-
nication tools etc.), a few samples, a
power supply, an RS232 linking cable
and, last but not least, extensive docu-
mentation which, again, is so good and
extensive that it sets a standard.
FuzzyTEcx®-MP is a set of develop-
ment tools for the PIC16C5x, 16C6x and
17C42. These tools include a demonstra-
tion board, a hardware protection key, an
RS232 connecting cable, samples of the
PIC16Cxx, a multi -purpose power supply
and documentation.
On a different tack, but still from
Arizona Microchip, is the PROMATETM kit
which enables all members of the
PIC16C5X, 16Cxx and 17Cxx to be pro-
grammed. Apart from a versatile pro-
grammer, the kit also contains a power
supply, software which combines the
functions of assembler and simulator for
the PIC16cxx and PIC17Cxx, an RS232
connecting cable, and extensive docu-
mentation.
The PICPROBETm-16 and PICPROBETm-
17 series from Arizona Microchip con-
tains adaptor modules which allow the
PICMASTERTM emulator systems to be set
up for the different members of the
PIC16/17 families. The kits include all
the relevant hardware, software and doc-
P
MPgc
Tq
z C
USER
umentation.
Microchip's PICDEM-1 and PICDEM-2
are simple plug -and -play boards aimed
at demonstrating the capabilities of the
PIC microcontrollers.
Finally, contained in some of the kits
mentioned above is an assembler for the
PIC16C5x/Cxx and PIC17C42, and/or a
simulator for the PIC16C5x/Cxx. The as-
sembler is capable of generating a num-
ber of output file formats.
Parallax Inc. supplies the Basic
Stamp®, a single -board computer based
on a 16C5x PIC controller, as well as a
range of other products related more gen-
erally to the PIC microcontroller. A brief
overview of these excellent products is
given below.
I Assembler for PIC16Cxx
This product converts the source code of
a program written in assembler language
into a block of object code which may be
used by simulators and programmers.
I Logic simulator for PIC16Cxx
This piece of software simulates the exe-
cution of PIC programs on a PC screen. It
is possible to do this in step-by-step
mode, or by setting breakpoints and then
checking what actually happens inside
the processor by studying the data pre-
sented in a window. Many software de-
velopers use this simulator for
experiments, and to do the initial debug-
ging rounds. The simulator may also be
used in conjunction with I/O simulators,
and other in -circuit emulators.
PIC16Cxx programmer
This piece of hardware enables you to
program, read and verify PICs. A single -
screen control program greatly simplifies
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

In CirL.1 1r r and Data I/O. As an aside, most of
Fig. 8. The ClearView in -circuit PIC16Cxx emulator from Parallax Inc. can run at a clock speed
between 32 kHz and 20 MHz.
the programming work.
In spite of its small size, the program-
mer has an extension connector which al-
lows the use of different types of adaptor,
an 18/28 or 40 -way ZIF socket, an 18/28 -
way SOIL socket, or a 20/28 -pin SSOP
contact. Actually, this programmer is all
you need to get started with these fasci-
nating devices called PICs.
I BackDraftl7'M is the latest program-
mer launched by Parallax for the
PIC 17C42.
I Unloader for PIC16C5x
This device acts as a ROM emulator for
the PIC16C5x, which it replaces in the
target system. The unload operation is
the 2 -second equivalent of a much longer
`real world' cycle which normally com-
prises programming, clearing and remov-
ing the device from the board.
TrueFlight, a programmer/unloader for
the 71/84
This unit forms a novel approach, com-
bining a programmer with an unloader
Fig. 9. This miniature programmer from
Parallax is capable of programming all
PIC16xx devices, as well as reading and veri-
fying PIC16C5x, PIC16C64/74 (with an adap-
tor), PIC16C71 and PIC16C84 devices
(courtesy Parallax Inc.)
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
FOCUS ON: MICROCONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS
77'
":11
*1
for the PIC16C71 and PIC16C84. It con-
tains an UV light source for clearing
(window -type) PICs before they are pro-
grammed again. The TrueFlight is the
`Swiss Army Knife' for PIC development
systems.
I Reflection, an I/O simulator
This system actually replaces the PIC in
a circuit, and operates as a kind of I/O
extension to the logic simulator. Under
software control, the hardware part of
Reflection reads the inputs among the
I/O lines, and similarly writes to the out-
puts. Since the software simulates pro-
gram execution on a PC, the hardware
produces the corresponding action on the
I/O pins of the circuit under test.
Pushing the limits of the circuits, this
system allows problems to be detected
which would normally be very hard to lo-
cate. This emulation technique is rela-
tively slow because it is controlled by a
PC. But then, one must never be too hur-
ried when developing a microcontroller
based application.
Parallax supplies another in -circuit emu-
lator, ClearView ,5xTm, which handles
nearly all PICs. This tool is marked by an
interchangeable oscillator capable of op-
erating at any frequency between 32 kHz
and 20 MHz. The ClearView 'XXTM uses
extension modules to adapt itself to dif-
ferent types of PIC controller.
C compilers are available, one for the
PIC16Cxx, and another for the
PIC16C/17xx, at reasonable cost.
The BASIC Stamp comes with a few util-
ities contained in the programming kit: a
cable to connect the Stamp to the PC, a
program editor, and documentation.
Among the many other suppliers of 'tools
for the PIC trade' are Advanced
Transdata Corp., who make program-
mers, ICEs, and combination systems
comprising of an unloader, emulator and
a programmer, as well as real-time emu-
lators (RICE, real-time in -circuit emula-
tor).
Advin Systems, Inc. is on the mar-
ket with universal programmers.
Application Solutions, Inc. supply a
programming/demonstration card. Other
manufacturers of programmers are BP
Microsystems, Citadel Products Ltd.
today's multi -device programmers are
capable of 'burning' PICs.
For the 68HCxx family
The flagship of Motorola's 'small' micro -
controller series, the 68HC11, is sup-
ported by a number of development tools
from different manufacturers.
Mecalogic, for instance, supplies the
MHC811EME 'embedded emulator' which
allows any program to be fine-tuned
within the application circuit, requiring
no other tool than a PC hooked up to the
RS232 interface. This product, in the de-
velopment package version, is actually a
board containing its own microcontroller
and, depending on the exact version, dif-
ferent types of memory, zero -power RAM
and/or EEPROM linked to a source edi-
tor, an assembler which supplies object
code, a direct debugger, an RS232 cable
and a mains power adaptor.
Also from Mecalogic is the HC711D3
card, aimed at the MC68HC711D3 con-
troller. This card, which is much larger
than the MHC811EME, comes with a
source code editor, an assembler and a
real-time emulator.
I.S.I.T. offers several emulators, in-
cluding the wICE68Hc11, a low-cost but
very powerful 68HC11 emulator, and the
IC181 professional multi -family emula-
tor.
And others ...
For the Texas Instruments TMS320 con-
troller, for instance, Convergie (France)
offers a version of FuzzyTECH.
Software -only products
One of the most spectacular ways of de-
signing a microcontroller system is with-
out doubt the 'software -only' method. As
far as we have been able to ascertain, the
only product in this field is The Realizer
from Actum Solutions.
As illustrated by the screendumps in
Fig. 11, all functions offered by the
Realizer are based on software only.
Since many of you may me unfamiliar
with the concept of system design based
on software only, a brief rundown of the
basic operation of The Realizer is given
below.
Having chosen an existing project, or
given a name to a new project, you can
get to work. The first phase consists of
drawing the logic diagram of the circuit
with its sub -units. Next, you go through
26 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
The program reports on the results of
a simulation run by means of visualiza-
tion objects such as switches, fuses, scope
screens and signal generators.
(950019)

Some useful addresses:

Fig. 10. The WICE68HC11 emulator can be fitted with one of three pods to connect to differ-
ent types of microcontroller application circuits.
an analysis phase, during which the pro-
gram checks that everything is in accor-
dance with the design rules. Next, the
program does a simulation round, show-
ing the states of outputs, and the value of
variables, using graphics if so required.
Once you have your `ok' for the differ-
ent stages of the process, it is time to se-
lect the hardware configuration you wish
to implement, in other words, the target
processor for which the code should be
written. This is done during the final de-
sign phase, with the aid of an assembler
for the relevant processor/controller.
A new version of The Realizer, v2.0,
runs under Windows. It is still being de-
veloped, and Actum hope to release it
later this year. Like the DOS version, the
Lrile Edit Display Action Object
Realizer 2.0 supports the following
processors and microcontrollers: 8051
and its derivatives, the ST62 family, the
PIC16 family, the 68000 family, and the
ANSI -C code.
The Realizer comes with a library con-
taining some 60 symbols to help you de-
sign the most up-to-date of circuits. The
program allows you to design custom sym-
bols, and implement their functions in as-
sembler. The Realizer offers you a choice
between (1) keeping the size of the RAM
used by the target program as small as
possible, (2) the same for the size of object
code or (3) non -used (sleeping) code, or (4)
tuning the software for the highest possi-
ble speed. On-line help is available all the
time in the Windows version.
Realize, Bronze - EXAMPLE
Analyse Simulate Window Option Help
Microchip Technology, Inc., 2355 West
Chandler Blvd., Chandler, AZ 85224-6199,
U.S.A. Tel. (+1) 602 786 7200, fax: (+1) 602
899 9210.
UK Headquarters: Unit 6, The Courtyard,
Meadowbank, Furlong Road, Bourne End,
Bucks SL8 5AJ. Tel. (01628) 851077; fax
(01628) 850 259.
Parallax, Inc., 3805 Ahterton Road, #102,
Rocklin, CA 95765, U.S.A. Tel. (+1) 916 624-
8333. Fax: (+1) 624-8003. BBS: 624-7101. In
the UK , contact Milford Instruments, Tel.
(01977) 683665, fax (01977) 681465.
Actum Solutions, P.O. Box 373, NL-1700-AJ
Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands. Tel. (+31)
2207 45553.
Keil and Hitex products: Hitex (UK) Ltd.,
Warwick University, Science Park, Coventry
CV4 7EZ. Tel. (01203) 692066, fax: (01203)
692131.
Crossware Products, Melbourn, Royston,
Herts SG8 6BA. Tel. (01763) 261539, fax:
(01763) 262983, BBS: (01763) 261716.
MicroAmps Ltd., 66 Smithbrook Kilns,
Cranleigh, Surrey GU6 8JJ. Tel. (01483)
268999, fax (01483) 268397.
B.H. Systems Ltd., Lighthouse Buildings,
Rattray head, Peterhead, Aberdeenshire
AB42 7HB. Tel./fax (01346) 532236.
John Morrison, 4 Rein Gardens, Tingley, W.
Yorks WF3 1JR. Tel./fax (01532) 537507.
Raisonance, Z.I. Rue des Sources, F-38920
Crolles, France. Tel. (+33) 76 081816, fax:
(+33) 76 080997.
Mecalogic Concept, BP 24, F-13540 Aix-
Puyricard, France. Tel. (+33) 42 922644, fax
(+33) 42 922645.
Data I/O Corporation, 10525 Willows Road
(-7 N.E., P.O. Box 97046, Redmond WA 98073-

111 I I CA (11E111:11
9746, U.S.A. Tel. (+1) 800 332-8246, fax. (+1)
C %REALBROMEXAMPLEIHEATING SCH 206 869-7423, BBS (+1) 206-882-3211.
Advanced Transdata Corporation, 14330
Midway Road, Suite 104, Dallas TX 75244.
Tel. (+1) 214-980-2960, fax (+1) 214-980-2937,
BBS (+1) 214 980-0067.
L____
BP Microsystems, Inc., 1000 N.Post Oak
ad
This, a tno input bOwsc 'ND ton
Road, Houston TX 77055, U.S.A. Tel. (+1)-713-
anti2
booth
uith 1,pp inhwnran
688-4600, fax. (+1) 713 688-0920, BBS (+1)
bunpa
!tango
I. I nf o I
713 688-9283.
nip

Mos wry Mr in MO
I I

nddirn
ri.tb
Citadel Products Ltd., 50 High Street,
ori,t
nven
Edgware, Middx HA8 7EP. Tel. (0181) 951
untt
1848, fax (0181) 951 5857.
Advin Systems, Inc., 1050-L East Duane
C Ave, Sunnyvale CA 94086, U.S.A. Tel. (+1)
408-243-7000, fax (+1) 408 736-2503, BBS (+1)
408 737-9200.
Project
07 I.. 13 Jan 1995 19.10 la, P.P.
Home hash,
UK distributors: Quarndon Electronics,
Prepared by Actum Solutions 0Dmpl, &turn Sol uton
Mare". pa Bort 373 Tel. (01332) 32651, fax (01332) 360922.
at; 1700 Al Meerhupougard
Gaunt, Ile Netherland. .31 ,OP20145553
nillmi.to 13 Jan 1995 14 14 [INge Ear
1
Application Solutions Ltd., Tel. (01273)
LL. 476608, fax (01273) 478888.
ot)ect(e) selected
I.S.I.T, Z.I. des Poumaderes, F-32600 L'Isle
Jourdain, France. Tel. (+33) 62 072954, fax
Fig. 11. The Realizer from Actum Solutions in action. (+33) 62 072953.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 DATA ACQUISITION WITH THE PC
OSCILLOSCOPE LIVE CHOP Page 0,00 TiePie engineering manufactures a complete
6.00 U 46.6
AC
range of computer -controlled measuring instruments
A TIME/DIU
u04.
2.0 Psec
4u.0 Connecting these units to a PC (MS DOS 3 0 or higher)
2.00 4.0 psec 33,3 results in a number of compre-
0,00
10.0 psec
26,6
hensive test instruments - Oscilloscope;
-2.00
20.0 nsec
50.0 nsec 20.0
- voltmeter;
0,1 nsec
- spectrum analyzer;
-4.00
0,2 nsec
13,3
- frequency meter;
-6.00 0.5 nsec 6.66 - transient recorder.
-8,00
1,0 nsec
0.00 All measured data can be stored
2.0 Kee
-10.0 5.0 nsec .66
on disk or run off for documentation Because of the
Psec 10.0 nsec many trigger possibilities, a variety of signals can be
FREEZE ONE SHOT MODE CHI SET
20.0 nsec measured, while the powerful software enables a
50.0 nsec
multitude of measurements to be carried out in a
TIME/DIU TIME-MAG. TIME-OUT HYSTERESIS 0.1
0.2
sec
sec
straightforward manner Application areas include
PRINT COMMENT READ DISK WRITE DISK service, medical research; automatic test systems,
research and development, and education

LOW COST: HANDYPROBE BEST PERFORMANCE: HANDYSCOPE

Connect the HANDYPROBE to the parallel printer port The HANDYSCOPE is connected to the parallel printer
of the PC and start the software. Measuring can be port This makes it possible to carry out measurements
carried out at once The HANDYPROBE does not need with a laptop or notebook PC Because of its high
an external power supply. Some technical parameters: resolution (12 bits), the HANDYSCOPE is a very accurate
0 5-400 V software instrument The measuring rate is 100,000 samples/sec
select input range, Either of the two channels can be set independently
one input channel; over a range of 0 5-20 V (with a 1 10 probe up to 200 V)
8 bits resolution The advanced software enables many measurements to
(overall accuracy 2%), be carried out Two probes (switchable 1 1-1 10) are
A complete software provided The HANDYSCOPE is constructed as a small
program consisting of table model with two BNC connectors
a digital The length of
storage oscilloscope, the cable
spectrum analyzer, linking the
voltmeter and a PC and the
transient recorder HANDYSCOPE
is provided is 1 8 m,
The HANDYPROBE is which can be
eminently suitable for extended
servicing and
educational purposes
£99 to 3 8 m 299

MULTIFUNCTIONAL: TP5008 VERY HIGH SPEED: TP208

The TP5008 is an interface card The TP208 is an interface card
that provides an analogue with a measuring speed of
output in addition to two input 2x20 Megasamples/sec
channels This output in (8 bits) Phenomena shorter
combination with the two than one millionth of a
inputs may be used for the second can still be
setting up of a complete measured well
control loop The output The completely digitized
may also be used as a triggering ensures very
function generator stable triggering with
The TP5008 has a many trigger
possibilities so,
resolution of 8 bits
and a sampling rate The TP208 has an
of 200,000 samples/ input range of
sec (200 kHz) The input range may be set to 0.5-20 V 5 mV/div to 20 V/div in 12 steps and an auto calibration
full-scale deflection The output range covers 1.25-2.5 V. function Since both channels may be sampled
The TP5008 is fitted with BNC connectors and is simultaneously, phase differences can be measured
delivered complete with a user manual and software very accurately Even single phenomena can be
Separately available are 1 1-1 10 probes measured since each channel has a
and 1 100 oscilloscope probes 197 32 KByte memory Comprehensive 595
software is provided
(All prices are exclusive of VAT and P&P)

Interested? Then write or fax for a FREE demo diskette to

28 Stephenson Road Telephone 104801460028

INSTRUTEK (UK) Industrial Estate

St Ives, Cambs PE17 4WJ
England
Fax 104801460 340
28 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

Pico Releases PC
Potential
Pico's Virtual Instrumentation enable you to use your
computer as a variety of useful test and measurement
1 I I
PicoScope
'Virtual
instrument'
software

instruments or as an advanced data logger. Pond tenpetature

Hardware and software are supplied together as a package

- no more worries about incompatibility or complex set-up
procedures. Unlike traditional 'plug in' data acquisition cards, PicoLog, twr?rr)
they simply plug into the PC's parallel or serial port, making Advanced data
them ideal for use with portable PC's. logging software.
Call for your Guide on 'Virtual Instrumentation'.
NEW .5.64-,6 Logic Analyser NEW ilVe-100 Virtual Instrument
Pocket sized 16 channel Logic Analyser Dual Channel 12 bit resolution
Digital Storage Scope
Connects to PC Spectrum Analyser

O
serial port. 'cc Frequency Meter
High Speed Chart Recorder
to.r e7c
-up to 50MHz Data Logger
sampling. Voltmeter
Internal and The ADC -100 offers both a high
external sampling rate (100kHz) and a high
clock modes.
8K Trace Buffer.
resolution. It is ideal as a general
purpose test instrument either in the
lab or in the field. Flexible input ranges
(±200mV to ±20V) allows the unit to
connect directly to a wide variety of signals.
O
S4,4-- 16
with software, power f4pe-/00 with PicoScope £199
supply and cables £ 219 with PicoScope & PicoLog £209

/47,e -lo /42,e-16

1 Channel 8 bit 11 Channel 10 bit 1 Channel 12 bit 8 Channel 16 bit+sign
Lowest cost Digital output High resolution Highest resolution
Up to 22kHz sampling Up to 18kHz sampling Up to 17kHz sampling 2Hz sampling - 16bit
0 -5V input range 0 -2.5V input range 0 -5V input range ± 2.5V input range
The ADC -10 gives your The ADC -11 provides The ADC -12 is similar to The ADC -16 has the
computer a single 11 channels of analog the ADC -10 but offers an highest resolution of the
channel of analog input. input in a case slightly improved 12 bit (1 part range, it is capable of
Simply plug into the larger than a matchbox. in 4096) resolution detecting signal changes
parallel port and your It is ideal for portable compared to the ADC - as small as 40 pV. Pairs
ready to go. data logging using a 10's 8 bit (1 part in 256). of input channels can be
"notebook" computer. used differentially to
74De-10 with ,42)e-11 with f4De-/2 with reject noise. Connects to
PicoScope £49 PicoScope £85 PicoScope £85 serial port.
PicoScope & PicoScope & PicoScope & /12)e- /6
PicoLog £59 PicoLog £95 PicoLog £95 withPicoLog £115
Carriage UK free, Overseas £9
Oscilloscope Probes ( x1, x10) £10 ADC -10 Simply plug into
Existing ADC 10/11/12/100 users can add PicoLog for £25 the parallel port and your ready to go

Pico Technology Ltd. Broadway House, 149-151 St Neots Rd, Hardwick, Cambridge. CB3 7QJ Access

VI A
Tel: 01954 - 211716 Fax: 01954 - 211880
Phone or FAX for sales, ordering information, data sheets, technical support. All prices exclusive of VAT

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers 29

AD9696KN £12.45 SSM2143P £4.99 155406 £0.12 25131730 £1.44 BC328 £0.10 BD708 £1.04
ADEL2020AN £4.54 TBA120S £0.90 155407 £0.14 AC126 £0.30 BC328-I6 £0.10 BD807 £0.80
(0) ADM222AH £3.55 TBA800 £0.70 155408 £0.15 ACI27 £0.50 BC337 £0.10 BDX32 £1.78
ADM232AAN £3.55 TBA8105 £0.68 BA 1 57 £0.10 AC128 £0.28 BC337-25 £0.10 BDX33C £0.49
ADM485JN £2.57 TBA820M £0.39 BA158 £0.10 AC187 £0.48 BC338 £0.10 BDX34C £0.50
`11 BC338-25 £0.10 BDX53C £0.47
00469005 £4.59 TDAI024 £1.49 BA159 £0.10 AC188 £0.48
r:;\ ADM691AN
ADM695AN
£5.91
£5.91
TDAI1705
TDA2002
£1.83
£1.04
BYI26
BY127
£0.13
£0.11
ACY 17
AD 149
£3.84
£1.67
BC348B
BC357
£0.14
£0.25
BDX54C
BFI 80
£0.50
£0.31
ADM699AN £3.19 TDA2004 £3.11 BYI33 £0.08 ADI61 £0.92 BC393 £0.73 BFI 82 £0.31
0A47 ADI62 £0.13 BFI 85 £0.31
6\c).\\ AMPO4FP
BUF04GP
£21.02
£10.02
TDA2030
TDA2050V
£1.18
£3.98 0A90
£0.28
£0.07 BC107
£0.92
£0.16
BC414C
BC441 £0.40 BF194 £0.31

,
CA74 I CE £0.28 TEA5115 E3.11 0A91 £0.10 BC107B £0.15 BC46 I £0.40 BF194B £0.19
CA747CE £0.39 TL06 I CP £0.35 0A200 £0.10 8C108 £0.14 BC463 £0.29 6E195 £0.19

,
CA3046 £0.37 TL062CP £0.60 0A202 £0.29 BC108A £0.14 BC478 £0.32 BF244 £0.35

k CA3059
CA3080E
CA3130E
CA3 I 40E
CA31 89E
£1.16
£0.72
£0.98
£0.56
£1.22
TL064CN
TL071CP
TL072CP
TL074C5
TL081
£0.72
£0.32
£0.68
£0.48
£0.33
Zeners 2.7 to 33V
400mW
1.3W
£0.08

Bridge Rectifiers
W005 1.5A 50V £0.19
£0.14
BC 1 08C
BC109
BC109C
BC114
BC115
£0.16
£0.17
£0.17
£0.41
£0.41
BC479
BC490
BC5I6
BC517
BC527
£0.32
£0.24
£0.22
£0.20
£0.20
BF244B
BF257
BF259
BF337
8E355
£0.41
£0.33
£0.33
£0.36
£0.38
CA3240E £1.12 TL082CP £0.54 W02 1.5A 200V £0.20 BC116 £0.41 BC528 £0.20 8E423 £0.13
002110 £1.49 TL084CN £0.63 W04 I.5A 400V £0.22 BC I 18 £0.41 BC537 £0.20 BF451 £0.19
DG2I2CJ £1.55 TL494CN £1.49 W06 I.5A 600V £0.22 BC132 £0.36 BC546B £0.08 BF459 £0.33
DG4 I 1 ".. . TL7705ACP £1.62 WO8 1.5A 800V £0.27 BC134 £0.36 BC546C £0.08 BF469 £0.36
DG412D1 £4.19 TLC27 I £0.54 W010 1.5A IkV £0.24 BC135 £0.36 BC547B 0409 BFX29 £0.29
EL2020CN £4.99 TLC272 £0.88 BR32 3A 200V £0.36 BC140 £0.25 BC547C £0.09 BFX84 £0.31
4000 Series 74HC Series 74L547 £0.72 TMPOI FP £7.25 BR34 3A 400V £0.40 BC141 £0.27 BC548C £0.08 BFX85 £0.32
EL2030CN £5.67
4000 0).17 7414C00 £0.16 74L55 I £0.14 1CL7106 £2.80 U2578 £1.28 BR36 3A 600V £0.44 BC 1 42 £0.31 BC549C £0.10 BEY50 £0.29
4001 120.20 74HCO2 £0.21 74L573 .00.17
1CL7611 £1.16 U267B £1.28 BR62 6A 200V £0.70 BC143 £0.34 BC550C £0.10 BEY51 £0.26
4002 £0.17 74HCO3 £0.16 74LS74 £0.25 1CL7621 £1.70 UA2240CN £2.30 BR68 6A 800V £0.74 BC149 £0.21 BC556A £0.08 13P152 £0.28
4006 £0.40 74HC04 £0.21 74LS75 £0.19 £5.25 ULN2003 £0.52 1004 10A 400V £1.39 BC I 54 £0.36 BC557B £0.08 BS107 £0.21
ICL8038
4007 £0.18 74HC08 £0.21 74LS76 £0.25 £0.43 ULN2004A £0.48 2502 25A 200V £1.68 BC I 57 £0.12 BC557C £0.08 BS170 £0.21
1CM7555
4008 £0.31 74HC 10 £0.16 74LS63 £0.31
1CM7556 £0.98 ULN2608 £1.20 2506 25A 600V £1.75 BC159 £0.12 BC558C £0.08 BSW66 £1.35
4009 £0.19 74HC11 £0.20 74L585 £0.35
£0.20
L165V £2.63 ULN2803 £0.60 Thyristors BC160 £0.28 BC559C £0.08 BUI26 £1.32
4010 £0.23 74HC14 £0.22 74L586 L272M £1.89 Z5409CE £1.89 PO102AA £0.30 11C170 £0.16 BC560A £0.09 BU205 £1.41
4011 £0.21 741-1C20 £0.16 74LS90 £0.23 £4.32 ZN4 I 4Z £1.16 TICIO6D £0.40 BCI70B £0.16 BC560B £0.09 BU208A £1.24
L293E
4012 £0.16 7414C27 £0.16 74L592 £0.35
L297 £6.37 ZN416E £1.99 TIC I I 6D £0.66 BCI71 £0.11 BC637 £0.21 B U326A £1.40
4013 £0.24 74HC30 £0.22 74L593 £0.25
L298 f 6.99 ZN I 034E £3.11 TICI26DTriacs £0.77 BC171B £0.16 BC638 £0.21 BU500 £1.54
4014 £0.30 74HC32 £0.21 74LS107 £0.23 £0.86 EPROM's BC I 72 £0.13 BC639 £0.21 1341508A £1.42
LF347N
4015 £0.31 74HC42 £0.25 74L5109 £0.21
LF35 IN £0.43 2716 £4.46 Z0105DA £0.42 BC172B £0.13 BC640 £0.21 BU508D £1.44
4016 £0.18 74HC73 £0.22 74LS112 £0.24 £0.42 2732 £4.84 TIC206D £0.65 BC I 77 £0.18 BCY70 £0.21 BU526 £1.74
74LS113 £0.21
LF3535
4017 £0.35 741-1C74 £0.23 LF356 £0.84 2764-25 £4.20 TIC226D £0.73 BC178 £0.18 BCY71 £0.20 BU806 £1.06
4018 £0.27 74HC75 £0.22 74LS 114 £0.21 LM301A £0.25 27C64-25 £3.44 BTA08-600B £0.99 BC 1 79 £0.17 BCY72 £0.20 BUTT IA £1.33
4019 £0.48 74HC76 £0.20 74LS122 £0.31 £0.42 27C010 £5.74 TIC236D £0.96 BC 1 79A £0.17 BD124P £6.86 BUTT I AF £1.35
£0.3! LM308N
4020 £0.31 741-1C85 £0.35 74L5123 L1513115-8 £0.28 2712820 £4.08 Diac BC 1 82 £0.08 BD 1 35 £0.20 BUX84 £0.78
4021 £0.31 74HC86 £0.20 74LS125 £0._I LM318 £1.28 27C I 28-20 £4.08 DB3. 32V £0.20 BC 1 82A £0.11 BD 136 £0.21 IRF540 £1.60
4022 £0.32 74HC 107 £0.20 74LS126 £0.25 LN1319N-I 4 £0.96 27256-20 £4.85 Transistors BC 182B £0.08 BD137 £0.23 1RF740 £1.80
4023 £0.16 74HCI23 £0.33 741.5132 £0.21 £0.35 27C256-20 £3.95 45 £0.31 BC182L £0.08 BD138 £0.22 M12501 £1.60
L61324
4024 £0.21 74HC125 £11.24 74LS 133 £0.36 LM335Z £1.52 27C512 £3.95 2N1711 £0.26 BC 182LB £0.08 BD I 39 £0.23 151.13001 £1.80
4025 £0.15 74HC126 £0.24 74LS136 £0.16
£0.40
LM3395 £0.24 RAM 2N1893
252'150
£0.29
£0.28
BC183 £0.08 BD140 £0.25 MJ11015 £2.11
4026 £0.78 74HC132 £0.37 74LS138 L1513485 £0.31 4164-15 f £1.53 BC183L £0.08 BD 150C £0.82 M111016 £2.11
4027 £0.18 7411C133 ti0.29 74L8139 £0.25 £0.27 6116-10 25219A £0.25 BC183LB £0.08 BD165 £0.42 MJE340 £0.40
74L5145 £0.56 LM3585 1.
4028 £0.22 74HC138 £0.25 LM377 £2.57 6264-10 £3.06 252222A £0.18 BC184 £0.08 60166 £0.35 151.16350 £0.42
4029 £0.40 74HC I 39 £0.31 74LS147 £1.26 LM3805-14 £1.12 41256-10 £2.80 252646 £0.86 BC I 84L £0.08 BD187 £0.39 NIPSA05 £0.14
4030 £0.17 74HCI5 I £0.27 74L5148 LM38 I N £2.70 62256-10 £5.35 2529040 £0.25 BC186 120.33 BD201 £0.40 MPSA06 £0.12
4031 £0.70 74HC153 £0.27 74LS151 £0.25 £2.30 511000-8 £8.54 252905A £0.25 BC204C £0.72 BD202 £0.40 MPSA13 £0.12
LM382
4033 £0.56 7414C154 C0.38 74LS 153 £0.25 LM386 £0.48 514256-8 £6.88 252907 £0.20 BC206B £0.72 60203 £0.40 MPSA42 £0.17
4034 £1.24 74HC157 £0.40 74LS154 £0.70 £1.60 AlD Converters 2N2907A BC207B £0.74 BD204 £0.40 NIRF475 £7.28
LM387 £800.2116)

4035 £0.31 74HC158 £0.25 74LS I 55 £0.25

LM3925 £0.79 Data Acquisition 252926 BC208 £0.72 BD222 £0.58 TIP29C £0.31
4040 £0.29 74HC I 60 ih.32 74L5 I 56 £0.36 AD420AN £29.62 253053 £0.27 BC209A £0.72 130225 £0.42 TIP30C £0.31
LM393N £0.28
404 I £0.31 741-1C161 £0.27 74LSI57 £0.22
LLN1770339T £0.79 AD557.15 £8.75 253054 £0.90 BC212 £0.08 B D232 £0.38 T1P3 1 C £0.34
4042 £0.22 74 HC I 62 £0.27 74LS 158 £0.21 £0.64 AD574AJN £20.66 253055 BC2 I 2L £0.08 B D237 E0.32 TIP32C £0.32
4043 £0.28 74HC I 63 £0.2 74LS160 £0.48 AD7671 5 £22.44 253439 BC212LB 0.08 BD238 £0.32 T1P33C £0.72
LM748C5-8 £0.31 £i;00:6622

4044 £0.35 74HC164 £0.27 74LS161 £0.32 £3.38 AD775J5 £21.54 253440 £0.50 BC2 13 £0.08 BD240C £0.37 TIP4 I A £0.48
£0.44
LM579CP
4046 £0.31 74HC165 £0.42 74LS I 62
LM1458 0.26 AD7226KN £25.69 253702 £0.09 BC2 I 3B £0.08 BD243B £0.50 TIP42C £0.38
4047 £0.48 741-1C173f0.32 74LS163 £0.32 £4.00 AD7528.15 £14.28 253703 £0.10 BC213LC £0.08 BD244A £0.53 T1P47 £0.48
LM1881
4048 £0.28 74HC174 £0.27 74L5164 £0.26
LM2917N8 £3.20 AD7545AK51.15.18 253704 £0.10 BC214 £0.08 BD244C E0.53 T1P48 £0.62
4049 £0.22 741-1C I 75 £0.27 74LS165 £0.48 LM 39005 £0.72 A07581.15 £26.99 253705 £0.10 BC2 I4L £0.08 BD245C £1.18 TIP50 £0.53
4050 £0.20 74HCI92 £0.45 74LS170
74LSI73
£0.30
£0.24
LM39095 £1.76 AD7828K5253706 £0.10 BC225 £0.15 BD246 £1.18 TIP 121 £0.35
4051 £0.43 74HC195 £0.32 LN13911 £2.56 AD784515 253771
£18.06 BC237B £0.09 BD246C £1.18 T1P122 £0.40
4052 £0.32 74HC240 4:0.37 74LS174 £0.24 0.70 1CL7 I 09CPL £7.75 2N3772 £1.51f:14 BC238B £0.09 BD283 £0.61 T1P125 £0.37
L1513914
4053 £0.40 7411C241 £0.37 74LS175 £0.24 LM39 I 5 £2.70 TLC5491P £3.51 21513773 £1.79 BC238C £0.09 BD284 £0.61 TIPI27 £0.40
4054 £0.56 741-1C243 £0.48 74LS190 £0.25 £1.82 Z5425E £5.94 2N38I9 £0.39 BC239C £0.10 BD400 £0.79 TIPI32 £0.46
LM I 3600
4055 £0.34 74HC244 £0.40 74LSI9 I £0.24
LMC660C5 £2.16 ZN426E £3.03 2N3820 £0.66 BC250A £0.15 BD44 I £0.41 TIP 137 £0.46
4060 £0.48 74HC245 £11.46 74LS192 £0.42 £1.55 Z5427E £8.78 253904 £0.10 BC25 I £0.13 BD442 £0.41 T1P142 £1.08
£0.24 LMC60321N
4063 £0.29 74 HC251 £0.25 74L5193 LMC60421N £1.82 ZN428E £5.94 253905 £0.10 BC252 £0.13 BD534 £0.47 TIPI47 £1.12
4066 £0.24 741IC253 £0.25 74LS195 £0.24 ZN435E £6.35 253906 £0.10 BC26 I B £0.24 BD535 £0.50 TIP2955 £0.63
LP3 I IN £0.
£0.7474
4067 £1.96 74HC257 £0.25 74LS196 .
LP3245 ZN439E8 £7.13 254036 £0.34 BC262B £0.24 B D536 £0.65 T1P3055 £0.63
4068 £0.16 74HC259 £0.50 74LS197 £0.24 £0.73 Z5448E £7.02 £0.80 BC267B £0.30 BD581 £0.62 VNIOKM £0.48
LP339N 222NNN555223942651

41)69 £0.20 74110273 £0.35 74LS" I £0.40

MAX202CPE £2.97 Voltage £0.57 BC307 £0.10 BD597 £0.92 VN66AFD £1.50
4070 £.0.17 74HC299 £0.64 7445240 £0.32
MAX208CNG £6.99 Regulators £0.57 BC308 £0.10 BD646 £0.52 ZTX300 £0.16
4071 £0.22 7411C356 £0.45 74LS241 £0.32 7805 £0.44 2195322 £0.57 £0.13 BD648 £0.52 ZTX5(X) £0.16
£0.32
MAX220CPE £5.06 BC3 I9C
4072 £0.17 74 HC365 £0.34 74LS34"
£0.30
MAX222CPE £5.06 7808 225sB6514078 £0.60 BC327 £0.10 130650 £0.53 SAMEDAY
4073 £0.17 741-IC367 £0.25 74L5243 MAX232CPE £3.71 £0.38 2196491 £1.58 BC327-I6 £0.10 BD707 £0.42 DESPATCH
4075 £0.17 74HC368 £0.25 74L5244 £0.32 MAX238CNG £6.88 7815 £0.30
4076 74HC373 £0.39 74LS245 £0.36 7905
£11.30 MAX242CPE £3.51 Electrolytic Axial Capacitors
4077 £0.17 74HC374 £0.3974LS247 £0.32
MAX63 I ACP £4.99 7912 £0.38 Electrolytic Radial Capacitors
4078 £0.20 74HC390 £0.52 74LS251 £0.24 7915 £0.38 9F 16s 25v 63v 100v 450v pF I6v 25v 63v 100 450v
MAX635ACP £4.99
4081
4082
4085
£0.22
£0.21
£0.28
74HC393 £0.32
74HC423 £0.37
74HC553 £0.42
741.5'57
74I -S258
74LS266
£0.24
£0.24
£0.14
MC1489£0.25 1.0
MC1488

MC3302
£0.46£046
£0.56
77982E405

78L08
£0.38

£0.31
0.47

2.2
---
---
---
---
---
£0.05 £0.07 ---
£0.05 £0.06 £0.15
£0.05 £11.06 £0.18
0.47
1.0
2.2
--- ---
---
£0.10 410.10 £0.19
f0.10 £0.10 £0.22
4086 £0.26 741-10563 £0.48 74LS273 £0.3/ £1.60 78L12 £0.24 4.7 --- --- £0.05 £0.08 --- 4.7 £0.09 £0.10 £0.10 £0.34
NIC3340P
4089 £0.55 74 HC564 120.48 74LS279 £0."5 £0.36 78L15 E0.24 10 £0.05 £0.05 £0.06 £0.08 £0.44 10 --- --- £0.12 £0.12 £0.48
£021 MC4558P 22 £0.09 £0.13 £0.17 £1.06
4093 £0.22 74HC573 ti0.45 74LS365 M V 500DP £2.63 78L24 f£ (0).,26s ft (9..0065 ft, ft.0065 22
4094 £0.31 74HC574 £0.45 74LS367 £0./1 NIV60IDP £2.97 5 47 47 0.10 £0.11 £0.16 £0.20 ---
4095 £0.56 74HC640 £0.73 74LS365 £0./1 £1.47 79L08 £0.28 100 £0.06 £0.09 £0.11 ---
4097 f1.20 74HC688 £0.64 74LS373 f0.60 NESSSN £0.28 220 £0.09 £0.12 £0.31 --- 210200 £0.13 £0.18 £0.42 --- ---
4098 £11.48 741104002 60.16 74L5374 £0.31 £0.28 470 . . £0.19 £0.57 --- 470 £0.21 £0.24 £0.69 ---
74LS375 40.34
NE5565 1000 £0.22 £0.29 --- 1000 £0.33 £0.40 £1.05 --
4099 £0.38 741-IC4017 £11.64 NE565 £21:.E 77791L21! £0.30
4502 £0.38 74 HC4020 £9.35 74LS377 E0.3/ ADN1666AN £3.99 2200 £0.37 £0.57 --- 2200 £0.52 £0.64
£0.62
NE5665 £1.12
4700 £0.90
4303 £0.40 7411C4040 £0.45 74LS378 NE567N £0.39 L200CV £1.24 El .11
4508 £1.40 74HC4049 £0.25 74LS390 £0./5 NE57 I N
PCB Production Equipment
4510 £0.26 74HC4050 £0.25 74L5393
74LS395
£0.24
£0./6 ,NE91, 13..t1 HIA04, Carbon Film5% E12 Series 10-10M
£0.02 Each. f0.60 per 100
Photo -Resist Aerosol Spray 100m1
PCB Flux Spray 200inl
£4.47
£3.56
4511 £0.56 7411C4060 £0.39 LM
4312 £0.32 74HC4075 £0.27 741.8399 £0.6/ '"-"----
5 E5534N
fa--
£0.60
RO
LM3I7T
£££238.:231043

£0.65 GW Carbon Film 5'3 Ell Series 1Q -10M PCB Plastic Laquer Spray 200m1 £4.32
4314 £0.77 74I1C4078 £0.16 74LS670 £0.69 LN1323K £2.84 £002 Each. £0.95 per 100 Developing / Etching Tray £135
OPO7CN £1.42
4313 £0.98 74HC4511 £0.64 Linear ICs OP27CN £2.49 LN1334Z £1.35 54W Metal Film I% E24 Series 100- I M Plastic Tweezers £0.55
4516 £0.31 74 HG4514 £0.84 AD524AD 'I . £3.12 LM338K £5.52 £0.04 Each. £1.72 per I 00 Transfer Spatular (Altar) £0.70
£1.69 OP77GP £0.2o Enclosed Presets, Hore / Vert. 1004 - 1N/10 Transfer Eraser (Alfas) £0.55
4518 £0.42 74HC4538 £0.41 AD541115 LM723
£6.38 OP90GP 0.15W 0115 Each Small Knife with spare blade
blade
4520 £0.43 74FIC4543 £0.90 AD590.11-1 LP2950CZ £2.97
AD592 AN £4.62 OP97FP £4.02£4.14
Vert. 1000 - IMO
Skeleton Presets Horz /Vert. PCB Polishing spare £1.84
4521 £0.62 741,S Series £15...;, OP I I3GP £4.04 MAX666CPA £3.76
AD595AQ ch25. Clear Drafting Film. 1 Per A4 1 £0.44
4526
4527
£0.40
£0.40
74LSOO
74LSO I
£0._5
£0.14 AD620AN £9-88REFOICP
t; 0.78 OP177GP
AD62.5.119
OP176GP
REFO2CP
£2.30
£2.49
£4.46
£6.14
i .28
0,1,1"Iis' £,40.1
Yu Shaft
Lin or Log £0.42 Each
- 21512 Opaque Drafting Film I Sheet £0.46
Ferric Chloride Pellets 250g 0/41t) E I .31
4528 £0.40 74LSO2 111.29 £3.78 REFI2Z
4529 £0.44 741_503 £0.14 AD63315 tio 88 OPI83GP £6.81 REF I 95GP f£5..2520 *Please State Value. Ferric Chloride Pellets 5008 ( I It) £2.47
4532 £0.32 74LSO4 £0.14 AD648JN 0.97 OP200GP
OP_ I 3FP £6.38 REI125Z DIL Sockets Tin Plating Powder - 90g (110 £12.93
4534 £2.48 741-S05 £0.14 AD652AQ £20.34 REF5OZ £ .22 8 Pin £0.07 14 Pin £0.11 UV Exposure Unit. details available £76.31
£9.56 OP-75GP £2.84 £0.15 Etch Resist Pen - High Quality Fine £0.78
4536 £1.00 74L508 £0.23 AD654J5 TL43ICP £0.45 16 Pin £0.13 18 Pin
£0.14
AD698AP 07 16 OP282GP £2.63 20 Pin £0.16 24 Pin £0.19 How To Make PCB (Zero VAT) £2.50
4538 £0.37 741_509 £ .52
00707.9 £3 36 OP283GP £5.81 zZNN445283B
4541 £0.33 74LSIO £0.14 £ .89 28 Pin £0.22 40 Pin £0.25 also available Transfers. Developers. Tanks
6'46 OP290GP £6.24
4543 £11.46 74LS II £0.17 AD708.119
OP295GP £5.54 Diodes
4555 £0.34 74L512 £0.14 AD7 I LIN £2.16.
£344 OP 000P £7.56 5914 £0.06 Photo Resist - Glass Fibre - Paper Stri board 0.1" Pitch
4556 £11.40 74LSI3 £0.14 AD712.119 Size Single Double Single Double 64 x _5nun £0.27
AD736119
£7.56 OP4000P ££ 1153 05 06 NN49(16)1 £1..(0):0066

4560 f £1.18 741.514 £0.25 OP467GP 4 x 6- £1.58 £1.79 £1.20 £1.47 64 x 95mm £0.90
4566 1.96 74LS 15 £0.14 AD79.5.15 £7.29' N4002 £0.07 95 x I 27mm £1.50
AD797AN 036 OP495GP £111.44 6 x 12" £4.62 £5.15 £3.46 £4.20
4572 £0.25 74LS20 £0.16 £9.b PN1 I 012GP Et (f)) (I))77 95 x 43Im m £4.80
4584 £0.24 741-S21 £0.14 AD81 1 N
f£161.. 9038 N5 44 (0x0)43
9 X 1r £6.93 £7.77 £5.19 £6.36 119 x 454m m £6.20
RC4 1 36
4385 £0.47 74LS22 £0.14 A DIII2AN £6.44-
£4.52 54005 £0.07 10 x IT' £8.87 £9.81 £6.78 £8.30 Breadboard
4724 £0.70 74LS26 £0.14 AD8 I 3AN E173 SAA 1027 54006 £0.08 12 x 12" £9.09 £10.19 £6.83 £8.34 81 x 60mrn £3.30
41)106 £0.31 74L927 £0.14 AD8I7AN £4.50- 5035245 £1.08
N4007 £0.08 Glass Fibre - Photo Resist Copper Clad 175 x 42mm £3.74
40109 £0.50 74LS30 £0.14 AD820AN E375 503543 £6.88
£2.63 54148 £0.05 175 x 67mm £5.56
AD822AN £6.05
SL486 160 x 100mm £1.94 £2.20 £0.70 £0.74
203 x 75mm - with terminals
40163 £0.46 74LS32 £0.14 5L490 £2.63 54149 £0.06 203 x 11.4mm £2.52 £178 --- ---
74LS37 £0.14 AD826AN & mounted plate. £7.36
40174
40175
40193
£0.34
£0.36
£0.610
74LS38
74L540
£0.19
£0.14
AD829.119£3.38
AD830AN £710
£8.50£6.72
£4.97
SSN12017P
SSM213 1 P
N5400
55401
N5402
£0.09
£0.09
£0.10
220 x 100rnm £2.58 £2.88
233 x 220rnm £5.67 £6.41
£1.00
12.38
£1.05
£2.52 No Minimum
SS 81214IP £5.94
74LS42 £0.25 AD847.119 £7.19
55M2 I42P £6.08 55404 £0.11 233 x 160min £3.99 £4.41 £1.75 £1.89
Order Value
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

30

THE DIGITAL SOLUTION

Part 5 Storing data
,owledge is power. Knowl- By Owen Bishop to its other stable state and is
dge stored in written or now storing a 1. Grounding
printed form, whether it be the input 1 a second time has no
Yellow Pages, a nautical chart effect, but, if input 0 is
In this series we look closely at digital electronics, grounded, the circuit changes
or a computer handbook, gives
power to the person who has what it is, what it does, how it works, and its back to its original state, stor-
access to it. As far as possible, promise for the future. ing 0. This circuit can 'remem-
access must be easy, fast and ber' which of its inputs was
cheap. For thousands of years, most recently made low.
libraries have been the most a world almanack, a history over/under 60 yerars old'. In a We have talked about
important large-scale stores of book, a book of facts and a the- different context, and together grounding the inputs, but the
information. We include works saurus on Microsoft's Book- with a few thousand other bits, triggering input could come in-
of fiction and works of art such shelf CD-ROM at a very afford- it may represent a note from a stead as a low -going pulse
as music CDs among the infor- able cost. With searching and performance of Beethoven's from a sensor circuit or from
mation stored there for, al- cross-reference facilities bridg- Fifth Symphony. another logic circuit, applied to
though they may not supply us ing all the 'books' on the shelf, One way of storing a bit is one or other of the input termi-
with irrefutable facts, they tell digital techniques are making to use a circuit known as a nals. The indicator LED in
us about the culture, the times knowledge, and therefore bistable (US: flip-flop). Later Fig. 39 is not an essential part
or the personalities of the power, available on a much we shall look at an even sim- of the bistable; instead, the
authors and artists who pro- wider scale than hitherto. As pler circuit, but the bistable is value (0 or 1) of the stored
duced them. The problem with computer networks proliferate, the conventional storage unit. data can be read by logic cir-
libraries is the ever-increasing we shall be able to obtain in- This circuit can exist in either cuits connected to the output
volume of information, de- stantly an increasingly wide one or two stable states, with terminal.
manding more and more range of information world- one transistor switched on, the Figure 39 is only one of the
storage space. Already, many wide, simply by keying in a other switched off. Suppose many possible ways of building
libraries have no room on their few commands at the computer that in Fig. 39 Qo is on and Qi a bistable. We also make them -
open shelves for the whole of keyboard. is off. The LED is not lit and from JFETs, op amps and
their collections. Less -fre- we take this to mean that the MOS-FETs, usually as ICs.
quently consulted works have Data storage bistable is storing a 0. If we The bistable shares with many
to be stored away in less acces- apply a negative pulse to input others kinds of memory circuit
sible sections, contrary to the To understand how these infor- 1 (for example, by briefly the fact that the data is lost
need for easy access. mation systems are being re- grounding it), the base current when the power is switched
One way of countering the alised, let us look at the way a to Qo is interrupted, turning off. When the power is
expansion of published infor- single unit of information may the transistor off. As a result, switched on again, the state
mation is to reduce the physi- be stored. The single unit of in- Qi is turned on and the LED is into which the bistable goes
cal size of the documents. formation is the binary digit or lit. The bistable has changed depends on slight differences
Microfiche has been used suc- bit. We represent it by one of
cessfully for this purpose, and its two possible states, '0' or '1', databits
many journals and archives corresponding to truth or false- 3 2 1 0

are or were published in this ness. Depending on the con-

form. But microfiche, though text, a binary digit may have
more accessible in the sense one of many meanings, such
that the equivalent of the as: 'the car park is full/not
shelf -full of books can be held full', 'the account is in credit
in one hand, still requires the /debit', or 'the person is
reader to 'turn the pages'. No
matter how systematically the
data is arranged on the micro-
fiche, it takes an appreciable
time to scan the rows and
columns of images.
The digital solution is to
store data in the memory of a
computer, where it can be ac- 01
cessed at high speed and
where it is possible to imple-
ment search routines to take
the user direct to the informa-
tion required. With the advent
of multimedia systems on
2
Q 940120 - 5 - 39
3 2
0

4 -BIT OUTPUT
home computers, anyone can 940120 - 5 -40

have an encyclopaedia, a dic-

tionary of quotations, an atlas, Fig. 39 Fig. 40

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 THE DIGITAL SOLUTION - PART 5 Ul
Input Output on address line
B A 2 1 0

0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
DECODED DECODED 1 0 1 0 0
ADDRESS
LINE
ADDRESS
LINE
1 1 not used

Table 1
DATA DATA
OUT OUT

940120 - 5 - 41
To follow how data is read every address. The ROM is
from the ROM, suppose we prepared for use by program-
Fig. 41 want to read the data stored at ming it with the data that is to
address 1. The address inputs be stored in it. This type of
are set to 01, and the decoder ROM is known as a program-
between the two resistors or significant amount of informa- makes address line 1 go high. mable ROM or PROM. Special
the two transistors, not on the tion, a ROM must be capable This address line has the con- programming equipment writes
data that was previously of storing more than a single trol inputs of three voltage - data into each address in turn.
stored. This kind of data bit. Generally, ROMs store sev- controlled switches connected For a given address, the data
storage is described as being eral thousands or even mil- to it as shown in Fig. 40. All lines that are to be Os are con-
volatile. Storing data in a lions of bits. three switches are closed when nected to 0 V. A higher than
short-lived way is quite unlike With so many bits to store, address line 1 is made high. usual voltage is applied to the
storing data in books and li- it is essential for them to be or- This connects data lines 0, 1 address line. This causes the
braries, but is entirely accept- ganized in a systematic way and 3 to the positive supply transistor to be switched on
able for data that is continu- and for us to have some means rail. Data line 2 has no switch, and a large current flows to
ally changing. One of the com- of accessing the particular bit so it is not connected to a data the data line, large enough to
monest instances of the use of or group of bits that we re- line. The result is that the out- fuse the link. This disconnects
bistables for temporary data quire. One of the ways in put of the ROM becomes 1011, the data line from the transis-
storage is the memory of a which this is done is shown in which is the data stored at ad- tor at that address; in effect,
computer, which we discuss Fig. 40. The bits are organized dress 1. the transistor is no longer
later, but first we consider per- into groups of four, so that one When the ROM is manufac- there. At each cell, an intact
manent data storage. group represents a 4 -bit binary tured, the pattern of the mask link (= switch present) is
number or code, known as a produces a switching circuit equivalent to a 1 and a de-
Permanent storage nybble. We have restricted the where a 1 is to be stored and stroyed link (= switch absent)
size of the group to four bits to no connection where a 0 is to is equivalent to a 0. The pro-
Digital techniques include two make the diagram simpler. be stored. A ROM fabricated in gramming equipment is usu-
main ways of permanent data Although some ROMs do, in this way is sometimes called a ally loaded with the data that
storage, both of which are the fact, access the bits in fours, it mask ROM to distinguish it is to be stored and automati-
equivalent of the printed or is more usual for them to be from other kinds of ROM. Once cally transfers it to the PROM.
hand-written document. One stored in groups of eight, the mask has been prepared, PROMs can be mass-pro-
technique is purely electronic, known as bytes. In Fig. 40, the pattern can not be altered. duced so they are much
the other involves a recording there are four data lines (num- In consequence, it is possible cheaper than mask ROMs. By
medium such as magnetic bered 0 to 3), one for each of to read data from the chip, but contrast, mask ROMs are usu-
tape. We look at electronic the bits in the nybble. There not to write data into it. This ally required in small num-
techniques now and discuss are three address lines (num- is the significance of the term bers, so their price has to be
recording media next month. bered 0 to 2), one for each of read only. relatively high if their produc-
The electronic equivalent of the nybbles stored in this The switching circuit in tion costs are to be recovered.
the printed book is the Read ROM. Thus, the organization each cell of a ROM can take This limits the use of mask
Only Memory or ROM. Just as of the memory section of this many forms, two more of ROMs to regularly -required
the data stored in a book is very simple ROM is three nyb- which are shown in Fig. 41. At applications, such as programs
placed there when it is bles, each of four bits. This (a), we use a diode. Normally, for the basic booting up system
printed, so the data stored in a makes a total of 12 memory the data line is held low by the of a computer or for storing
ROM is placed there when it is units, or memory cells. The connection to 0 V through the data for look -up tables.
manufactured. To store any data for each nybble is stored resistor. When the voltage on PROMs are more suitable for
in four cells. the address line exceeds the specialist equipment that is
So that we can gain access forward voltage of the diode, manufactured in relatively
DECODED to one particular nybble, the the data line goes high. In (b), small numbers. They are also
ADDRESS
LINE ROM IC also needs an address the switch is a transistor. The used in development proto-
decoder. This is a simple logic line is normally held high, but types, since a new PROM can
circuit, which takes the binary a high voltage on the address be programmed each time the
address supplied to it from an line turns the transistor on, design of the equipment is re-
external control circuit and causing the output to go low. fined.
puts a logic high on the appro- A slightly different kind of
FUSIBLE
LINK
priate one of the address lines. switching circuit is shown in Erasable memory
The address decoder has a Fig. 42. with a fusible link be-
DATA
OUT
truth table as shown in tween the transistor and the Once a fusible -link PROM has
940120 5 - 42
Table 1. As this table shows, a data line. When the chip is been 'blown', it is still possible
2 -bit address covers all ad- manufactured, every cell has a to reprogram is to Os, but it is
dresses from 0 to 3, but this switch like this, so a byte -store not possible to reprogram Os to
Fig. 42 ROM has no cells at address 3. chip has 11111111 stored at ls. For all practical purposes,
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 GENERAL INTEREST

fusible -link PROMs are pro- FLOATING we shall describe later.

GATE
grammable only once. DRAIN SOURCE
Another class of PROM is Read/write memory
the erasable PROM or EPROM.
Data is stored into this by The most commonly used
placing a charge on a capaci- name for this type of memory
tor. Figure 43 shows the is random access memory, oth-
storage element and, as in the P -TYPE SUBSTRATE erwise known as RAM. This is
other types of ROM, these are NNNNN an unfortunate name for two
940120 - 5 - 43
usually arranged in address- * = SILICON DIOXIDE reasons. One is that the word
able groups, nybbles or bytes. `random' implies (to a statisti-
The element is an NMOS tran- Fig. 43 cian at least) that access to the
sistor with an unusual gate, memory locations is a haphaz-
which is completely insulated ard affair, which it most cer-
by being embedded in the sili- tainly is not. Secondly, if we
con dioxide layer. With the accept that 'random access'
gate uncharged, it is possible means that we can access any
for electrons to pass from memory location we choose at
source to drain; the transistor any time (as opposed to having
is on and represents a 1. The to read them or write to them
transistor is programmed to in numerical order of address),
become a 0 by placing a nega- the same description applies
tive charge on its gate. A high equally to ROM. Both types of
potential difference between memory have (so-called) ran-
source and drain injects elec- dom access, but the description
trons into the gate. They re- is conventionally applied to
main there when the pd is re- only one of them.
moved, repelling electrons in Y -ADDRESS Figure 44 shows the cir-
the substrate and so prevent- 940120 - 5 - 44
cuitry present at each cell of a
ing current from flowing typical RAM. It has a layout
through the transistor. Since Fig. 44 similar to that of the bistable
the gate retains its charge in- in Fig. 39, which is to be ex-
definitely (for many years at Y -ADDRESS LINES
pected, because a bistable is
least), it is called a floating easily written to and read
gate.
An EPROM is virtually a xo
0,0 0, from. When the bistable is
storing a 0, Qo is on and Qi is
16TO MORE
permanent data store for it is 0" COLUMNS off. When it is storing a 1, Qo is
likely that the equipment itself off and Q1 is on. The transis-
will become obsolete before the x
tors in this bistable are un-
charges leak away from the ca- usual in having three emitters.
pacitors. But there may be a Two of these are connected to
need to revise the data, per- address lines X and Y. When a
haps to improve the perfor- cell is not being addressed,
mance of the equipment, in X1 either X or Y or both are low
which event the EPROM can
be erased and reprogrammed.
0 TO MORE
COLUMNS and current passing through
the 'on' transistors flows into
Erasing requires the charge to SENSE -0 X, or Y, or both. No current
be removed from the gate. This flows out through the sense -0
is done by exposing the chip to or sense -1 lines. Thus, the cell
ultraviolet (UV) radiation for a SENSE -1y is effectively inactive. A cell is
period of about 30 minutes. To addressed by making both its
allow for this, the package of X -address and Y -address in-
an EPROM has a quartz win- V V 940120 - 5 - 45 puts high. This prevents cur-
TO MORE ROWS
dow just above the chip. Irra- TO MORE ROWS
rent from flowing to the ad-
diation with UV light provides dress lines. Instead, it flows
the electrons with extra energy Fig. 45 out through one of the sense
which allows them to escape lines. Which line it flows
from the gate. The ease with through depends on which
which EPROMs may be repro- transistor is on. If Qi is on,
grammed repeatedly makes trically connected to erasing whole chip can be erased in current flows into the sense -1
them ideal for developmental circuits. The EEPROM is pro- one operation and all the data line, but no current flows to
work. grammed in the same way as stored converted to ls, or bits the sense -0 line because Qo is
an EPROM, but the erasing can be changed individually.
Another type of reprogram- off. In summary, to read from a
technique is different. A posi- Erasing a whole chip takes
mable ROM is the electrically cell, apply a high voltage to
erasable programmable ROM, tive voltage is applied briefly about 20 ms, a much quicker both its X and Y address lines,
or EEPROM. This has a simi- to the control gate, causing process than irradiating with and monitor its sense -0 and
lar structure to that in Fig. 43,
electrons in the floating gate to UV light. EEPROMs have ap- sense -1 outputs. Note that
tunnel their way through the plications similar to those of
but with a second gate, known reading the contents of a cell
as the control gate, on the silicon dioxide, and so dis- EPROMs and, since they are does not alter its contents; the
upper surface of the silicon charging the floating gate. more quickly reprogrammed, it state of the bistable is un-
dioxide, just above the floating This restores the bit stored in is feasible to use them as non- changed. We say that readout
gate. The control gate is elec- that cell to 1. If required, the volatile read/write memory, as is non-destructive.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 THE DIGITAL SOLUTION -5

When a cell is to be written in the EEPROM, the data is bit in RAM costs around 1000
to, its address lines are both non-volatile and is retained ADDRESS LINE times as much as storing it on
made high, as above. A tran- when the power is switched a magnetic disk, so we keep
sistor which is on can be off. When the power is RAM to a minimum. In addi-
turned off simply by making switched on again, data in the tion, RAM requires power, it
its sense line high so that no EEPROM is copied back into generates heat which has to be
current can flow out of any of the RAM. got rid of if the circuits are to
its emitters. The sense line of function properly and it takes
the other transistor must be Dynamic RAM up an appreciable area of the
made low, allowing it to be 940120 - 5 - 46
computer mother board.
turned on as the bistable The RAM we have described so Therefore, we store as much
changes state. far is known as static RAM. data as possible in peripheral
Figure 45 shows how four Once the flip-flop has been put Fig. 46 storage (for example, magnetic
such cells are addressed indi- into a given state, 0 or 1, it re- disk) and use RAM only for the
vidually. There are two X -ad- mains in that state until its currently important activities.
dress lines, corresponding to state is changed by writing perform this task, or the con- At the beginning of a comput-
the rows of cells, and two Y -ad- new data into it, or until the trol units may be built into the ing session, RAM is loaded
dress lines corresponding to power is switched off. By con- dynamic memory IC. The need with the main program and
the columns of cells. To ad- trast, there is a type of RAM to refresh this type of RAM the subsidiary programs
dress the lower cell in the left known as dynamic RAM. The makes the timing of the com- needed to support it, since
column, we make X0 = 0, X1 = word 'dynamic' suggests move- puter's processing more com- these programs can be run
1, Y0 = 1 and Y1 = 0. The ment and change. The reason plicated and more critical. No only when they are in RAM.
sense -0 connections of all cells for this name is best under- other memory operations can The remainder of the RAM is
are made to a common sense -0 stood by looking at the struc- take place while the RAM is available for data that the pro-
line. There is also a common ture of a single cell (Fig. 46). being refreshed, so the rate of grams might need and for any
sense -1 line. Only one cell isThe cell consists solely of a operation of the computer is data generated by the program
active at any one time so its MOSFET and a capacitor. The reduced. But the cell of the dy- itself. Usually, RAM is not big
state can be read by monitor- MOSFET acts as a transmis- namic RAM is so small that enough to hold the whole pro-
ing the current on the two sion gate, which is the equiva- millions of cells can be accom- gram or all the data. The fre-
sense lines. To write a 0 to a lent of a switch. When the ad- modated on a single chip: an quent whirring of disk drives
given cell, we make the dress line is made high, the advantage that outweighs the indicates that the computer is
sense -0 line high and the transistor is turned on and disadvantages. Dynamic RAM continually loading data from
sense -1 line low, then address current is able to flow in either chips with 4 or 16 megabytes disk to RAM and storing data
the cell. To write a 1, we make direction through it. When the capacity are commonplace and from RAM to disk as the pro-
sense -0 low and sense -1 high, address line is low, there is vir- are more widely used nowa- gram proceeds from stage to
then address the cell. tually no conduction through days than static RAMs. stage. Unless data can be
RAM chips employing bipo- the transistor and the capaci- transferred between RAM and
lar junction transistors have a tor is isolated. To write data to Storage and usage disk at high speed, the overall
short access time: of the order the cell, the address line is operation of the computer is
of 25 ns. Those based on simi- made high and the data is Those who are unfamiliar with slowed down. This is why ac-
lar operating principles, but made high or low, depending the ways of the computer may cess times need to be reckoned
using NMOS technology, have on whether a 1 or a 0 is to be wonder why it is so important in nanoseconds.
a much longer access time: stored. Current flows through to be able to store vast quanti- [940120-V]
usually 200-400 ns. This is no the transistor, either charging ties of data in such a hurry. If
disadvantage in many applica- or discharging the capacitor. studying a screenful of data or Test yourself 5
tions. The big advantage of The address line is then made printing out a table of data
NMOS chips is that the tran- low again and the capacitor re- takes several minutes, it 1. What data is stored in
sistors are much smaller than tains its charge. To read from would seem that whether RAM nybble 2 in Fig. 40?
BJT types, so many more can the cell, the address line is is stored or read by the com-
be packed on to a single chip. made high. If a 1 is stored puter in nanoseconds, mi- 2. Design an address decoder
Memories storing over a mil- there, some of the charge on croseconds or even millisec- for the ROM of Fig. 40, in
lion bits, that is, over 130 kilo- the capacitor flows through the onds is quite immaterial. The which none of the address
bytes, are commonly available data line, is amplified and reg- key to the situation is that lines are made high when
and are inexpensive. The istered as a logic 1. But the act RAM is a bottleneck, and one the input is 11.
newer CMOS high-speed of reading removes some of the reason for this is that storing a
RAMs have access time aver- charge; we say that the read-
aging 30-50 ns and are replac- out is destructive. As a conse- Answers to Test Yourself 4
ing BJT RAMs in most appli- quence of this, the memory
cations. must be refreshed, topping up 1. Control output DAC output (V) Comparator output
It is possible to have the the charge on each charged ca- 00000000 0.00 high
best of both worlds with a non- pacitor. This is done automati- 10000000 1.28 low
01000000 0.64 high
volatile RAM that comprises a cally by reading the stored 00100000 0.32 low
RAM and an EEPROM on the data at regular intervals and 00110000 0.48 high
same chip. Their addressing is immediately storing the same 00101000 0.40 low
such that each bit in the RAM data back into each cell. This 00101100 0.44 low
is activated at the same time can be done on a row -by -row 00101110 0.46 high
as the corresponding bit in the basis to save time and needs to 00101101 0.45 correct, retain
present setting
EEPROM. Reading from and be done every few millisec- 00101101 0.45 correct, conversion
writing to the RAM is fast and, onds. The refresh cycle is part complete
at any instant, the contents of of the operating sequence of a 2. Um = -(-5x250/400) = 3.125 V (R, C and clock rate do not
the RAM can be copied into the modern computer. Dynamic enter into the calculation.
EEPROM at high speed. Once memory control ICs are used to 3. 15 comparators; 0.3125 V
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
34 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

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36

STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL

the spindle is always known.
Many PC users use their computer to control With an ordinary d.c. motor, extra
electromechanical systems. In these applications, it is often things are required to determine the
required to switch and control stepper motors. The circuit position of the spindle. Stepper motors
presented here communicates with the PC via the serial have another important advantage:
torque is established as soon as the
(RS232) interface, and is capable of driving two stepper motor is actuated. Consequently, the
motors. One of these does half steps only, the other, half or full spindle may be loaded at any time, and
irrespective of its speed. By compari-
steps. The control board is a truly multi -purpose design which son, a d.c. motor must run at a certain
is suitable for a wide variety of electromechanical applications minimum speed to develop torque on
based on stepper motors. the spindle. Of course, stepper motors
also have disadvantages. While a nor-
mal d.c. motor can be switched on and
off by a simple relay, a stepper motor
always requires a dedicated controller
for the same function.
The multi -purpose control pre-
sented in this article solves the prob-
lems associated with driving a stepper
motor in a simple manner. It enables
any PC or compatible to take control of
a stepper motor with the aid of a set of
simple commands, via the serial inter-
face.
The card contains the complete con-
trol logic for two motors: a main motor
and an auxiliary motor. The main
motor may be operated in half-step or
full -step mode. The auxiliary motor op-
erates in half-step mode only. In addi-
tion to two stepper motor drivers, the
card also contains eight digital inputs
and five digital outputs, whose current
level can be interrogated and changed
directly by the computer. These I/O
lines are very useful for additional con-
trol functions.
Because the interface on the step-
per motor card communicates via a
standard RS232 or RS485 link, it can
be used with almost any PC or micro -
controller system.

Serial interface
Figure 1 shows the complete circuit
diagram of the stepper motor control.
Despite its wide range of options, the
circuit is reasonably simple and com-
pact. As already mentioned, communi-
cation is via a standard RS232
interface. Here, the interface is de-
signed such that is may also be used
Design by B. Yahya with RS485 ports. If this option is
used, up to 16 of these stepper motor
controllers may be connected in paral-
lel to the computer's serial port. The
RS232/RS485 connection on the
motor interface (K2) is realized by a
TEPPER motors are ideal compan- Depending on the mode in which the standard 9 -way sub -D socket. A key
ions for many electromechanical motor operates, a full turn of the spin- function in the interface is performed
control applications. The spindle of a dle is usually divided into 100 or by 1C3, a single -voltage RS232 line dri-
stepper motor rotates by an accurately 200 steps, hence the name stepper ver/receiver type MAX232 from
defined amount whenever a clock motor. Provided the design of the con- Maxim, Inc. This driver IC has on-
pulse is fed to the controller. troller is right, the relative position of board voltage step-up converters
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL El
5V
5V 0+ e24V
5Ve e24V R20
D3 05 D7 D9
5V K9
C20 C21
14 5V ---fo 4

89 10k :100n R4 R2
in3 OSC
16

5V
:100n
5V VS
100n 100u
50V
40 K6
P1.0 17 5
DS CW/CCW A M1
--/P1.1 18 K3
A/VP Pa 0 LK IC6 B 107
2 2 'P1.2 19
2 4 5 6 7 8 P2 0 HALF/FULL
02
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03 0 RESET
---0
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4 4 10 6
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2 2 8
INH2 INH2
ULN
SYNC
36 26 2003 06 3
L298N 4
7 10 4 0
35 7
SENSEI SENSEI
P0.4 07 HOME
ici 15 15
GND VREF SENSE2 SENSE2
K7 IK8
CTRL GND GND
K1
5 9 11 13 15 R21
0000000
0 0 29
10 12 14 16 PSEN 06 138 D10
2 4 6 8
30
ALE/P P1.0 BYV27-200
P1.0
P1
PI C5. -C9 5x 109/160 5V
5V PI
e *sae test
O
Op 116V
8751 P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
I-- DIS K2
24V
5V

P2

ESET
PI.6
P1.6
C5 16 1N4148 O C15 CI6
2k5

PI
* 0 680p 680p
1

S IC3
R25
1-00 "
15
TO/P3.4 TXD/P3.1 T1IN TIOUT
14
00 5V
O :100n R14 R15
T1/P3.5 RXD/P3.0 R1OUT RUN 0 EITE
16 12 12
4.---o 0 WR/P3.6 1921N
17
0 0/P3/.7 INT1/P3.3
13 10
T2INF1UT20 T2OUT 0 24 2 4 5 M2
C8

-0
0 K5
J. C2+ C=I VCC VS RC2 RC1
El=
20 119
2

118
RS232
MAX232 5
\PI.4
0- 17
101

C2- 00014 0
V- \P1.5 16
C2 C3
PHI IC5 OUT2A 0
P1.6 10
\\P1.7 PH2 L6219 OUT1B
22p 12MH 22p 6 OUT2B
C9 08110 5V 8
10 `,t"
IC4b IC4c
R6 44 BC557B
10
4
ff IBM 23 4 3 19 18 7 6
916 R18
D2
47 4
IC4d R1] R19
01 C18 CI9
11C17
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ff
1N4148 - 016 RI
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PI
00 O
104 = 4093
C12
500

1:11/
12
IC4a
Li
CIO 104
00n0
RC4

BC547B
950038 - 11

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the intelligent stepper motor control. At the heart of the circuit is a pre-programmed microcontroller type 87C51.

based on charge pumps which furnish The protocol forming it. In case the interface is still
the positive and negative RS232 line working on a previous instruction, the
voltages (approx. 10 V). The IC also The structure of the communication computer receives a status word which
buffers the TxD and RxD signals of the protocol designed for the stepper has bit 7 at logic '1'. The computer rec-
microcontroller in the circuit, IC1, as motor control is straightforward and, ognizes this as an 'interface busy' sig-
well as two handshaking signals, RTS therefore, very flexible in everyday use. nal, and keeps sending the current
and CTS. The computer sends an instruction to instruction until a status word is re-
The TxD (transmit data) line con- the interface, which responds by per- ceived whose bit 7 is at '0'. This may
tains a resistor, R25, and a diode, D16.
These components are only required if
the RS485 interface is used. If you re-
quire just the RS232 interface, R25
may be replaced by a wire link. If the MAIN TECHNICAL DATA
card is connected to an RS485 system, Number of motors: 2
resistor R25 may be present on one Modes. half-step and full -step
card only. On all other cards, it must steps/s. 30 to 1,000
be omitted (i.e., removed or not fitted, Motor 1: biphase, max. 750 mA per winding
NOT replaced by a wire link!). Motor 2: biphase, max. 2 A per winding
The configuration of the RS485 sys-
tem -is shown in Fig. 2. The address of Digital inputs: 8 (TM)
the interface, 0 through 15, is pre-set Outputs: 5 (5V or 24V, max. 500 mA)
with the aid of DIL switch S1. If you Interface: RS232 or RS485
use only one card, S1 may be omitted, Available card addresses' 16
so that address 0 is used to communi- Serial data format: 2400 baud, no parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit
cate with the card.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
38 GENERAL INTEREST

Fig. 2. Showing how up to 16 stepper motor controls may be connected to an RS485 interface.

look fairly complex, but the aim is to Switching currents read from the switch after each system
enable several parallel connected in- reset, and stored in the internal RAM
terfaces to be used. The simple proto- All of the intelligence offered by the memory.
col thus prevents any one of the control is vested in IC 1, a pre-pro- The small motor is powered by an
interfaces from putting data on to the grammed microcontroller type 87C51. L6219 stepper motor driver IC from
serial bus at an arbitrary moment, The two stepper motor controllers are SGS-Thomson Microelectronics. This
thereby corrupting the communication connected to port P1, while port P3 driver uses pulsewidth modulation to
between the PC and another interface. communicates with the serial interface control the current through the two
An interface should return the status and the interface address encoding cir- stator windings. The current is ad-
word within 10 ms after receipt of an cuit. The interface address can be set justed with the aid of preset P2. Two
instruction. If this does not happen, to a value between 0 and 15 with the RC networks, R15 -C15 and R16 -C16, de-
something is wrong. aid of DIP switch S1. The address is termine the off -time of the upper tran-

L6219, a compact controller

The L6219 is a bipolar monolithic integrated circuit intended to control and drive both windings a bipolar stepper motor, or
bidirectionally control two d.c. motors.
The L6219 with a few external components forms a complete control and drive circuit for LS-TTL or a microprocessor
controlled stepper motor system. The power
stage is a dual full -bridge capable of sustaining
50 V, and includes four diodes for current COMPARATOR LOGIC LOAD
recirculation. INPUTI RC1 SUPPLY SUPPLY
A cross -conduction protection is provided to
OUT1A
avoid simultaneous cross conduction when the 101 LOGIC POWER
WINDING
switching current is reversed. CURRENT BRIDGE
1
An internal pulse -width modulation (PWM) PHASE1 SELECT
OUT1B
circuit controls the output current to a UREF1
THERMAL
maximum nominal value of 750 mA, with a
SHUTDOWN
peak start current of up to 1 A. UREF2
The nominal motor winding current is set for 102 LOGIC POWER
OUT2A
each bridge individually by a reference voltage, 112 CURRENT
- BRIDGE
WINDING
while a number of logic inputs control the PHASE2 SELECT 2
2

motor direction and mode of operation (half-

step, full -step or micro -step).
I OUT2B

GND COMPARATOR RC2 SENSEI iSENSE2

A thermal protection circuit disables the INPUT2 RSENSEI RSENSE2
outputs if the chip temperature exceeds safe 950038-14
operating limits.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL 39

sistors in the internal bridge circuit.
Pins 23 and 3 of the L6219 are con-
nected to sensor resistors R17 and R19.
These resistors measure the current
through the stator windings. RC filters
R16 -C18 and R18 -C19 filter the voltages
developed by these resistors before a
comparator compares the voltages
with a reference level.
The main motor is controlled by two
ICs, also from SGS-Thomson: an L297
and an L298. The former generates the
pulses for the motor control, while the
L298 contains a bridge driver which
forms the actual interface with the mo-
tors. The basic operation of these ICs
is discussed briefly in an inset.
The VREF input of IC6 is connected to
a fairly complex circuit, which reduces
the current through the stator wind-
ings during the 'off periods. This is
done under software control. The volt-
age at the VREF input is compared with
nected between the first connection of oscillator running at 12 MHz. The
K6, and the desired output of IC2. The reset signal is automatically furnished
voltage level (5 V or 24 V) is selected by C1 and R1 when the card is
with the aid of wire link K9. switched on. The I/O lines of port PO
The microcontroller operates in a are fitted with pull-up resistors from a
standard configuration with the clock SIL array. Because these inputs have
L297 and L298: a powerful pair
The auxiliary motor is controlled by a combination circuit consisting of an L297
and an L298N, both from SGS-Thomson. The L297 is the controller, while the
L298N contains the power driver section in the form of a double bridge circuit.
The latter IC controls the current through the stator winding by means of pulse -
width modulation. The L297 has a clock input and two control inputs to select
the motor direction, and switch the mode of operation between half-step and
full -step.
VS A
O
INH1
oo oi y B C INH2 0

the voltage dropped by R21 and R22. If L297

the voltage across these resistors ex- HALF/FULL
o ENABLE
ceeds the reference level, the motor STEP

=
OUTPUT LOGIC
TRANSLATOR CONTROL
current is interrupted. In this way, the RESET

current through the stator winding is I :( / cI RwEi Cc la)

held at a predefined limit. CI S S G

At power -on, the VREF input of IC6 is

pulled to ground via transistor T2.
Consequently, no current is allowed to
C

FF3

F Fl
, I
R

FF2
CLOCK
flow through the motor's stator wind-
ing. After the reset period, VREF is held 0 SYNC
at a voltage which is supplied by a HOME
- -

voltage divider consisting of R11 and

R12. This guarantees a minimum hold OSc
current. As soon as the motor has to
run, the input of IC4b is pulled low.
Consequently, capacitor C10 is charged
via diode D1, and the outputs of IC4c GND SENS I V,, SENS 2 OSC
950038-15
and IC4d drop low. LED D1 lights, and
T1 starts to conduct, so that R10 is con-
nected in parallel with R11, and VREF is
The L298 is a double bridge used in combination with, for instance, the L297
effectively raised. From then on, cur- The bridge is capable of supplying a nominal current of 2 A, and peak currents
rent is allowed to flow through the of up to 3 A, at a maximum supply voltage of 36 V.
motor winding again. A few millisec- The stator current which flows through the bridge causes a voltage drop across
onds after the motor is instructed to do
the sense resistors connected to the common emitter terminals of the lower
a step, the system may switch back to transistors in the bridge. These terminals are bonded out to pins 1 and 15. The
standby current. The number of mil- L297 compares the voltage across the sense resistors with the reference voltage
liseconds depends on the inertia of the
at its pin 15. Increasing or decreasing the reference voltage therefore affects the
stepper motor used. Hence, this time
can be adjusted with a preset, P1. nominal value of the stator current.
Two inputs on the processor are re-
served for the end switches, which OUTI OUT 2
Vs OUT3 OUT4
should be normally closed (n.c.) types. 0 0 0 0
K7 should be opened when motor M1 is 2 3 4 3 4

in the zero position. When K8 is VSS

0
9
Vref

opened, the software assumes that

motor M2 has arrived at its zero posi- ,......\
tion. In this way, the spindle position 1.""
can be made to correspond with the 3 L
position recorded by the software. This In'
1 2 4
Ir,.
reference position has to be found any
S
.
time the system is reset. A special in- _...,
struction is reserved in the software 1112
0-
7 IO 1)13
-0
for this function. E6A
I6
EnB0

The P2 lines of the microcontroller 1 6 IS

are connected to a type ULN2003 0 .1., 0

buffer/driver whose outputs are capa- SENSE A SENSE B 950038 - 16

ble of driving relays with a coil voltage

of 5 V or 24 V. The load should be con-
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
40 GENERAL INTEREST

Fig. 3. Track layout and component mounting plan of the single -sided printed circuit board designed for the stepper motor control (board
available ready-made through the Readers Services, see page 70).

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL 41

0 "
Resistors: C4,Ci1,C14,C17,C21,C22, C26 = 100nF Miscellaneous:
111 = 81d22 C10 = 470nF K2,K8,K9,RS232 = pin header with
R2,R4,R20 = 22k0 C15,C16 = 680pF jumper (K9 = 3 -way).
R3 = SIL resistor array 8 x 10k0 C18,C10 = 470pF K1 = 16 -way boxheader
R5 = 4742 C20 = 3nF3 K2 = DB9 sub -D socket, PCB mount.
R6 = lkS22 C23 = 100pF 50V radial K3,K5 = 4 -way PCB terminal block,
137,R25 = 4k07 C24 = 4700pF 50V radial pitch 5mm.
Rs = 3342 C25 = 470pF 50V radial K4 = 3 -way PCB terminal block, 5mm
Rg = 82k0 K6 = 6 -way PCB terminal block, 5mm.
R10 = 150K2 Semiconductors: S1 = 4 -way DIP -switch.
=82042 D1,016 = 1N4148 = crystal 12 MHz.
R12 = 1541 D2 = LED 3mm F1 = fuse 1.5 AT
R13 = 2417 D3 -D10 = BYV27-200 1 heatsink (Fischer* SK401, SK19 or
R14,1315 = 561(0 1N5408 SK28, height = 37.5mm).
R16,1118 = 47.0 D15 = 1N4002 1 Glue -on heatsink for L6219.
Ri7,R13= T1 = BC557B Printed circuit board, programmed
R21,1322 = 005 1W T2 = BC547B 8751 (IC1) and test program on disk:
R23 = 1 k52 IC1 = 8751 (order code 956503-1) order code 950038-C (see page 70).
R24 = 33052 IC2 = ULN2003 Programmed 8751 (separate): order
P1 = 50042 preset H IC3 = MAX232 (Maxim) code 956503-1 (see page 70).
P2 = 2k05 preset H IC4 = 4093 Floppy disk (separate): order code
IC5 = L6219 (SGS-Thomson) 956004-2 (see page 70).
Capacitors IC6 = L297 (SGS-Thomson)
Ci,C5-C9,C12,C13 = 10pF 16V radial IC7 = L298N (SGS-Thomson) * Dau Components, tel (01243)
C2,C3 = 22pF IC8 = LM317 555031, fax (01243) 553860.

no external protection, the voltages ap-

plied to them must have TTL level.
Higher voltages may damage the con-
troller.
The supply voltage for the stepper
motors is supplied by a transformer
connected to terminal block K4. Here,
it is assumed that the motor voltage is
24 V. The transformer is protected by a
fuse rated at 1.5 A. When larger mo-
tors are used (which obviously calls for
a larger transformer) the fuse rating
may be changed to a maximum of 5 A.
The 5-V supply voltage is obtained
from double -phase rectification of the
centre tap of the transformer used.
The voltage regulator, an LM317, is set
to supply an output voltage of 5 V with
the aid of resistors R23 and R24.

Construction
The circuit is not difficult to build on
the Eurocard sized printed circuit
board shown in Fig. 3. The component
placement allows the board to be fitted
vertically into a 19 -inch rack. This
type of housing will be particularly
useful if a system comprises of several
stepper motor cards.
Start the construction by drilling
two 3 -mm dia. holes in the board to
enable the heat -sink to be secured.
Stay clear of PCB tracks! The photo-
graph in Fig. 4 illustrates the mount-
ing of the heat -sink with the aid of two
long M3 (6BA) bolts. The location of
the holes in the PCB is determined by
Fig. 4. A close look at the two ICs mounted on the heat -sink. the ribs of the heat -sink. Next, drill
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
42 GENERAL INTEREST

Control signal structure

STX Address Command no. Data (optional) ETX

STX, 02H, start marker

ETX 03H, end marker
Address 30H to 3FH
Command no number from command set, where bit 7 =1
Data ASCII numbers, negative sign (-) allowed
All data returned by the card is all-binairy code.

Example
To make motor M1 do -350 steps from the current position, the following sequence is sent to the card
(card address = 5)

hexadecimal data 02 35 83 2D 33 35 30 03

all data consists of integers in the range -6000 to +6000

Structure of the status byte returned by the card

bit no , function
7 Bit at '1' means the card is busy executing a command. The previously sent command is not
(yet) executed.
6 Bit at means motor M1 initialized (zero positioning command completed)
5 Bit at '1' means motor M2 initialized (zero positioning command completed)
4 Bit at '1' means motor M1 switched to half-step mode, '0' means motor M1 switched to full -
step mode.
3,2,1,0 Card address returned via these bits in response to certain commands. With all other Fig. 5. Finished and tested prototype of the
commands, they are at '0'. capable of driving two stepper motors under
Serial channel settings: 2400 baud, no parity, 8 databits, 1 stop bit

Interpretation of acceleration and deceleration (braking) data

With motor Ml, commands to move the spindle to a certain position are aways executed
according to a fixed pattern. The motor starts with an intitial speed, and then performs a through the Readers Services, together
number of acceleration steps until it reaches the nominal speed Braking means that the with the PCB and a diskette, or as a
motor's nominal speed is slowly decreased according to the programmed number of separate item. The software enables
deceleration steps, until the stop speed is reached the PC to control the motors with the
The acceleration and deceleration stages consist of a number of units which can be aid of simple instructions. The com-
programmed between 10 and 250. Using this data (start and stop speed, nominal rotational
plete instruction set is given in a sepa-
speed and the number of acceleration and deceleration steps) the card computes the way the rate inset.
motor is to be driven. If these parameters are not supplied by the user, internally fixed
The diskette supplied for this pro-
default values are used.
ject contains a test program which en-
ables you and your PC to check the
operation of the stepper motor control.
The program is started from the DOS
prompt by typing
two 2.5 -mm dia. holes in the flat side such that crossed wires are not neces-
of the heat -sink, and use an M3 tap to sary in the connecting cable. The 9 - steptest -px
thread these holes. They are necessary way link should be pin -for -pin, and is
for the mounting of IC7 (L298N) and easy to make yourself from a length of where x is the number of the COM port
IC8 (LM3 1 7). The M3 screws used to 9 -way flatcable with an IDC-style sub - used. Parameter `p1' therefore corre-
secure these devices on to the heat - D connector pressed on at either end. sponds to COM1:. Valid numbers for x
sink are electrically isolated from the Set P1 to the centre of its travel, and are 1, 2, 3 or 4. The default setting is
metal tabs with the aid of a plastic then connect the card to the PC and to COM2:.
bush and a mica or ceramic washer. the mains. Switch on the PC. Nothing After starting the program, the
Next, fit the wire links on the board. should happen, except, possibly, for a number and the I/O address of the se-
Then follow the connectors and IC squeaking noise from one of the step- lected COM port appears in the top
sockets, and the other components. To per motors, caused by the hold cur- right-hand corner of the screen. The
save board space, many resistors are rent. screen offers nine options to test the
mounted upright. Pay attention to the card, with the prompt 'select an option'
polarity of the diodes and electrolytic The control software at the bottom. If something is wrong
capacitors. with the communication between the
The L6219 dissipates a fair amount As already mentioned, the software card and the computer, this prompt is
of heat, and therefore requires a small which belongs with this project is con- replaced by `Q -C -F, which allows you
DIL heat -sink which can be glued or tained in the 87C51 microcontroller on to Q(uit), C(ontinue) or (T)est. Any time
clamped on the IC case. the stepper motor card. This controller the 'T' key is pressed, the software at-
The RS232 interface is designed is supplied to you ready -programmed tempts to communicate with the step-
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL 43

the corresponding output. The pro-

gram then toggles the output levels
continuously, causing all LEDs to
flash.
Once the digital inputs and outputs
are known to function properly, it is
time to concentrate on the operation of
the stepper motors. Connect them to
the board. After switching on, they re-
main off, although they may produce a
soft, squeaking noise because of the
hold current sent through the wind-
ings. Next, fit two wire jumpers across
connectors K7 and K8. After pressing
key '8' or '9', the relevant motor will
start to turn. As soon as the jumper is Fig. 7. A selection of biphase stepper motors
briefly removed, the motor stops at the which were used to test the prototype of the
(then) zero position (M2), or end stop control.
(M1). The other menu options are then
available. By pressing key '6' or '7' you
define the current spindle position as motor M2 instead of motor M1 re-
the zero position. Menu option '1' then sponds as described.
causes the motor to turn alternately All test routines may be left by
clockwise and anti -clockwise pressing the Escape (Esc) key. The
(left/right) around this reference posi- program is left by pressing 'Q'.
tion. At the same time, the digital If the test program operates suc-
input levels are shown on the screen, cessfully, it is safe to assume that the
while the outputs are switched in the stepper motor control is fully func-
same rhythm. With menu option '2', tional. (950038)

stepper motor control. The board control board is Command set overview
computer control.
Command
(hex) Data Function

00 Turn Motor MI to end stop (absolute zero ref.).

01 Emergency stop of motor Ml. No deceleration used, some overshoot may occur
per motor card. In this way, the serial Use 'zero reference position' as next command.
link can be tested. To be able to use 02 Store current position of M1 as virtual zero reference, for use by other commands.
this test, the card address must be set 03 yes M1 does programmed number of steps from current position. Positive and negative
to 0, i.e., all switches in S1 must be values allowed
opened. 04 yes M1 turns to programmed position from zero reference.
Menu option '4' allows you to test 05 Prompt card to return a status byte
the digital inputs of the card. Each 06-09 No function
Enter number of steps to compensate mechanical tolerance on M1 Defines the
OA yes
change in the input level is displayed number of steps made by the motor when it reverses. Default value is 0. Values
on the screen. Menu option '5' may be between 0 and 255 allowed
used to test the digital outputs. That OB yes Change card address from address set by hardware. Status byte reports new
can be achieved fairly simply by con- address in the lower four bits
necting an LED plus series resistor to OC Read card address contained in lower four bits.
OD yes Enter number of acceleration steps for Ml. Values between 10 and 255 allowed.
OE yes Enter number of deceleration steps for Ml. Values between 10 and 255 allowed.
OF yes Set reference speed of M1 in ps
10 yes Set nominal speed of MI in is.
Serial Port: COM2 Addr: 02F8H 11 yes Set start speed of M1 in ps
12 yes Set stop speed of M1 in ps.
13 Store current position of M2 as virtual zero reference, for use by other commands
Stepper Motor Test 14 Turn Motor M2 to zero reference position.
15-17 Do not use
18 yes Get current position of M1 Card responds by returning status byte, followed by two
1 - Ml: left/right position bytes (MSB-LSB).
2 - M2: left/right 19 Switch M1 to full -step mode
3 - MI and M2: left/right
4 - Read digital inputs 1A Switch M2 to half-step mode
5 - Flash at digital outputs 1B Read 8 -bit digital port Card responds by returning status byte, followed by a byte
6 - MI set current position as zero ref.
7 - M2 set current position as zero ref. containing the port word
1C yes Set levels on five output port lines Only bits 0 through 4 are used.
8 - Ml: turn to end stop (switch)
9 - M2: turn to reference switch 1D yes M2 turns to programmed position from zero reference.
Q - Quit 1E yes M2 does programmed number of steps from current position. Positive and negative
Select an option 950038-13
values allowed
1F yes Get current position of M2 Card responds by returning status byte, followed by two
position bytes (MSB-LSB)
Fig. 6. The test program supplied on diskette 20 yes Set nominal speed of M2 in ps
Card returns status byte after every command
allows you to run a quick but thorough test
on the operation of the card.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 Build your own
Electronic Test Instruments For testing and inspecting electrical and electronic
equipment a multitude of electronic test instruments is
IBuild your own required. Most of these instruments are, of course,
Electronic test commercially available. However, for all kinds of reason
(cost, challenge, for instance) many reserachers,
instruments enthusiasts and experimenters like to build such
instruments themselves.
This book will help them: it contains detailed designs for
17 measuring instruments, seven generators and
analysers, ten miscellaneous instruments and a number
of ancillary and auxiliary circuits.
The designs range from a simple multicore tester to a
sophisticated logic analyser. Most of the designs contain
a special printed circuit (or circuits), full-scale drawings of
which (with some exceptions) are given in an appendix to
facilitate the photographing and subsequent production of
the boards.
Beginners in electronics will find the first chapter, dealing
with measurement techniques, a good introduction to the
fascinating world of electronic test and measurement.

450 pages; 332 illustrations;

235 x 170 mm
ISBN 0 905705 37 8
Price £ 15.95 ($ 29.50)

Short course 8051/8032 305 Circuits

Microcon-trollers and assembler Like its predecessors in the Elektor
SHORT COURSE This book presents a course which Electronics 300 Series of electronics
8051/8032 describes the hardware and the projects books, 305 Circuits
demonstrates the practical aspects of
software to make a complete
MEIOCONTIO UM AHD ASRROUI

e vas microcontroller system. The controller electronics through projects that can
be built at home, in a small workshop
used is selected from the MCS-51

I family produced by Intel and others.

142 pages; illustrated;

or in the physics or science
department of schools and colleges.

370 pages; illustrated;

230x120 mm 230x170 mm
ISBN 0 905705 38 6 ISBN 0 905705 36 X
Price: £ 9.95 ($ 18.50) Price £ 14.95 ($ 27.70)

SMT Projects Databook 5: Application Notes

This book describes the special This book contains a large number of
features of surface mount technology DATA BOOK 5 collected Application Notes
SMT Projects and how to work with surface mount APPLICATION NOTES published by well-known European,
devices on the workbench. It includes American and Japanese chip
over 20 construction projects, all of manufacturers. The notes cover both
which have many practical analogue and digital circuits and form
applications in. and around the home a rich source of inspiration for all
and workshop. electronic designers.

174 pages; illustrated; 320 pages; illustrated;

210x140 mm 210x140 mm
ISBN 0 905705 35 1 ISBN 0 905705 33 5
Price £ 9.95 ($18.50) Price £ 10.95 ($ 20.25)

How to order:
UK and Overseas private customers (not in USA UK and Overseas bookshops, schools, Readers in USA and Canad from:

ELEKTUR and Canada) from:

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46 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

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Ticehurst TN5 7HE, England
Phone (01580) 200 657 ELECTRONICS
Fax (01580) 200 616 The International Electronics Magazine
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers 47

piirirEc hitex , Will RECISELY!

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Phytec modules are low cost prototyping and The DC -76 is complete,
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software and user manual.
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

48

ELECTRONIC BAROMETER
Design by J. Ruiters

`To measure is to know' is applicable not only to electronics, but has the property of generating a voltage across
it when it is subjected to pressure. Voltage
also to weather forecasting. Temperature, relative humidity and and pressure are in direct proportion, that
barometric pressure can be measured with domestic weather is, the larger the pressure, the larger the
stations. Such stations usually contain a traditional barometer, voltage-see Fig. 4.
The sensor also contains a temperature -
the design of which has not changed for centuries. This article compensated measurement amplifier
describes a modern electronic barometer. which ensures that temperature varia-
tions have virtually no effect on the mea-
surement.
Many homes have a three -instrument further LEDs.
`weather station', consisting of a ther- Circuit description
mometer, a relative humidity meter and Principle
a barometer. Of these, the barometer is the In the circuit of Fig. 5, IC5 is the pressure
one used to see whether there is going to In the block diagram of Fig. 1, the pres- sensor. To provide temperature compen-
be a change of weather. This is because there sure sensor at the input converts the am- sation for the measurement amplifier, the
is a clear relationship between ambient air bient air pressure into a direct voltage, 5 V supply to the sensor is regulated (IC2).
pressure and weather conditions. An in- which is applied to an amplifier. The value The output of the sensor is fed to IC 1,
crease in pressure normally indicates of the direct voltage is directly proportional which raises the signal to the required
good, clear weather, whereas a fall usu- to the air pressure. level. The offset of the op amp is compen-
ally means cloudy, rainy weather. The output of the amplifier is used to sated with P1. The amplification, and thus
The traditional barometer has a few drive one of ten LEDs: the level determines the sensitivity of the circuit, is set with P2.
operating inconveniences. It is, for in- which one. The ambient air pressure is The output of the op amp is applied to
stance, necessary to tap the glass which read on the scale adjacent to the (lit) LED. both IC3 and IC4.
covers the scale to make the pointer move Each of the ten diodes represents a step IC3 is an LED driver that functions as
to its correct position. Because of the con- of 10 mbar. a sort of digitized voltmeter whose display
struction of the barometer, the pointer The amplifier output is also applied to is formed by a row of ten LEDs. To ensure
usually sticks to a (wrong) position owing a window discriminator. The output de- correct measurements, the IC has an in-
to friction. The next step is setting the termines which of the associated LEDs at ternal voltage reference with which the
`memory pointer' so that it covers the scale the discriminator output lights; for ex- input potential is compared. The same
pointer. This enables a comparision to be ample, if it rises, the LED opposite 'rising' reference voltage is applied to IC1 via R2.
made between the reading then and one lights. Thus, the disriminator fulfils the The operation of IC3 is determined by
a few hours, or a day, later. This compar- same function as the 'memory pointer' on resistors R11 -R13 and preset P3. These
ison shows whether the barometric pres- a traditional barometer. components fix the potential at which the
sure is falling, steady or rising. LEDs for the lowest (D1) and the highest
The electronic barometer described in Pressure sensor (D10) barometric pressure light.
this article performs these actions auto- Series resistors to limit the current
matically. The air pressure is indicated by The pressure sensor (Fig. 2) is a Type through the LEDs are not required since
one of a number of LEDs, and the change, HS20 from Bosch. It contains a wafer of the diodes are driven by a constant -cur-
if any, is shown separately by one of three piezo-electric material (see Fig. 3), which rent source.

44
1050mbar
-101-01040mbar
1030mbar
1020mbar
pressure sensor LED -11111-1010mbar
amplifier driver 1000mbar
-0011-is 990mbar
P
980mbar
-1111011 970mbar
U 1101 960mbar
++

44
--1001-- rising
window steady
discriminato
-11-- falling

936033X - 11

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the electronic barometer. Fig. 2. The Type HS20 pressure sensor from Bosch.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 ELECTRONIC BAROMETER 49

The circuit around IC4 functions as the

piezo electric material measurement amplifier trend indicator. It shows the change in air
pressure by means of DII-D13. The first in-
dicates a rise and the last a fall in air pres-
sure, while D12 shows no change (steady).
The centre of the Window' is set with P4
(adjusted until D12 just lights).
it
pressure chamber seal connections 936033X 12
Construction
The barometer is intended to be built on
Fig. 3. Diagrammatic representation of the pressure sensor. the printed -circuit board shown in Fig. 7.
Start by enlarging the holes for adjusting
presets P1 and P2 to 2-3 mm. These holes
make it possible to calibrate the circuit from
2.5 the front as well as from the back.
U sensor P Place all ICs in suitable sockets, ex-
(V) (mBar ) cept IC5, which should be soldered direct
2.125 960 2.4 on to the board.
U sensor
Make sure that electrolytic capacitors
2.163 970
(V) C5 and C6 are mounted correctly.
2.177 980
To ensure that all LEDs are at the same
2.3
height, use a jig as shown in Fig. 6.
2.218 990 0 When the board has been completed
2.262 1000
(Fig. 8), mount it in a home-made perspex
2.2 box: (perspex avoids having to drill holes
2.290 1010 0 for the LEDs).
0

2.320 1020

2.353 1030
2.1
Calibration
2.390 1040
Connect a suitable voltage source (9 V
20
battery or 9 V mains adaptor) to the bar-
2.400 1050 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 ometer. Set P2 to the centre of its travel and
P (mBar ) 936033X - 13
interconnect pins 2 and 3 of IC1. Turn P1
until the voltage at pin 6 of IC 1 is zero (or
very nearly so). Remove the link between
pins 2 and 3 of IC1.
Fig. 4. Pressure vs voltage - data and characteristics - of the HS20. Use a traditional barometer and ad-
just P3 so that the electronic barometer and
the traditional one show the same air pres-
IC2
sure.
78L05 + 9V Make a pressure chamber as shown in
Fig. 10. This consists of a bowl in which
*see text both barometers fit. Cover the bowl airtight
I.C2
13

with a transparent lid (or heavy-duty cling -

700n 720n
loot
25V film). Press lightly on the lid or clingfilm,
R2
3
ff which alters the air pressure inside the bowl.
4
11 If the two barometers do not show the
ri
561c_ RLO 01
9_
8
MODE 02

6
7
M133 same pressure, open the lid and adjust P2.
R3 R9 RHI 1C3
OH 100k -11100k REFOUT
If the reading of the electronic barometer
L5 DI
6 14
L6 D6
LM3914 13
D7
CA3130 R12
1c5* OH 68052 REFADJ I73
12
M D8
11

HS20 IC1
RIO
5
SIG LIO
10 iq
M D10
013
110 4+
R4 I 1 P2

11008
Re 50011
C1 (t) R15 +4
2
V6 A 820321--1- DI
700n V7
13
11:112-111- 012
10
VREF
IC4 14
1T-1--,1 D13
3 11
D TCA965 R7 R7
Bosch HS20 INHA
5 12
VREF 1686

9
V9 V

PO
jkFa OBO

Made m Germany 1_4 Co

m
MgM4 :5
I

TOOn Tp7 ,ed

25V
1 23 TNn
936033X - 14

Fig. 6. Home-made jig to ensure that all

Fig. 5. Circuit diagram of the electronic barometer. LEDs are mounted at the same height.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

50 GENERAL INTEREST

936033 0
0,f
0
105
000
321 74-S
P2 IC2 at to
D1001100
r()
01F043
C3
011

012

D13
P1

936033

nrInneunnnni
1C3
D1 IZMOUIJDIJOIJU
1
P3 P4

Fig. 7. Printed -circuit board for the electronic barometer.

changes when P2 is adjusted, readjust P3 R3, R4, Rs, R9 = 100 kfl

until the two barometers show the same R5 = 10052 Semiconductors:
air pressure again. Close the lid and again R6, R10 = 10 ki2 D1 -D10, D13 = LED, 3 mm, red
check that the readings are the same when R7 = 181d1 Di' = LED, 3 mm, green
the lid is depressed slightly. Repeat this RI3= 1.2 Id2 D12 = LED, 3 mm, yellow
procedure as often as necessary to get R12 = 680 K2
equal readings. R14 = 2.2 Id2 Integrated circuits:
Calibration may also be carried out R15, R16, R17 = 82052 ICI = CA3130
with the data in Fig. 4. Remove the sen- R18 = 1.5 k0 IC2 = 78L05
sor from the board and apply a voltage P1 = 10 IcS2 preset, horizontal IC3 = LM3914
shown near the top of the table in Fig. 4 P2 = 100 kS2 preset, horizontal IC4 = TCA965
to pin 3 of IC 1 and adjust P2 and 133 so that P3 = 500 S-2 preset, horizontal IC5 = HS20 (Bosch)
the LED associated with the chosen volt- P4 = 5 li52 prerset, horizontal
age level just lights. Repeat this proce- Miscellaneous:
dure with all the voltage shown in the Capacitors: Spindles for P3 and P4
table in Fig. 4. C1, C2, C4, C7 = 100 nF Enclosure (home made; perspex)
Finally, adjust P4 until D12 just lights. C3 = 220 nF PCB Order no. 936033 - see p. 70
C5= 100 pF, 16V [936033]
Parts list C6 = 4.7 pF, 16V

Resistors: BAROMETER
R1, R2 = 56 kS2 PRESSURE
MM
787.5
780 TREND
772.5
765 RISING

757.5
STEADY
750
742.5 FALLING

735
727.5
720
///,//
//If,/
LOCAL
CORRECTION TREND

ED

Fig. 9. Suggested front panel layout Fig. 10. Home-made pressure chamber
Fig. 8. Completed prototype. (scale 8:10). for calibrating the barometer.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
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OPD MONITORS 9' mono monitor, fully cased complete with
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LOW COST LASER NIGHT SIGHT just £79111
Cheaper version of our £245 Cyclops model, works ok in low light
levels or in complete darkness with the built in Laser, ref 95/79 (please
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PC CONTROLLED 4 CHANNEL TIMER Contrd (on/off
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LOW COST RADAR DETECTOR Built and tested pocket
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COMPLETE PC 300 WATT UPS SYSTEM Top of the range
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valuable software against m ainspoweriluctuations and cuts.New and
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CARETAKER VOLUMETRIC Alann, will cover the whole of the
*FM TRANSMITTER housed in a standard working 13A adapted!
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the bug runs directly off the mains so lasts foreven why pay £700? or
integral battery b ackup. Powerful internal sounder, will take external bell
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if req'd. Retail £150+, ours? £49.99 ref MAR5OPI.
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Works to any FM radio. 9v batten,' req'd. £5 REF: MAG5P5
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uses micro cassette complete with headp h ones.£28.99 ref MAR29P1.
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DOS PACKS Microsoft version 3.3 or higher complete with all
RGBICGA/EGA/TTL COLOUR MONITORS 12' in good
manuals or price just £5 REF: MAG5PB Worth it just for the very
condition. Back anodised metal case. £79 each REF JUN79
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ANSWER PHONES Returns with 2 faults, we give you the bits for
DOS PACK Microsoft version 5 Original software but no manuals
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REF MAG18P1. PSU £5 ref MAG5P12.
hence only£5.99. a 5' only.
PIR DETECTOR Made by famous UK alarm manufacturer these
SWITCHED MODE PSU ex equip, 60w +5v 05A, -5vg.5A,
are hi spec, long range internal units. 12v operation. Slight marks on
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PORTABLE RADIATION DETECTOR
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BULL ELECTRICAL
250 PORTLAND. ROAD.HOVE SUSSEX £59.00
BN3 5QTIESTABLISHED 50 YEARS) A Hand held personal Gamma and X Ray detector.
This unit contains two Geiger Tubes, has a 4 digit LCD
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tom
Nr/h Supplied complete with hand book.Ref . NOV18.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 " II

+
t

e t
K

Full D rig.
Advanced Multi -Strategy Autorouting.
Output to printers, plotters, Postscript,
Gerber, DXF and DTP bitmaps.
Gerber View and Import capability.

I cer o n 1 c Write, phone or fax for your free demo

disk, or ask about our full evaluation kit.
Tel: 0756 753440. Fax: 0756 752857.
El e c t 53-55 Main St, Grassington. BD23 5AA.

Proteus software is for PC 386 compatibles and runs under MS-DOS. Prices start from £475 ex VAT; full system costs £1495.
Call for information about our budget, educational & Windows products. All manufacturers' trademarks acknowledged.
54

PP
The content of this note is based on information electrical
and electronics industries or their repmsentativoli xperience by
Elektor Etectginics or tte consultants

New amplifiers simplify wideband techniques

A Maxim Application

T imited performance in transconduc-

Litance amplifiers has hampered their TWO EQUATIONS:
acceptance for years, with the excep- Vol
tion of the few applications tailored to Vol = Kul Zt )VIN
their capabilities. But two new prod- VIN

ucts from Maxim promise to widen the 1/02 = -K. (Z22t- )VIN V02
scope of such amplifiers. The Maxim
parts offer better specs for established
circuits, and their unique architectures
offer the prospect of entirely new appli- *K = t 2.5% (MAX435), 8±2.5% (MAX436)
cations.
MAX435/MAX436 amplifiers are GAIN IS SET BY A RATIO OF TWO IMPEDANCES AND AN INTERNAL
CURRENT GAIN FACTOR (K).
open -loop devices that provide accu-
rate gain without feedback. VOUT/VIN 950060-11
gain is the product of an internal cur-
rent gain (4 ±2.5% in the MAX435;
8 ±2.5% in the MAX436), and the ratio Fig. 1. Simple equations and freedom from instability ease the application of
of an output impedance ZL to the user - transconductance amplifiers.
connected `transconductance network'
(Fig. 1). Zt is a 2 -terminal network con-
nected across the amplifier's Z+ and Z - sider the MAX435 (Fig. 2). With zero (connected between Z+ and Z-), caus-
terminals. The MAX435 has differential volts across VIN+ and VIN-, the cur- ing an imbalance in the Q1 /Q2 cur-
outputs while the MAX436 has a rents from I1 and 12 are mirrored and rents. The result is a net differential
single -ended output. multiplied, producing 12 mA in Qi and output current at IOUT+ and IOUT-.
Because ZL or Zt (or both) can be fre- Q2. These currents each match 12 mA Time delays are very short, because
quency -shaping newtworks, the ZL/Zt from a current source in the output the signals propagate as steered cur-
ratio can implement some interesting stage, producing a zero differential out- rents (rather than voltages), and be-
transfer functions. A resistor ratio put at IOUT+ and IOUT-. cause all stages in the signal path re-
(times the internal current gain) simply Connecting a positive differential ceive substantial bias currents. The fol-
sets a desired voltage gain. Replacing voltage across VIN+ and VIN- diverts lowing applications are made possible
ZL with a parallel -RC network produces some of the 11/12 current through Zt by these and other special capabilities
a lowpass response, and replacing Zt
with a series -RC network produces a
highpass response. Combining the par-
allel -RC ZL and series -RC Zt produces a
bandpass filter. Or, by replacing Zt with
a crystal or series -LC network, you can
create a high -Q tuned amplifier.
Each of these configurations is ele-
vated to new levels of performance by
the amplifiers' high speed: the MAX435
has a 275 MHz bandwidth with
800 V ps-1 slew rate, and the MAX436
has a 200 MHz bandwidth with
850 V ps1 slew rate. Both offer 18 ns
settling times (±1%) for 0.5 V step in-
puts, and both feature exceptional
CMRRs of 53 dB at 10 MHz. Both have
fully differential, symmetrical, high -im-
pedance inputs. Input offset voltages
(300 pV typical) are much lower than
those of most high-speed op amps. The Fig. 2. This simplified diagram shows basic circuitry in the MAX435 differential -
secret of high speed lies in the output transconductance amplifier. An external resistor, RSET, controls the four cur-
MAX435/MAX436 architecture. Con - rent sources, and its nominal value of 5.9 IcS2 produces the current levels shown.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 NEW AMPLIFIERS SIMPLIFY WIDEBAND TECHNQUES
V01* = 4 (VVIN
* MINIMAL TIME DELAY
V02* = -4 (q )VIN BETWEEN Vol AND V02
950060-13
Fig. 3. Differential outputs make the MAX435 a convenient
single -package phase splitter.
in the MAX435/MAX436 amplifiers. mode rejection (90 dB at d.c.; -53 dB
Because MAX435 and MAX436 out- at 10 MHz) assures reliable transmis-
puts are high -impedance current sions.
sources, you can create a summing The amplifiers' high -impedance in-
amplifier simply by tying two or more puts and outputs allow them to operate
outputs together. No additional compo- as monolithic impedance transformers
nents are required, except a load re- (Fig. 4). The high -impedance, true -dif-
sistor, to develop the output voltage. ferential inputs (800 MI typical) let you
Another intrinisc function is that of connect any reasonable value of input
phase splitter-the MAX435 differen- termination resistance. Similarly, the
tial outputs provide inverted and non - current -source outputs have a rela-
inverted (0° and 180°) versions of the tively high source resistance (3.2 kit
input signal. typical) that lets you connect any rea-
As phase splitter, the MAX435 offers sonable value of load resistance.
a convenient, single -IC differential The main advantage of these circuits
drive for balanced transmission lines over magnetic transformers is in their
(Fig. 3). The IC's excellent common - low -end frequency response, which ex -
±750mV
500 -4 750
INPUT
500mV/div
500 BALANCED PANT
OUTPUT
±750mV
200mV/div
500 -) 500, GAIN .4. 2DAB
950060-14
Fig. 4. Independent settings for output current and load resis- Fig. 5. As a coaxial driver (a), the MAX436 transconductance
tance enable MAX435/MAX436 amplifiers to act as impedance amplifier handles fast pulses with minimal
transformers. Supply voltages are ±5 V, and the RSET resistors
(between the amplifiers' /SET terminals and ground) are 5.9 Ica
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
tends to d.c. Baseband video, for exam-
ple, has frequency components ranging
from 4.5 MHz to below 60 Hz. A line
transformer with flat frequency re-
sponse over that range would be very
bulky and expensive. Flexibility is an-
other advantage for the IC approach;
by changing one or two resistors you
can match the transmitter and receiver
to a variety of cables in the same sys-
tem.
As another illustration of the need
for impedance matching, coaxial cables
for high-speed signals must be care-
fully terminated in their characteristic
impedance to ensure maximum power
transfer and minimum distortion. To
obtain optimum performance from
50 S2 cable, therefore, you must termi-
nate each end of the cable with 50 Q.
Further description
Voltage -mode amplifiers have low out-
put impedance, so they require a se-
ries -resistor interface to coaxial cable.
But MAX435/MAX436 amplifiers have
high -resistance current -source outputs
that require a parallel connection of
the termination resistor (i.e., in shunt
with the cable). Note that back -termi-
nating the cable this way reduces the
circuit voltage gain by half (Fig. 5).
MAX435/MAX436 amplifiers offer
the user several 'control handles'. For
top performance in this application
and others, you should be aware of the
your
TIME Ins) 5ns/div
= 4000 RL = 250
950060-15
overshoot and ringing (b).
56 APPLICATION NOTE
amplifiers' shutdown capability, their
adjustable load -current limits, and the
factors that affect their accuracy.
First, the internal current sources
are controlled by an external resistor,
RSET, connected between the IsET termi-
nal and the V- supply voltage (Fig. 2).
Both amplifiers operate on ±5 V. The
standard RSET value for which all spec-
ifications are guaranteed is 5.9 k52,
and this value sets the limit for maxi-
mum Iourr: ±20 mA for the MAX436,
and ±10 mA per output for the
MAX435. By connecting a larger -val-
ued RSET, you can reduce the ampli-
fiers' supply current and power dissi-
pation (along with the maximum Tour).
You can also increase the output
current by decreasing RSET, but be
careful to ensure that the higher cur-
rent does not combine with a particu-
lar operating condition to exceed the
package power -dissipation rating.
Removing RSET altogether provides a
partial shutdown of the amplifier.
Without RSET, the room -temperature
supply currents (normally 35 mA) drop
to 450 pA ±25% for the MAX435 and
850 pA ±25% for the MAX436.
DC accuracy in the MAX435 and
MAX436 is affected by the input offset
voltage, \Jos, the output offset current,
Ios, and tolerance on the internal cur-
rent gain, K, as well as tolerance on
the external impedances Zt and ZL. Vos
is caused by a VBE mismatch at the
input stage (like the Vos in bipolar volt-
age amplifiers), and is measured be-
tween the Z+ and Z- terminals-with Zt
removed and the inputs, IN+ and IN-,
grounded. Vos produces a small error
current in Zt during normal operation.
Multiplied by K, it produces an output
75
Fig. 6. Two transconductance amplifiers and a twisted -pair cable transmit baseband video for 5000 ft (1500 m) or more.
error current, even with no differential
input voltage applied.
Ios is a separate and independent pair cable saves cost in many applica-
output error that is caused by imper- tions that do not require the higher
fectly matched devices in the output -
current mirrors. Though measured
under the same conditions as the V05
measurement, Ios does not vary with
input voltage. Combining the Iosp and
Vos effects yields a net error in output
voltage. The MAX435's differential out-
put error, VERR(DIFF), for instance, is:
V (DIFF) =(VERR+) - (VERR-),
where
VERR+ = (RL+)[(Ios+) + K(Vos/Rt)]
and
VERB- = (RH[Ios-) - K(Vos/Rt)].
Ios is -20 pA typical (±100 mA max),
and Vos is 0.3 mV typical (3.0 mV
max).
Similarly for the MAX436,
VERB = (RL)[Ios + K(Vos/Rt)I,
where Ios is 6 pA typical (±100 pA
max), and Vos is 0.3 mV typical (3 mV
max).
Twisted -pair video
The MAX435 and MAX436 amplifiers
provide a differential-out/differential-in
combination that is well suited for one-
way transmission of video signals over
a twisted -pair cable (Fig. 6). As a
bonus, the MAX436 Zt network pro-
vides a means for line equalization and
gain adjustment.
Replacing coaxial cable with twisted -
bandwidth of coax. These applications
have initially included LANs (local area
networks) and LONs (local operational
networks). But twisted -pair cable is
more compact than coaxial cable, and
the miles of unused twisted -pair ca-
bling that already reside in the phone
system of existing buildings may in-
spire additional applications. Baseband
(composite) video can be transmitted
over these cables as far as 5000 ft
(1500 m) with surprising quality.
Twisted -pair video transmission
works best with a single channel of
baseband video. Many applications re-
quire such transmissions within a
building; an obvious example is the
separate video channels routed from
individual surveillance cameras to a
security office. Other closed-circuit TV
(CCTV) systems are found in retail
stores, supermarkets, airports, and
schools.
Twisted pairs resist differential noise
pickup; because a pair is twisted, any
differential current induced by an in-
terfering EM field in one loop gets can-
celled in the following loop. Common -
mode noise, on the other hand, must
be rejected by a balanced (differential)
circuit at the receiver. Twisted -pair ca-
bles must also be terminated in their
characteristic impedance to minimize
the reflections caused by line disconti-
nuities.
For twisted pairs exceeding about
200 ft (65 m), bandwidth falls short of
the typical baseband-video bandwidths
(4-5 MHz). But these cables are satis-
0.22p.FI
-5V
4.7k
RSET
TO V-
950060-16
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

0 justable gain (about 6 dB) to compen-
-2
-6
-8
-10
10
FREQUENCY (kHz)
Fig. 7. Inexpensive burglar -alarm cable [twisted pair, 500 ft (165 m), 22 gauge]
attenuates the 3.58 MHz colourburst frequency of baseband video by 6 dB.
BEFORE EQUALIZATION 950060-18a
Fig. 8. These before -and -after waveforms show the effect of adjusting for optimum
brightness and colour via R1 and C1 (Fig. 6), while observing the monitor display.
factory for baseband video if you equal-
ize your receiver, provide an NTSC
monitor with automatic gain compen-
sation, and choose quality (wideband)
cable.
Stranded and unstranded wires ex-
hibit similar bandwidths, but the high-
est -bandwidth cables are unshielded,
and have insulation of low dielectric
constant between the conductors.
Polyethylene or polypropylene insula-
tion is recommended for new installa-
tions. For twisted -pair video transmis-
sions under 1000 ft (330 m), use com-
mon 24 AWG (25 SWG) telephone wire.
For longer distances, you can improve
the video fidelity by using larger wire.
The differential -output MAX435 of
Fig. 6 eliminates the need for a balun
(balanced -to -unbalanced) transformer
or the two -driver alternative-one
single -ended inverting driver and one
single -ended non -inverting driver. The
MAX435 drives the balanced twisted -
pair cable from a ground -referred input
signal (in this case, from a VCR's VIDEO
OUT baseband signal).
At the driver end of the cable, each
conductor is terminated with a 50 Q
resistor to ground. The resulting 100 Q
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
NEW AMPLIFIERS SIMPLIFY WIDEBAND TECHNIQUES
100 1M 3.58M 10M
950060-17
AFTER EQUALIZATION 950060-18b
between conductors is an appropriate
match for the cable's characteristic im-
pedance. A mismatch can degrade the
video, but it can not affect amplifier
stability because the MAX435 has no
feedback. Output amplifiers are ±0.5 V.
At the receiver end, a MAX436
amplifier converts the balanced input
channel to a single -ended output.
Again, the proper line termination is
TWO WIRES OF
BALANCED PAIR
60Hz COMMON -MODE NOISE
Fig. 9. Thanks to 60 dB CMRR in the MAX436, the display in Fig. 6 is unaffected
when these 60 Hz common -mode signals are deliberately added
to each wire of the balanced cable.
LW
100 Q between cable conductors at the
IN+ and IN- inputs. The Zt impedance
network across Z+ and Z- adds ad-
sate for a 6 dB loss introduced by the
termination resistors. The network's
adjustable capacitor also provides line
equalization (frequency compensation)
if required. Load resistance is 50 Q,
consisting of the 75 Q resistor in paral-
lel with 150 S2 at the monitor's input
port.
Test results
Operating with 500 ft (165 m) of inex-
pensive, 22 -gauge, twisted -pair bur-
glar -alarm cable, the circuit in Fig. 6
attenuates the baseband video's
3.58 MHz colourburst frequency about
6 dB (Fig. 7). Despite the distortion, no
degradation of colour saturation was
observed at the NTSC monitor used in
this test. No degradation was expected,
however; this monitor compensates for
signal attenuation by calibrating auto-
matically against test patterns in the
vertical interval test signal (NITS).
The monitor's automatic loss equal-
ization is robust; it compensates for
colourburst attenuation as high as
10 dB, displaying an excellent picture
with no noticeable colour fading or loss
of horizontal resolution. Further atten-
uation, however, produces poor
chroma and a horizontal fuzziness that
makes it difficult to read displayed
text.
Under that condition, you can still
achieve compensation via adjustments
at the MAX436 Zt network: R1 adjusts
brightness by boosting the overall gain
to compensate for ohmic losses, and C1
introduces a pole/zero pair in the re-
ceiver circuit, which adjusts for colour
by extending the channel bandwidth.
Because compensation is introduced at
the receiver, you can simply view the
display and adjust for the best picture.
Before -and -after waveforms show the
result of this equalization (Fig. 8).
Next, consider the Fig. 6 circuit op -
950060-19
 58 APPLICATION NOTE

BNC TO SCOPE
(500 NPUT)

DP 270
'Mr
D2' it MAXIM
270 BNC TO SCOPE
(5051 INPUT)
390
=_- MAX436
270 04'
OUT

D3' IF

5.9k
0.33RF

DI, D2, D3, D4, ARE 1N5711's FROM

HEWLETT PACKARD, SELECTED FOR
FAST TURN -ON TIME. 950060-20

Fig. 10. Wideband differential inputs and an absence of output saturation suit the MAX436 for use in settling -time fixtures.

erating with 1000 ft (330 m) of twisted - puts before the DUT can settle. If the ence in forward voltages for the
pair telephone cable. The test setup in- MAX436 were a voltage -mode amplifier,Schottky clamp diodes, D2 and D3,
cluded a length of unused twisted pair this large differential input would multiplied by voltage gain from the
in a trunk cable between two Maxim cause the output transistors to satu- MAX436 to the scope (which is near
buildings, two jumper connections in rate, thereby corrupting the settling - unity). This initial voltage has no effect
the phone -patch room, and additional time measurement with overload -re- on the settling measurement.
twisted -pair cable that was routed covery time. You can define settling time either
through hallways to complete the With properly chosen gain elements, from the beginning of the inpu
transmission path. however, the MAX436 can accommo- downward transition (which include
This system easily transmitted base - date input signals that span its entire the DUT's propagation delay), or Jr -9M
band video from a VCR, producing an input common -mode range without the first output transition (a useful pa-
excellent picture with R1 and C1 at saturation in the output stage. This rameter in video applications). Because
their nominal settings (no equalization characteristic suits the amplifier for the MAX442's propagation delay is
required). High noise immunity was il- settling -time measurements of digital - small, its ±0.1% settling time measures
lustrated by coupling 60 Hz common - to -analogue (D -A) converters as well as about 42 ns either way. The mid -
mode noise to the line (Fig. 9). The high-speed op amps. (Following a 0.5 V screen graticule line is 0 V, the first
MAX436 CMRR (60 dB at 60 Hz) re- common -mode step, the MAX436 itself cursor line is the final -settling level,
moved this noise with no evidence of settles to ±0.1% in about 17 ns). Note and the next cursor line marks the
beating in the display. On the other that this common -mode response is boundary for ±0.1% settling.
hand, driving the cable in an unbal- faster than the response to a differen-
anced mode produced poor results as tial signal, in which the output re- References
expected. sponse time is limited by the slew rate.
Although tests on the Fig. 6 circuit Figure 11 illustrates the response of MAX435/MAX436 Data Sheet; Maxim
involved only NTSC video signals, the a MAX442 (2 -channel, 140 MHz video Integrated Products, 1992.
circuit should provide comparable per- multiplexer and amplifier) operating as Carol Cable Catalog; Carol Cable Com-
formance for PAL signals, which have a a DUT in the circuit of Fig. 6. The input pany, Inc., Highland Heights, KY (USA),
chroma carrier of 4.43 MHz. step is 2 V in this case. Note that the 1989
initial output level (40 mV) should Reference Data for Radio Engineers, 4th
Settling time ideally be zero. It represents the differ- edition; International Telephone and
Telegraph Corporation,
measurements Sept. 1989.
Quick response and avoidable Transmission Systems for
output saturation favour the Communications, revised 4th edi-
MAX436 for use in measuring tion; Members of the Technical
the settling time of slower ampli- Staff, Bell Telephone
fiers (Fig. 10). In the test circuit, Laboratories, Dec. 1971.
you configure the device on test Vargha, Douglas, conversations
(DUT) as a voltage follower and at Maxim Integrated Products,
drive its inputs with a square Feb. 1993
wave. The MAX436 observes 19500601
DUT settling time by comparing
its input and output signals.
The applied square wave ap- Maxim Integrated Products
pears quickly at the MAX436's 21C Horseshoe Park
non -inverting input, but is de- Pangbourne
layed by propagation time Reading RG8 7JW
through the DUT before reaching England
the inverting input. The result is Telephone (01734) 845 255
a brief but high -amplitude signal
(clamped by D2 and D3) that ap- Fig. 11. Settling time for a MAX442 video amplifier
pears between the MAX436's in- in the Fig. 10 circuit is 42 ns.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers 59

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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
60
A mini FM transmitter, very high gain preamp,
supplied complete with FET electret microphone.
Designed to cover 88-108 Mhz but it is easy to
change it to cover 63-130Mhz- Works with a com-
mon 9v (PP3) battery.0.2W RF. £8.22 Kit no 1001.
is,;;;11
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Electronic siren kit with an impressive 5 watt
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12vdc, max current 1A, tone frequency 1.2khz.
£7.05 Kit no 1003.
3-30v Power supply, variable, stabilized power
supply for laboratory use. Shortcircuit protected,
suitablefor professional or amateur applications.
24v 3A transformer is also needed to complete the
kit. £16.45 Kit 1007.
Powerful 1 watt FM transmitter supplied com-
plete with piezoelectric microphone. 8-30vdc. At
25-30v you will get nearly 2 watts, £14 10 Kit no
1009.
FM/AM Scanner, well not quite you have to turn
1 Sit,4
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AM and FM. Built in 5 watt amplifier. £17.62 Kit
no 1013.
' Phone call relay, useful device that operates a relay
Mosquito repeller, modern way to keep midges at
bay! Runs for about a month on a 1.5v battery.
£8.22 Kit no 1015.
3 channel wireless sound to light system, mains
operated, separate sensitivity adj ustment f or each
channel, 1,200 watt power handling. Microphone
0
included. £16.45 Kit no 1014.
Motorbike/cycle trembler alarm, adjustable sen-
sitivity, preset alarm time, auto reset. Could be
connected to bikes horn etc. £14.10 Kit no 1011
0-5 minute timer, adjustable from 0 to 5 mins, will
switch up to 2A mains. Perfect for alarms, photo-
graphic laboratoriesetc. 12vdc. £8.22 Kit no 1020.
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4 watt FM transmitter, small but powerful trans-
mitter, 3 RF stages, microphone and an audio
preamp include in kit. £23.50 Kit no 1028.
25 watt FM transmitter 4 RF stages, preamp
required (our kit 1068 is suitable). Due to the
complexity of the transmitter it is supplied in built
up form only. £29.37 Kit no 1031.
Strobe light, adjustable frequency from 1- to 60 Hz
(a lot faster than conventional strobes) mains op-
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Ultrasonic radar ideal as a movement detector
with a range of about 10 metres, automateyour cat
flap! 12v operation so ideal for cars, caravans etc.
£16.45 Kit 1049.
Liquid level detector useful for detecting fluid
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alarm. Will switch 2A mains. £5.87 Kit no 1081.
Combination lock 9 key, easily programmable,
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P1
No 1/30
Phone bug detector, this device will warn you if
somebody is eavesdropping on your phone line.
£7.05 Kit no 1130.
-- waft r
Robot voice, interesting circuit that distorts your
voice! adjustable, answer the phone with a differ-
ent voice! 12vdc £10.57 Kit no 1131.
or
Telephone bug, small bug powered by the tel-
ephone line, starts transmitting as soon as the
handset is picked up! £9.40 Kit no 1135.
I I
function generator, produces sinusoidal, sawtooth
and square waves adjustable from 20hz-20khz,
separate level controls for each shape. Will pro.
duce all 3 together 24vac £17 62 Kit no 1008
3 Channel light chaser, 800 watts per channel,
speed and direction controls supplied with 121eds
and mains friars, so you can use mains light bulbs
if you want. 9-15vdc £19.97 Kit no 1026.
12v flourescent.A useful kitthat will enable you to
light 4' ffourescent tubes from your car battery!
(you will also need a 9v 2A transformer, not sup-
plied) £9.40 Kit no 1069.
611
VOX switch, sound activated switch idealfor turn-
ing tape recorders on and off when sounds are
heard. Makes the tape last a lot longer! adjustable
sensitivity, built in delay. £9.40 Kit 1073.
Incar soundto light, Put some atmosphere in your
car with this mini 3 channel sound to light Each
channel has 6 led's. £11.75 Kit no 1086.
1
s.171,
Tc
7 watt HI Fl power amplifier useful, powerful,
ideal for intercomms audio systems, car use etc.
12-18vdc 500mA. £8.22 Kit No 1025.
when ever the 'phone rings, could be used to
operate more bells or signalling lights etc. Will
switch mains at 2A- £11-75 Kit no 1122.
so.,,. ..8
Lead acid charger, two automatic charging rates,
visual indication of battery state, ideal for alarm
systems, emergency lighting etc. 100mA 12vdc.
£14.10 Kit no 1095.
Car alarm system, works on voltage drop and/or
vibration, entry and exit delays plus adjustable
alarm duration. Good for cars, caravansetc. £14.10
Kit no 1019.
Portable alarm system, based on a mercury switch.
The alarm continues to sound until the unit is
disabled by the owner. Buzzer included. £12.92
Kit no 1150.
6 tI
0'1
Preamp mixer, 3 input mono mixer, separate bass
and treble controls plus independent level con-
trols 18s dc, input sens 150ms 100mA £1762
Kit no 1052
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
Mini metal detector, suitable for locating pipes in
walls etc, range 15-20 cm, complete with case. 9v
operation. £9.40 Kit no 1022.
800 watt single channel sound to light kit, mains
operated, add rhythm I o your party for only £9.40
Kit no 1006.
Sound effects generator, produce sounds ranging
from bird chips to sirens, complete with speaker,
add sound effects to your projects for just £10.57
Kit no 1045.
Guitar preamp with tone controls, small enough to
fit inside any guitar, based on TL082 IC, 9-12vdc,
50mA. £9.40 Kit no 1091.
15 watt FM transmitter, 4 stage high power,
preamp required. 12-18vdc. Can use either ground
plane, open dipole, or Y agi. Supplied in built form
only at £81.07 Kit 1021.
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Telephone amplifier, Very sensitive amplifier
which uses a 'phone pickup coil (supplied) will let
you follow a conversation without holding the
phone. £12.92 Kit no 1059.
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4. Solar energy kit, contains a solar panel, motor,
buzzer and cable for experiments £5.87.
5. Electronic accupuncture kit, may help with
migrane, poor circulation, backache etc. £8.22.
6. Electrifying apparatus kit, produces a weak
adjustable high tension of 80-300v from a 9v bat-
tery, ideal for catching worms etc! £9.40.
7. Adapter bug kit, contains everything you need
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Price is £16.45 for the complete kit including
adapter. If and tools and glue required.
8. Nicad charger kit automatic charger for cell
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
62
and the observer. An example is the
BAT DETECTOR change in frequency of the sound
heard when a train or aircraft is mov-
ing towards or away from an observer.
Interference is the interaction be-
Design by L. Lemmens tween two or more waves of the same
frequency emitted by a coherent
source. The wavefronts are combined
according to the principle of superposi-
tion. In the case of the bat, the two
waves are the emitted sound and that
of the echo, which are combined in the
ear of the bat.
Bats are very useful animals that
cause no damage, harm no one, and
are protected by law. They, and a num-
ber of birds, keep the insect population
under control. For instance, a single
bat consumes no fewer than 60 000
mosquitos during the summer. A bat
has to eat a lot during the warmer sea-
son, because it loses about 25% of its
body weight during hibernation. We
should leave these interesting little ani-
mals in peace and quiet during their
hibernation and also in spring when
they are busily feeding and looking
after their young family.
Nevertheless, the present detector
can be used to study them during
spring and summer: most bats can be
The detector makes sounds at frequencies of 10-300 kHz heard at distances of 20-30 m
audible to human beings. The conversion is caried out either (65-90 ft). This is not surprising when
it is realized that some species emit ul-
by a superheterodyne circuit or a frequency divider. Although trasonic sounds at a level of 100 dB
it enables listening to bats, and a number of other mammals, (which is equivalent to that of a pneu-
as well as insects, the detector is particularly useful for matic hammer).
testing ultrasonic alarm equipment. The divider in the detector enables
the entire range of 10-300 kHz to be
monitored, but it has the disadvantage
of 'losing' the original waveform; only
Human beings can only hear sounds the insect, while the CF tones serve to the frequency information is retained.
in the frequency range of 20 Hz to determine the relative speed with re- However, the superheterodyne section
20 kHz and even that depends on age. spect to the insect. The echoes re- of the detector leaves the original wave-
There are many animals that have a much turned by the insect also contain infor- form intact, but can scan the fre-
wider range of hearing: bats, dolphins and mation about the speed at which the quency range only in segments 15 kHz
whales, for instance, can hear sounds at insect moves its wings; from this, the wide. Also, the superheterodyne sec-
frequencies up to 200 kHz. The hearing bat can determine the type and size of tion is more sensitive than the divider.
range of man, some mammals and a few insect. The measurements made by the
insects is given in Fig. 1.The vocal range bat depend on two well-known physical Circuit description
is normally rather narrower: 70-80% of the phenomena: the Doppler effect and in-
hearing range. terference. The electret microphone in the circuit
The ultrasonic sounds made by bats The Doppler effect is the apparent of Fig. 2 picks up the ultrasonic
and dolphins are not so much used to change of frequency caused by the rel- sounds. It has an integral amplifier,
communicate (at least not as far as sci- ative motion of the source of radiation which obtains its power supply via R1
entists are aware of), but rather as a
means of navigation similar to man's
radar and sonar systems.
Bats emit short bursts of ultrasonic audible frequency range [kHz]

tones to orient themselves and to lo- 0 10

1 2?
1
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

cate food in the form of insects. These 20Hr

tones may be of constant frequency man

200kHz

(CF) or they may vary in frequency, bat

that is, be frequency modulated (FM). shrew

7kH2

Some species of bat emit an 83 kHz 4kHz 200kHz

burst of CF tones that are frequency dolphin

5kHz
modulated when they die out. Each locust
tone lasts 30-40 ms. Another species 3kHz

cricket
emits frequency -modulated pulses that 936046X-13

fall in frequency from 60 kHz to 30 kHz

in 10 ms. The FM tones are used by all
species to determine the distance to Fig. 1. Hearing range of man, some mammals an a few insects.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 V 1,:too 0
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sensitivity volume
frequency
64 GENERAL INTEREST

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C D B

C26
+

C27 R19
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F 936046

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C1 R8 cc T2 O2
C2 22.,k itkA, O1 0 ce°
sl
R6

671 C6 C7 C10
ft ft
L
Fig. 3. Printed -circuit board for the bat detector.

and P1. The output of the microphone inputs the signal at pin 1 of IC1 is suf- based on IC3 and IC4. In IC3, the out-
is applied to a two -stage preamplifier, ficient for the proper operation of the put of T2 is converted to a fixed inter-
T1 and T2, via sensitivity control P1. divider. At the same time, the gain is mediate frequency, i.f., of 455 kHz.
The values of C1 -C7 and C9 are small not so high that the circuit reacts to This, in conjunction with bandpass fil-
to ensure that frequencies below about the ever-present ambient noise. ter FL1, makes it simple to extract the
10 kHz (which are of no interest in the The frequencies of the signal applied wanted signal from the spurious ones
present application) are not magnified to IC1 are divided by a number of cas- and noise.
by the preamplifier. In other words, the caded binary scalers. Although IC1 has To obtain a difference frequency of
preamplifier functions as an active seven outputs, only those that give a 455 kHz, the 10-300 kHz input signals
high-pass filter, so that all frequencies scaling factor of 4, 8, 16 or 32 are used are mixed with the output of a Colpitts
in the wanted range are of about the and selected with S3. For instance, oscillator that covers the frequency
same level. with S3 in position 4, an ultrasonic range of 465-755 kHz. Associated with
As stated earlier, the detector pro- input of 32 kHz is divided by 32 and the oscillator are inductor L1 and var-
vides two different means of converting thus converted to a 1 kHz tone. actors D1 and D2. If, for instance, the
ultrasonic sounds into audible ones: The output of IC1 is applied to a.f. incoming signal is 100 kHz, the oscilla-
division and superheterodyning. Each amplifier IC5 via attenuator R21. tor in IC3 must be tuned to 555 kHz to
has its own circuitry and the output of The superheterodyne section is obtain a difference frequency of
the preamplifier is, therefore, applied
to two different sections in Fig. 2.
The section around T3 and IC1 is a
frequency divider. The gain of T3
(20 dB), determined by the ratio
1215:R16, ensures that even with weak

gi.04,410

4024 NE612

INPUT A

INPUT B
40s.
.411160 *100114
OUTPUT A

TDA7052
4805

936046X-12

).0 I',
Fig. 4. Pinouts of the integrated circuits. Fig. 5. Completed prototype printed -circuit board.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 BAT DETECTOR 65
455 kHz. The reason that of each of the
two dual varactors only one half is
used is that it enables constructors to
use a lower inductance for L1. In that
case, the oscillator frequency range lies
somewhat higher; the second half of D2
should then be connected in parallel
with the other half to pull the range
down again.
When the voltage across the varac-
tors is a minimum, the capacitance is a
maximum and the oscillator generates
its lowest frequency (465 kHz). Turning
P2 to the position where the resistance
between the wiper and junction R22 -P2
is minimum, the oscillator generates
its highest frequency (755 kHz).
Inductors L1 and L2 are 455 kHz i.f.
transformers of which only the two
outer windings are used. The integral
parallel capacitor in both should be
disabled by gently pushing a small
screwdriver through its centre.
The 455 kHz signal is, of course,
still not audible and it is, therefore, ap-
plied to a second mixer, IC4. The fre-
quency of the oscillator in this stage is
Fig. 6. completed prototype with top cover removed. determined by L2 -C22 -C23. This is
tuned to 452 kHz or 458 kHz in order
to produce a 3 kHz tone (normal
human hearing is at its most sensitive
at this frequency). In the prototype, a
frequency of 452 kHz was preferred
BAT DETECTOR since this ensures that when the input
frequency rises, the audio output also
rises.
The 3 kHz signal at the output of IC4
FREQUENCY (pin 5) is applied to a.f. amplifier IC5
via double low-pass filter R18 -C24 and
ILLUAl. COUNTDOWN
R19 -C25. This filter also removes the
higher harmonics from the rectangular
output of the divider. Potentiometer P3
ED is the volume control. The amplifier
SUPERHET chip contains a driver stage and an
output stage, which can drive a small
VOLUME
loudspeaker or headphones.
- 16 SENSITIVITY
8
4.04"""7***.;- 32 Power for the detector is obtained
from a 9 V (PP3 = 6F22) battery. The
5 V line is derived from this battery by
ED 6 regulator IC2. Although low -drop Type
\. 4805 is preferred, a standard Type
-mg 7805 can be used, but the battery volt-
age should then not be allowed to drop
below 8 V.
Switch S1 serves to select 'division'
or 'superheterodyne' operation.
Push-button switch S4 serves to
switch on D3 which functions as
POWER
000
00 00 PHONES
pointer and illumination for the fre-
quency scale around P2. The LED in
oav
00 000 0°0
0
the D3 position (and its series resistor)
may be replaced by a small bulb from
0°
0 0 0 °O
00 an alarm clock.

0000
OFF

Fig. 7. Suggested front panel layout (scale 8:10).
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
Construction
The detector is preferably built on the
printed -circuit board shown in Fig. 3.
As usual, first mount the passive com-
ponents, then the inductors and lastly
the semiconductors and integrated cir-
cuits. It may be necessary when alter-
66 GENERAL INTEREST
native types of inductor are used to
drill out some of the relevant holes in
the board. A photograph of the com-
pleted board is shown in Fig. 5.
The prototype detector is housed in
a 188x 120x57 mm (73/8x43/4x21/4 in)
metal enclosure-see Fig. 6. As is the desired result, a frequency meter
seen, a somewhat smaller enclosure
may do just as well.
The frequency scale in Fig. 8 is in-
tended to be glued around the hole for
the frequency control. Note that this is
just an example, since tolerances of better to do it with the aid of a fre-
the oscillator in IC3 may make the po- quency meter. Couple this meter
sitions slightly different. A calibrated
scale is readily made with the aid of a
frequency meter and/or signal genera-
tor.
The microphone may be mounted in
a side of the enclosure or used as a
separate entity connected to the detec-
tor by a length of screened audio cable.
Note that the jack socket for the
headphones must be insulated from
the enclosure by nylon washers and a
nylon bush to prevent pins 5 and 8 of
IC5 being shorted to chassis.
Calibration
Connect the 9 V battery to the detector
and switch on the supply with S2. Turn
P3 clockwise, when noise should be-
come audible from the loudspeaker (or
headphones). When SI is changed over,
the noise level should increase or de-
crease (there is more noise when the
superheterodyne section is on).
Set S1 to COUNTDOWN and P1 to max-
imum sensitivity. Rattle a set of keys in
front of the microphone; this should
produce a fairly loud noise in the loud-
speaker.
With the detector near an operating
TV receiver or computer monitor, a
continuous whistle should be heard
from the loudspeaker (try all positions
of S3). This is because the deflection
coils or the line transformers in a TV
receiver emit a continuous tone of
15 625 Hz; that of a computer monitor
is normally somewhat higher.
If the divider works correctly, set Si
to SUPERHET. If a 455 kHz i.f. trans-
former is used in the L2 position, ad-
just the inductance with a frequency
meter as described later for Llor by lis-
tening to the loudspeaker: when L2 is
adjusted, the noise increases and its
tone changes from high to low and
then to high again. The correct setting
is at the low tone. If a 452 kHz ceramic
resonator is used in the L2 position,
this adjustment is not necessary.
Turn P2 to check whether the oscil-
lator in IC3 can be tuned to 455 kHz.
At that point, a whistle going from high
to low and then to high again becomes
audible. In the prototype, this hap-
pened with P2 completely anticlockwise
and the core of L1 almost at its top po-
sition. With P2 completely clockwise,
the oscillator frequency was 755 kHz.
If these results can not be obtained,
the oscillator frequency is almost cer-
tainly too high. This may be remedied
by lowering the value of R23 (down to
0 SI if need be). If this still does not give
should be used to determine at which
frequency the oscillator does work and
over what range it can be tuned.
Note that although the calibration
may be carried out by ear, it is always
Fig. 8. Suggested frequency scale for P2.
loosely to L1 or L2 via a 10-100 pF ca-
pacitor. Adjust the core of the relevant
inductor to obtain the correct fre- switch
quency. S4 = push-button switch with make
contact
Parts list Mici = electret microphone
Flt = 455 kHz i.f. filter
Resistors: Ls1 = loudspeaker, 8-16 SI, 200 mW
R1, R6, R11, R16 = 1 IcS2 K1 = jack socket with break contact
R2, R7, R13 = 150 k52 Enclosure 188x120x57 mm
R3, R8, R14 = 27 kS2 (73/8x43/4x21/4 in) metal
R4, Rg, R12, R24 = 47- SI Bt1 = 9 V battery with clip
R5, R15, R17 = 10 IcS2 PCB Order No. 936046
R10, R18 = 4.7 lc,C2 [936046]
R19 = 22 kI2
R20 = 1004
R21 = 100 kS/
R22 = 8.2 kQ
R23 = 1.8 k4 (see text)
PI, P2 = 10 k4, linear
P3 = 4.7 Ica logarithmic
Capacitors:
C1, C3, C4, C6, C7, C10-C13,C16, C19,
C30 = 100 nF
C2, C5, Cg, C17 = 10 nF
C8, C27 = 100 pF, 25 V, radial
C14, C18, C26 = 1 nF
C15, C21 = 33 nF
C20 = 220 nF
C22 = 470 pF
C23 = 1.8 nF
C24 = 22 nF
C25 = 4.7 nF
C28 = 47 pF, 16 V, radial
Inductors:
Note: if i.f. transformers are used, see
text about disabling the integral
capacitor.
L1 = LPCS4200A/93309 (Toko = Cirkit)
L2 = as L1 or 452 kHz ceramic filter.
Semiconductors:
DI, D2 = varactor Type BB212
D3 = LED, yellow
T1 -T3 = BC550C
Integrated circuits:
ICI = 4024
IC2 = 4805 (or 7805 - see text)
IC3, IC4 = NE612 (or NE602)
IC5 = TDA7052
Miscellaneous:
Si = double -pole change -over switch
S2 = single -pole on/off switch
S3 = single -pole, four -position (rotary)
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers 67

SURVEILLANCE
PMWESSI4EVAL 01 JA LITY KITS

Whether your requirement for surveillance equipment is amateur, professional or you are just fascinated by this unique area of
electronics SUMA DESIGNS has a kit to fit the bill. We have been designing electronic surveillance equipment for over 12 years
and you can be sure that all our kits are very well tried, tested and proven and come complete with full instructions, circuit
diagrams, assembly details and all high quality components including fibreglass PCB. Unless otherwise stated all transmitters
are tuneable and can be received on an ordinary VHF FM radio.
Genuine SUMA kits available only direct from Suma Designs. Beware inferior imitations!
UTX Ultra -miniature Room Transmitter UTLX Ultra -miniature Telephone Transmitter
Smallest room transmitter kit in the word! Incredible 10mm x 20mm including mic. Smallest telephone transmitter kit available. Incredible size of 10mm x 20mm!
3-12V operation. 500m range £16.45 Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use.
All conversation transmitted. Powered from line. 500m range £15.95
MTX Micro -miniature Room Transmitter
Best-selling micro -miniature Room Transmitter TLX700 Micro -miniature Telephone Transmitter
Just 17mm x 17mm including mic. 3-12V operation. 1000m range £13.45 Best-selling telephone transmitter. Being 20mm x 20mm it is easier to assemble than
UTLX. Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use. All
STX High-performance Room Transmitter
conversations transmitted. Powered from line. 1000m range £13.45
Hi performance transmitter with a buffered output stage for greater stability and range.
Measures 22mm x 22mm including mic. 6-12V operation, 1500m range £15.45 STLX Nigh -performance Telephone Transmitter
High performance transmitter with buffered output stage providing excellent stability
VT500 High -power Room Transmitter
and performance. Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use.
Powerful 250mW output providing excellent range and performance. Size 20mm x
All conversations transmitted. Powered from line. Size 22mm x 22mm.
40mm. 9-12V operation. 3000m range £16.45
1500m range £16.45
VXT Voice Activated Transmitter
TID(000 Signalling/Tracking Transmitter
Triggers only when sounds are detected. Very low standby current. Variable sensitivity
Transmits a continous stream of audio pulses with variable tone and rate. Ideal for
and delay with LED indicator. Size 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £19.45
signalling or tracking purposes. High power output giving range up to 3000m. Size
NVX400 Mains Powered Room Transmitter 25mm x 63mm. 9V operation £22.95
Connects directly to 240V AC supply for long-term monitoring. Size 30mm x 35mm.
£19.45 CD400 Pocket Bug Detector/Locator
500m range
LED and piezo bleeper pulse slowly, rate of pulse and pitch of tome increase as you
SCRX Subcarrier Scrambled Room Transmitter approach signal. Gain control allows pinpointing of source. Size 45mm x 54mm. 9V
Scrambled output from this transmitter cannot be monitored without the SCDM decoder operation £30.95
connected to the receiver. Size 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £22.95 CD600 Professional Bug Detector/Locator
SCLX Subcarrier Telephone Transmitter Multicolour readout of signal strength with variable rate bleeper and variable sensitivity
Connects to telephone line anywhere, requires no batteries. Output scrambled so used to detect and locate hidden transmitters. Switch to AUDIO CONFORM mode to
requires SCDM connected to receiver. Size 32mm x 37mm. 1000m range £23.95 distinguish between localised bug transmission and normal legitimate signals such as
SCUM Subcarrier Decoder Unit for SCRX pagers, cellular, taxis etc. Size 70mm x 100mm. 9V operation £50.95
Connects to receiver earphone socket and provides decoded audio output to QTX180 Crystal Controlled Room Transmitter
headphones. Size 32mm x 70mm. 9-12V operation £22.95 Narrow band FM transmitter for the ultimate in privacy. Operates on 180 MHz and
requires the use of a scanner receiver or our QRX180 kit (see catlogue). Size 20mm x
ATR2 Micro Size Telephone Recording Interface
67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £40.95
Connects between telephone line (anywhere) and cassette recorder. Switches tape
automatically as phone is used. All conversations recorded. Size 16mm x 32mm. 111.X180 Crystal Colotrolled Telephone Transmitter
Powered from line £13.45 As per QTX180 but connects to telephone line to monitor both sides of conversations.
20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £40.95

*** Specials ***

OLTX/DLRX Radio Control Switch
QUM Line Powered Crystal Controlled Phone Transmitter
As per QLX180 but draws power requirements from line. No batteries required. Size
32mm x 37mm. Range 500m
QRX1110 Crystal Controlled FM Receiver
£35.95

For monitoring any of the `Q' range transmitters. High sensitivity unit. All RF section
Remote control anything around your home or garden, outside lights, alarms, paging
supplied as a pre -built and aligned module ready to connect on board so no difficulty
system etc. System consists of a small VHF transmitter with digital encoder and receiver
setting up. Outpt to headphones. 60mm x 75mm. 9V operation £60.95
unit with decoder and relay output, momentary or alternate, 8 -way dii switches on both
boards set your own unique security code. TX size 45mm x 45mm. RX size 35mm x
90mm. Both 9V operation. Range up to 200m.
A build-up service is available on all our kits if required.
Complete System (2 kits) £50.95 UK customers please send cheques, POs or registered cash. Please add
Individual Transmitter DLTX £19.95 £1.50 per order for P&P. Goods despatched ASAP allowing for cheque
Individual Receiver DLRX £37.95 clearance. Overseas customers send sterling bank draft and add £5.00 per
MSX-1 HI-FI Micro Broadcaster order for shipment. Credit card orders welcomed on 0827 714476.
Not technically a surveillance device but a great idea! Connects to the headphone output
of your Hi-Fi, tape or CD and transmits Hi-Fi quality to a nearby radio. Listen to your OUR LATEST CATALOGUE CONTAINING MANY MORE NEW
favourite music anywhere around the house, garden, in the bath or in the garage and
you don't have to put up with the DJ's choice and boring waffle. Size 27mm x 60mm. SURVEILLANCE KITS NOW AVAILABLE. SEND TWO FIRST
9V operation. 250m range £20.95 CLASS STAMPS OR OVERSEAS SEND TWO IRCS.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

68 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

=
-,-- =
=

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
'PROJECT BOXS.
= ==
5

- - .-
E

AXIAL FLOW FANS

- ==
_
- -
==. TEMPERATURE PROBE
High quality probe consists of a resistire sensor mounted in a plastic covered probe with a meter curled lead.
Temp. range -40 to I50°C. Resistance at: 150°C 188.3 ohms; - 40°C 336.5 kohm; 25°C 10.0 kohm 70 ohms.
The original price of these probes was over C24.00.

6.0A, ± 5V 0.5A, ± 12V 0.5A. £17.80 Each

POWER SUPPLIES
Full data supplied.

SOLAR CELL 2 volt 150mA max, size 60 x 100mm E1.35 each 5 for E6.00
BNC SOCKETS 50 ohm single hole fixing 50p each 10 for £4.00
OUR PRICE L3.76

ASTEC AC9232-0I Switch mode P5U 50 watts input 230V 0.6A 50-60hz outputs +12V 2.5A, +5V

MULTITURN PRESETS 20mm RECT, 1K, 5K, 10K, 20K, 50K, 100K, IMO 40p each, 3 for £1.00
MINIATURETOGGLE SWITCHES BREADBOARDS
1

spdt spdt 3 position c/off

60p each 70p each 173 X 65mm 840TP
A range of high quality boxes moulded in black A range of axial fans at low prices. M. indicates dpdc 3 position c/off 80p each
dpdc 70p each £5.25 each
high impact ABS, easily drilled or punched to aluminium alloy frame and P. a plastic frame. spdt 3 position c/off biased both ways 70p each 9V D.C. CASSETTE
spdt biased 60p each
produce a professional looking end product. dpdt 3 position c/off biased one way 80p each MOTOR
TYPE W L H PRICE VOLTAGE W D PRICE MIN PUSH TO MAKE SWITCH 50p. MICRO SWITCH roller arm spdt 40p 40mm Dia 30 H .

T2 75 56 25 E0.77 12V D.C. M 120mm x 38mm C6.96

DIL RELAYS 5 volt dp/changeover 60p each 10 for C5.00 C1.00 each
T4 III 57 22 £0.92 P 60mm x 25mm C4.96 12 volt dp/changeover 80p each 10 for £6.00 6 FOR £5.00
MBi 79 61 40 £1.35 24V D.0 M 120mn x 25mm £5.25 CAR HORN RELAY in metal can with fixing lug s/pole on 10 amp contacts C1.00 each 6 for L5.00
MB2 100 76 41 £1.47 P 92mm x 25mm £5.25 20 AMP RELAY dp on 12 volt £1.50 each 4 for L5.00
MB3 118 98 45 £1.71 P 80mm x 25mm £4.96 REED RELAY 12 vol SOp each 10 for C4.00
MB4 216 130 85 E5.19 M 80mm x 38mm £5.25 240 VOLT AC RELAY 3 -pole c/o 10amp contacts £1.50 each 4 for L5.00
MB5 150 100 60 £2.35 P 60mm x 25mm E4.96
MB6 220 150 64 C3.95 P 40mm x 20ram £4.23 BULK LEDS RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
MB7 177 120 83 L3.42 115V A.0 M 120ram x 38ram £6.96 OFFER AA (HPT) 600mAH E1.02 each C(HPII) 1200mAH £2.99 each
MB8 150 80 50 £2.22 M 120mm x 25mm E5.25 SOO 5mm round D(HP2) 1200MAH £2.40 each PP3 8.4V 1001nAH 4477 each
M 92mm x 25mm £5.25 RED LEDS L25.85 FLUORESCENT LIGHT INVERTOR Drives an 8 watt tube directly
ALL SIZES ARE IN MILLIMETRES
M 80mm x 38mm £4.96 from 6v d.c. Data supplied. E4.50 each
'D' COBNECTORS

9pin
plug
30p
socket
30p
cover
35p
CRYSTAL OSCILATORS
4.0mhz, 7.5mhz, 10mhz 12mhz, I 8.432mhz, or 1.00 BARGAIN PACKS
15pin 40p 40p 35p 33.33 mhz all E150 each or any 4 for C5.00
B01 4 x SUB -MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES S.Pole P.C.B. Mounting
25pin 50p 50p 40p 3 x SUB -MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES D.Pole P.C.B. Mounting
SPECIAL OFFER PROJECT BOX B02
B03 3 x SUB -MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES D.Pole 3 pos, centre off
VOLTAGE REGULATORS in white high impact ABS
B004 3 x DILL SWITCHES 4 -way s.p. on
1 amp 7805/7812/7815 33p each 50x70x25mm 8005 2 x DILL SWITCHES 8 -way s.p. on
7905/7912/7915 39p each
60p each. 10 for £5.00. 8006 2 x DILL SWITCHES 12 way 90° s.p. on
2 amp 78S05/78S I 2 54p each
B007 12 x PP3 BATTERY SNAPS
100mA 78L0S/784 I 2/78LI5 all 26p each. 79L05/79LI2 79L 15 29p each MICRO IC'S
B008 I x CAPACITOR I FARAD 5.5 VOLT 20mm dia. x 7mm high
Adjustable LM3177 70p each LM723 29p each L200 £1.28 each Z80A CPU E1.20;
8009 S x INSTRUMENT KNOBS (0.25" SHAFT) High quality grey plastic knob, collet fixing 15ram dia.
Transistors TIP2955 70p each TIP3055 70p each Z80A PIO £1.50;
8010 3 x INSTRUMENT KNOBS (0.25" SHAFT) High quality grey plastic knob collet fixing 29mm dia.
2N3053 29p each, 2N3055 70p each 2N4403 28p each, 2N38I 9 40p each Z8OB S I 0 C4.00
B011 4 x MAGNETIC EAR -PIECE 8 ohm with 3.5mm plug
OPTODEVICES -LEDS -ETC B012 4 x 28 -WAY TURNED PIN DIL SOCKET
5ram rnd red/yellow/green/amber 10p each 12 for £1.00 any mix 8013 IS x 12 VOLT WIRE -ENDED LAMPS
5mm rnd high brightness red/green 20p each 6 for C 1.00 any mix 8015 2 x LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR less than 200 ohms in day light, greater than 100
5ram rnd flashing red 60p each, yellow/green 70p each megohms in darkness
5ram rnd bi-colour 35p each, tri-colour 45p each B016 I x KEYPAD 20 -key in 5 x 4 matrix bubble type switch contacts
LED mounted in chrome bezel red/yellow/green 30p each 4 for LI.00 8017 2 x PIEZO BUZZERS approx 3 to 20 volt d.c.
LED mounted in black bezel red only 25p each 5 for £1.00 B018 5 x 78Ml2 VOLTAGE REGULATORS positive 12V 500mA
High brightness bi-colour rectangular LED red/green 40p ea. 8019 4 x TL082CP bi-fet op -amps
PLASTIC BEZEL for 5mm rnd leds 10 for 40p B020 20 x ASSORTED LEDS full spec. various shapes and sizes
EPROMS 27C256-30 27C5I2-25. Once programmed but never used. Mounted on a plastic carrier, B021 3 x INFRA -RED DIODE TX/RX PAIRS made by Honeywell (no info)
can easily be removed from the carrier or used with a low insertion force socket. 27C256 C1.00 each 8022 3 x CONSTANT CURRENT LED 5mm round, red 2-18V d.c.or ac. nominal 14mA
6 for 05.00 27C5I2 £1.20 each 5 for £5.00 TEXTOOL ZIF SOCKET B023 50 x IN4148 DIODE
Suitable low insertion force socket 28 pin. 40p each 3 for E1.00 8024 2 x INFRA -RED TRANSISTORS FPT5I 33
28 pin zero insertion socket
EPROM 27C010-120 (EX NEW CIRCUIT BOARDS) L4.96 EACH L5.95 each 8025 5 x DIACS
SAB 800535 8026 3 x BDX33C 10amp 100V npn transistor
MOSFET
MICRO CONTROLLER El 1.75 EACH (EX -STOCK) B027 12 x 2N3702 Transistor
RFM7ON60 70A 50V 250W
SUITABLE P.C.B. MTG SOCKET L2.35 8028 12 x 2N3904 Transistor
L4.11 each
B029 12 x BC337 Transistor
68000 HIGH PERFORMANCE VMEBUS BASED MICROCOMPUTER BOARD 8030 4 x LM3I7T Variable regulator mounted on a small heatsink
68000 CPU (8MHz), 256K Dual ported RAM expandable to mega byte. Up to 2 kbyte eprom space, 8 bit
I
B031 2 x MAN6610 2 digit 0.6" 7 segment display Com anode, amber
status register, Fast multiprotocol comms interface link, (RS232 compatible),VEMBUS INTERFACE, on -board 13032 3 x PHONO TO PHONO LEADS 63cm long
single chip floppy disk controller. On -board monitor ROM. Real time clock, 24 -bit parallel I/O. Can be used as B033 15 x RECTANGULAR RED LEDS 6 x 6 x tram stackable
a stand-alone microcomputer. Over 350 pages of data supplied. L88 50 each B034 I x PHOTO SENSITIVE SCR mounted on a PCB, data sheet supplied
ALARM CONTROL PANEL ST3000 B035 4 x IECPANEL MOUNTING MAINS PLUG Snap fix
Wire free alarm control panel, detectors communicate with the panel by 8036 5 x ASSORTED PIEZO TRANSDUCERS
means of radio transmitters" Speech synthesis for programming and 8037 5 LENGTHS OF HEATSHRINK SLEEVING 8mm dia. 400mm long
general operating guidance* Built in user programmable telephone dialler* 8038 25 x CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS 0.1 mfd 63V
Up to 32 transmitters can be used* Programmable exit/entry and bell 8039 1 S x MONOLITHIC CERAMIC CAPACITORS 0.1 mfd 63V, in a dill package
timers* Programmable user codes* Many other features* Full installation 8040 25 x ASSORTED ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS PCB mounting useful values
data supplied.The only thing that has to be handwired is the output to the 8041 25 ASSORTED PRE-SET RESISTORS
siren/bell unit (not supplied)* These control panels cost over £300.00. 8042 6 x 3.5MM LINE JACK SOCKETS (mono)
Yours for only L59.95. 8043 6 x 3.5mm JACK PLUGS (mono)
PASSIVE INFRA RED SENSOR/TRANSMITTER UNIVERSAL TRANSMITTER For connection 5044 8 x 3.5mm CHASSIS SOCKET (mono)
L25.85 each. Battery operated, available in 8mm of normally open or closed contacts for door/ 8045 2 x TRIACS 800V 8 amp
range, 10m range or 25m range. window switches, pressure mats etc. C17.63 each 8046 12 x BC2I3L Transistor
13047 12 x MIN SLIDE SWITCH dpdt
ALARM CONTROL UNIT
13048 15 x MIN CERMET TRIMMER POTS (good range of values)
Single zone alarm control unit built into a domestic light switch box. Ideal for home, caravan, boat, garage, shed
8049 I x PCB WITH TWO LARGE LEDS 15mm square, one red one green
e.t.c. Facilities - Normally closed and Normally open loops. 24 -hour personal attack loop. Visual indication that
B050 1 x I2VDC RELAY 4 pole c/o with plug in base
the system is operational. Automatic entry/exit delay. Automatic system reset Alarm output cmos logic level.
B051 4 x LM324 quad op -amps
PRICE COMPLETE WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS L8.95 each
B052 4 x 555 Timer
EX INSTALLATION SENSORS tested working
B053 5 x 741 op -amp
TYPE I. Measure 130ram x 70mm x 50mm with walk test led, relay output and tamper protection.
13054 25 x IN4001 diode
12 volt dc supply required C6.50 each
B055 20 x IN4007 diode
TYPE 2.As above but a smaller unit 85ram x 75ram x 50 £8.50 each
B056 I x SLOTTED OPTO
TYPE 3. Ceiling mounting passive, infra red sensor 360° detection I2v d.C. supply relay output, tamper circuit
8057 I x DAC08 digital to analogue convertor with data
and pulse count option. Data supplied. £12.00 each
B058 4 x OPTO ISOLATOR
Please note: There may be variations in the size of the above PIE'S depending on stack at the rime of ordering. But the unit will
8060 3 x C106D THYRISTOR
certainly be within the stated sizes.
B061 5 x 78M05 VOLTAGE REGULATORS positive 5 volt 500mA
DUAL TECH SENSOR Microwave and passive infra -red combined. led indication for each function. 13062 10 x TACTILE SWITCHES
Measure 120 x 75 x 50ram 12 volt d.c. supply. Relay output. Tamper protection. £21.15 each B063 25 x 0.0IMFD 50V CERAMIC DISK CAPACITORS
SUB -MINIATURE PASSIVE INFRA -RED SENSOR PLEASE USE ORDER CODE WHEN ORDERING THE BARGAIN PACKS.
Brand new passive infra -red sensor, measures only 33mmW x 24mmH SIREN 12 volt dc for
x 29minD. Logic level output. external use I I6db £8.95 Please make cheques and postal orders payable to MAILTECH
Full data and application notes supplied. £7.95 each PIEZO SOUNDER All prices includeVAT.
SOUND BOMB Two tone alarm sounder incorporating four piezo 100db 3-12v d.c. 40Ma, Please add C1.00 postage and packing to all orders.
elements in white plastic box. 100db I2v d.c. C5.99 each 45ram dia. x 26mm (1.76 Telephone enquiries between 10.00am and 3pm Tuesday to Thursday.
MINIATURE HORN SIREN 100db two-tone piezo siren I2v d.c. L5.17 each
Fax and answerphone at other times on 058 474475.
VIBRATION SENSITIVE ALARMBOARD WITH PIEZO SOUNDER
Originally a bike alarm. There is a short delay after activation then the piezo sounder operates for a preset
period. £3.76 each or the above alarm board with a custom designed case fixing hp and keyswitch
UNIVERSAL BELL TIMER 10 or 20 minute bell cut off +ve or ve trigger timed relay contacts C496 each
MERCURY TILT SWITCH Standard on/off 2 CONTACT CI 00
E995 £ :
each 4 contact (directional) El 50 each PIEZO VIBRATION 9
DOOR/WINDOW CONTACTS Surface or flush mounting, white LI 10 each SENSOR with data
JUNCTION BOX White 6 way 60p each PERSONAL ATTACK BUTTON E320 sheet LI 00 each 1 :

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers 69

H.P.3456A DVM 6z/,digit DC/True RMSAC/Res. HPIE 1600

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RACAL9918FreouencyCoonter 10H,520MHz 9 digit .......................
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OATRON1061A -6.5 digrtA.ocal Multimetertme RMS AC/CUITent ........ RIGEL Corporation builds and supports professional development
. L500 H.P.3490A 5 DigrtMultimeter ACOhms 7........................................ 1200
IWATSUSS5711C 4Ch.100MHz Delay sweep8ilh DMM .
TRIOCS20704Ch,70MH, Delay Sweep . £650 H.P.3435A3V,DigrtMultimeterAC/DC/011ms/Current LED ..................._... MAO tools for embedded controller systems, with hardware and software for
TEKT505IX2213 Dual Trace60MHz 0350 PHILLIPSPM2534Mult Function DMM3z/,-5Q,diga GPIS/TEEE.................. £450
HITACHI V650FDual Trace60MHz .... 0350
£400
SOLARTRON71508.5-3.5digitDMM.HEEE
SOLARTRON70454.5digitMAMeterVelts/AmOS/Ohas
industrial applications, and boards, books, and kits for educational and
PHILIJPSPNI3217DualTrace50MHZ Delay...MR
. L200 WAYNEKERR13005AvtomaticPrecson8ridge0.05K . . 1900
TELEOUIPMENTD83DualTrace 50MHz DelaySweeP ..
0 OO training purposes.
SOUL1,051100S1DualTrace30MHZ . L200 MANCONITF1313AUn,erselLCR Bridge 0.1%
HITACHI412Dual Trace 2016Hatrigto 40161Ht.Deley L225 WAYNEKERR 8424Digital LCR Meter
00ULDOS300Dual Trace 20MHt . 1200 HEATIO(MBRLC Bodge £50
TEXTRONIX 922 Dual Trace 15MHz .
MATSU S55702 Dual Trace 20MHz
. 0200
..00
BRABLY1920sciloscopeCalibrator
WILTRON500Scaler NehvorkAnalyser .. L/000
THE RIGEL DIFFERENCE
TRIO CS1566A Dual Trace 20MHz .00 L800
LE CROY 9400 Dual Trace 125MHz Digital Storage ....... LL000
FARREL H30/100030V, 0-100Amps Metered .............
FARNELLIVS70M1070volts5Amps/35vottslOSTOSPAMIled L200 All of our boards come
HITACHI VC6045 Dual Trace 100MHz 4000/S. Cursors DOM StOrageL1100 FARNELL330/10 30Volts10Ainpsvanable . .00
PHILUPS PM3305 4Trace 35N1Hz Digital Storage ..0
TB(TRONIX 466 Dual Trace 100067 Analogue Storage ....................... L400
standard with:
THIS MAST A SAMPLE MANY OTHERS AVAILABLE
f'°° THORLIETP1320 30V2A Digital ........... .............
..
£120
............ LEO
CMOS technology
MARCONXWEIRITF21540.30,A;0-36V:

HEWLETT PACKARD 1740A OSCILLOSCOPES

H.P.6516A0-36V: 0-6MA Metered
BRANDENBURGMode1472RPSU-Q 1,
L150
L200
64K Memory
100MHz Dual Trace, Delay Sweep. BLAMLSTARMeteor100101MHz Freq. Counter -.
BLACKSTARIuprtor 50050010-6Fun Gen Sine/Sp/WM - 170
Machine screw sockets
For Only £350 FEEDOACKFG.00.01Hz-1001(HtSine/Sq/TH .
FARNELLPG101Pulse Gen. 100nSeos 10MHx(Isec1HO
£60
L125
Multi -layer boards
MARCON12018SyntnesimaAM/FM SgGen8041,52051..........
H.P.66408SighalGenerator2OH61024MHz . ......- ......1300
....
.... £100 UNDON LA1 MOB AudioAnalYser .
UNAOHMEP501AudioAnalyser
L500
1350
System signals on headers
H.P.8620C SweepOollator with 8824505.9-1206Ni. .....
SYSTRON DONNER1702 Synth. AM/FM SigGen 100Hz-1GHt .. - - .00
PHILUPS PM5518 Colour TVPattern Generator
RADFORD LD04 Low DISTORTION Ocill.or ..
L1000
£300
110 on terminal blocks
RACAL9081 Synthesded AM /FM SigGen 5.520MHz L.0 RADFOROLDMS2 Low DISIORHONMeasunrgSet Integrated Development
EARNER SS0520 Synthesized AM /BA 510 Gen 10 - 52011110.. £200 MARCONITF230013Modul.ionMeterAM/FMAAML-1.2G1tr £100
MARCONI TF2008 AM/FM Sig Gen 106Hz - 5101.61-6 Same Facility ...... £200
MARCONI TF2015 AM/FM Sig Gen 1066z . 510MHz E200
MARCONI TF3938 Audio Power Meter .
H.P. 16300 Logo Analyser 4300 L7E0
Software, READS
MARCONI TF2015 Nan Synchronizer TF2171 (loch box)
MAR/SANDERS 66000 Mw. Sweep Osc wrth 6651 Plagin 26.5101840GH, 1300
E350 H.R. 84050, Voltmeter 1 1000MHz from
Sample programs
GP. 86908 Microwave Sweep
H.R. SMI. ANTENNA type 126024
8697A Plogin 213.511H, 406Hz L300

RACAL MSTRUMElfr RECORDER type Store 40N .. 0_,00

NEW EQUIPMENT Circuit diagrams
BBS Tech support
H.P. 35750 Gain Phase Meter 100. 136110 go, NAMES OSCILLOSCOPE HO 1005 Triple Trace 100MHZ.
Delay Tlrnehase 1.847
M.P. 3312A Feln. Gen. 0.1Hz.1310Hz AM/FM Sweep:Sine/SCUM etc... 1400
MARCONI TF2337 Automatic DistorOon Meter ................................. UPP NAMES OSCILLOSCOPE HM 604 Dual Trace 60MHZ. International Sales Offices
SAYROSA Automate Modulation Meter type 2528 L125 Delay Sweep
TEKTRONIX CP5250 Triple Output ISO 202000.5A Y06 5V2A............. 0225 HAMEG OSCILLOSCOPE HM203.7 Owl HMS 20MHZ.
TEKTRONIX CFG250 Fetn. Gen 0.200 2MHzSne/55/T5 Ito £225 Component Tester Our entire line of boards are
TEKTRONIX CDM250 Digital Mulktirneter 3' /,digit LED. 1180 NAMES OSCILLOSCOPE HM2053 Mal 096e 21.1MHZ.
H.P. 4275A Multi Fog LCR Component Meter . L3E00 Digital Storage £653 programmable in Assembly,
THANDAR TG501 Fun Gen. 0.0005MHz Sale/ Sq/To/HOmP/Polse etc £200 All other models available -all oscilloscopes supplied Mm 2 probes
MARCONI 712331 meter 20Hz 20101z 0.05% ......... £150 BASIC, CO"" and Forth. We also offer
SPECTRUM ANALYSERS
BLACK STAR EQUIPFAENT (113iP en Una. 1.-5)
APOLLO 10 - 100MHZ Counter Timer Ratio/Period/Tirno Nonni! etc
low cost Fuzzy Logic Software
H.P. 8565A odi - 22611z .

H.P. 853 with 8559A 0.01 .21660 .....

. 15000
£4000 APOLLO 100 . 100MHZ (As above with more NdellOnG) .
for the 8051.
H.P. 35800 LEDO Ikelliz 50101z 7_
ANMISU M562E1 VOth Tracking Generator 101/H61700SH0
POLARAO 641-1 10MHz - 182H/
.
11000
. L1500
. L1500
METEOR 100 FREQUENCY COUNTER 100MHZ .............
METEOR 600 FREQUENCY COUNTER 600MHZ
Complete 8051 systems start at $85,
METmR 1000 FREQUENCY COUNTER
ANOOAC8281 with AC8211 1700000
H.P. 182 wan 8558 1006Hz -150001-10..
............. L1500
gym
. L1200
JUPITOR 500 FUNCTION GENERATOR di H,5001(HZ. Sine/SG/DI
ORION COLOUR BAR GENERATOR
. f.115 SAB80C16x systems start at $166
H.P.1410 with 85548 8.85528 500HW-1250MHz
H.P. 141T with 8s138085520 16Hz .110MHz .. L800 Al other Black Star Equipment avaiMble.
L1000
MARCONI TF2370. 30110- 110MHz .
H.P. 84140 M. Tim.2.0 0.0.62.....02. fin. ........----- 2-2.
H.P. 141T Main Frames may. Good Tribes . 1225
OSCILLOSCOPE PROBES Switch.° Cl. x1.0 (P&P L3) . £12 WRITE OR CALL FOR MORE INFORMATION
Used Equipment Guarantee - Manuals supplied If possible
This is a VERY SMALL SAMPLE OF STOCK. SAE or Telephone for li ts. Please check availabillty before ordering CARRIAGE all units £16
VAT to be added to Total of Goods and Carriage
RIGEL Corporation,
OF READING PO BOX 90040, GAINESVILLE, FL 32607
®STEWART 11.0 WYKEHAM ROAD, READING, BERKS RG6 IPL Ell Telephone (904) 373-4629 BBS (904) 377-4435
Telephone: (01734) 268041 Fax (01734) 351696 Callers Welcome 9am-5.30pm Mon -Fri (until 8pm Thurs)

LOW COST DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

ECAL comprises a versatile relocatable assembler with The PC based ECAL hardware emulator is fully
integral editor which runs about ten times faster than integrated with the assembler. Connection is made to
typical assemblers. Support includes 4, 8, 16 & 32 bit the target through the eprom socket so a single pod
processor families including can support all processors.
75X, 6502, 6809, 68HC05/11, Facilities include windows for
8031/51, H8-300, 78K, PICs, ST6 the inspection or change of
& Z80/180, 68000, 80C196, H8- registers or memory. You can
500 & Z280. even watch your program
executing at source level!
ECAL is either available for a ! Download time is about two
single processor family or all
seconds!
families.
Pods can be daisy -chained for
Single processor version £295 16/32 bit systems.
Multiprocessor version.... £395
Applications include software
Overseas development, hardware
debug, test and, finally,
distributors teaching about micro -
required controllers in education.

OEMA Ltd ECAL emulator £475

7 & 711Brook Lane, Quantity discounts of

Warsash, up to 50% make ECAL
Southampton 5031 9171 software ideal for
Tel: 01489 571300 II education.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 70 The publishers reserve the right to change prices without prior notification. Prices shown in this issue supersede those in previous issues. E. & O.E.

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS / SOFTWARE / FRONT PANEL FOILS / COMBINATIONS

READERS SERVICES Price Price
Article title Order no Price Price Article title Order no.
Except in the USA and Canada, all orders, except for sub- (E) (US$) (E) (USS)
scriptions and past issues (for which see below), must be
APRIL 1995 - PCB + disk (946204-1) 940093-C 21.50 43.00
sent BY POST to our Dorchester office using the appropriate
form opposite. Please note that we can not deal with PER- Electronic barometer 936033 8 50 17.00 - examples on PC disk 946204-1 9.75 19.50
SONAL CALLERS, as no stock is carried at the editorial and Bat detector 936046 10 25 20.50
administrative office. Sun blind control 950035-1 9 25 18.50 NOVEMBER 1994
Function generator Single -wire communication 940055-1 4.00 8.00
Readers in the USA and Canada should send orders, except
- PCB + front panel foil 950044-C 21 75 43.50 In -car audio amplifier (2) 940078-2 30.25 60.50
for subscriptions (for which see below), to Old Colony
Sound Lab, Peterborough NH, whose full address is given on - PCB 950044-1 11 00 22.00 Solid-state disk:
- Front panel foil 950044-F 12 50 25.00 - PCB + EPROM (946641-1) 940085-C 47.50 95.00
the order form opposite. Please include shipping cost ac-
Stepper motor control - EPROM 27256 946641-1 23.50 47.00
cording to total order value. For surface delivery in the USA,
- PCB + 8751 + disk 950038-C 50 75 101.50 Simple capacitance meter 940091-1 10.00 20.00
if order is less than $50, include $3; $50+, $4. For Canada
surface, if less than US$50, include US$5; US$50+, - 8751 956503-1 35 25 70.50
US$7.50. For air or other deliveries, please inquire. Please - test program on PC disk 956004-2 3.75 7.50 OCTOBER 1994
Motive -battery charger 940083-1 7.25 14.50
allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.
All other customers must add postage and packing charges MARCH 1995 Integrated AF amplifier:
Telephone -controlled mains switch: - output amplifier PCB 936062-1 9.50 19.00
for orders up to £25.00 as follows: UK and Eire £1.95; sur-
- PCB + PIC (946642-1) 950010-C 22.00 44.00 - preamplifier PCB 936062-2 28.25 56.50
face mail outside UK £2.45; Europe (airmail) £2.95; outside
- PIC 16C54 946642-1 17.50 35.00 Tester for IR remote control 940084-1 6.50 13.00
Europe (airmail) £3.70. For orders over £25.00, but not ex-
DSP function generator: In -car audio amplifier (1) 940078-1 14.00 28.00
ceeding £100.00, these p&p charges should be doubled. For
orders over £100.00 in value, p&p charges will be advised. - PCB + disk (956001-1) + TV line monitor:
EPROM (956501-1) 950014-C 49.00 98.00 - PCB + PIC (946643-1) 940065-C 26.25 52.50
- EPROM 27C512 956501-1 13.25 26.50 - PIC 16C54 946643-1 20.25 40.50
SUBSCRIPTIONS & PAST ISSUES - software on IBM PC disk 956001-1 18.50 37.00
Subscriptions and past issues, if available, should be or- - Windows program manual 950014-P 7.50 15.00 SEPTEMBER 1994
TOM 5600 car audio amplifier 950024-1 9.50 19.00 Switchable a.c. supply 934004 6.50 13.00
dered from Worldwide Subscription Service Ltd, Unit 4,
Anemometer & flow meter 940017 6.25 12.50
Gibbs Reed Farm, Pashley Road, TICEHURST TN5 7HE,
FEBRUARY 1995 Compact frequency meter 940051-1 9.00 18.00
England. For subscriptions, use the order form on the oppo-
site page. MIDI multiplexor 930101 15.00 30.00 Revolution counter:
Automatic lighting timer 940098-1 10.75 21.50 - sensor board (option) 940045-1 6.00 12.00
Prices of past issues (except July/August and December), in-
cluding postage for single copies, are £2.70 (UK and Eire); Infrared dimmer 940109-1 9.75 19.50 - main board 940068-1 5.50 11.00
£3.00 (surface mail outside UK); £3.20 (air mail Europe); Light -effects generator 940100-1 6.50 13.00
£3.95 (airmail outside Europe). Prices of past July/August Upgrade your car battery JULY/AUGUST 1994
and December issues, including postage for single copies, charger 940111-1 7.00 14.00 General purpose IR volume
are £3.75 (UK); £4.00 (surface mail outside UK); £4.25 (air- Surround sound processor 950012-1 18.75 37.50 control 930099 9.00 18.00
mail Europe); and £5.00 (airmail outside Europe). Induction motor governor 940095-1 7.50 15.00 IR controlled switch 936066 9.75 19.50
MIDI swell pedal:
JANUARY 1995 - PCB + EPROM (946635-1) 940019-C 26.75 53.50
PAST ARTICLES Mini Audio DAC 940099-1 14.75 29.50 - EPROM 27C64 946635-1 13.75 27.50
For information on past articles, please contact our Editorial 1 -to -3 -phase converter: Charge meter 940033-1 5.75 11.50
and Administrative Office at Dorchester (telephone 01305 - PCB + GAL + EPROM 940077-C 52.75 105.50 Water softener 944011-1 6.00 12.00
250995: fax 01305 250996). - GAL 946640-1 12.25 24.40 Joystick -to -mouse adaptor 944040-1 7.00 14.00
- EPROM 946640-2 15.75 31.50 Discrete preamplifier 944063-1 8.50 17.00
P.O.S.T. diagnostic card: Centronics I/O interface 944067-1 8.75 17.50
COMPONENTS - PCB + GALs (946639-1/2) 950008-C 29.25 58.50 80C451 controller board 944069-1 15.00 30.00
Components for projects appearing in Elektor Electronics are - GAL -1 946639-1 11.00 22.00 Robust AF power amp 944075-1 9.75 19.50
usually available from appropriate advertisers in this maga- - GAL -2 946639-2 13.00 26.00 PC over -temperature alarm 944076-1 4.25 8.50
zine. If difficulties in the supply of components are envis- Self -loading EEPROM type 1-4 MByte SIMM adaptor 944094-1 15.50 31.00
aged, a source will normally be advised in the article. It X88C64 SLIC 940116-1 8.25 16.50 Optical doorbell 944080-1 6.25 12.50
should be noted that the source(s) given is (are) not exclu- Debugging 8031/8051 micro - PIC experimenting board 944105-1 17.75 35.50
sive - other suppliers may also be able to help. controller systems: RC5 transmitter with 800535:
- PCB + disk (946203-1) 940117-C 15.00 30.00 - PCB + disk (946199-1) 944106-C 13.00 26.00
- software on IBM PC disk 946203-1 11.50 23.00 - software on IBM PC disk 946199-1 9.75 19.50
BOOKS Quasi -analogue clockwork 930024 37.25 74.50
For book availability, see advertisement on page 81.
A list of all PCBs, software products and front panel foils
DECEMBER 1994
available through the Readers Services is published in the
In -car audio amplifier (3) 940078-2 30.25 60.50
SLIPCASE March, June, September and December issues of Elektor
RF immune power supply 940054-1 9.00 18.00
Electronics
Elektor Electronics slipcase £2.95 $6.00 ispStarter kit from Lattice:

In resistor and capacitor values, decimal tolerance types have values selected from Capacitors: the direct working voltage of Direct test voltages are measured with a
points and large numbers of zeros are the E96 range (IEC publication 63). capacitors (other than electrolytic or tanta- 20 1(52/V meter unless otherwise specified.
avoided wherever possible. Small and large Resistor colour codes lum types) is assumed to be V. As a Mains (power line) voltages are not nor-
values are usually abbreviated as follows: rule of thumb, a safe value is about 2x the mally listed in the articles. It is assumed
direct supply voltage. Unless otherwise that our readers know what voltage is stan-
P (Pico-) = 10-12 stated, general-purpose polycarbonate dard in their part of the world.
n (nano-) = 10-9 types are used for values .1nF, and ceramic Mains frequency: readers in countries that
p (micro-) = 10-6 types for values <1 nF. use 60 Hz supplies, should note that our
m (milli-) = 10-3 MKT = metallized film, polyethylene-teraph- circuits are usually designed for 50 Hz. This
4 k (kilo-) = 103 talate (PETP) (Siemens). will not normally cause problems, although
M (mega-) = 106 MKP = metallized film, polypropylene (PPN) if the mains frequency is used for synchro-
G (giga-) = 109 (Siemens). nization, some modification may be re-
z silver 0.01 10%
StyroflexeM = polystyrene (Siemens). quired.
Examples: SibatitrM = low -loss ceramic (Siemens). Metric sizes: the size of a metric bolt or
z 2k5221 = 2.21 k4 = 2,210 Q black 0
0.1

1
5%

200
The working voltage of electrolytic capaci- screw is defined by the letter M followed by
2pF2 = 2.2 pF 1 10 1% 100
tors stated in the parts lists is minimum. a number corresponding to the overall di-
6V3 = 6.3 V Types with a higher working voltage may be ameter of the thread in mm, the x sign and
2 Note that nano -farad (nF) is the interna-
rid 2 100 2% 50
used if they fit on the relevant PCB. the length of the bolt or screw, also in mm.
O tional way of writing 1000 pF or 0.001 pF. yellow
3

4
1k

10k
15

25 Radial = single -ended; for vertical mount- For instance, an M4x6 bolt has a thread di-
The international letter symbol 'U' is used 5 100k 0.5% ing. ameter of 4 mm and a length of 6 mm. The
for voltage instead of the ambiguous 'V'. blue 6 1M 0.25% 10 Axial = wires at both sides of the device; for overall diameter of the thread in the BA
The letter V is reserved for 'volts'. 7 10M 0.1% 5 horizontal mounting. sizes is: 0 BA = 6.12 mm; 2 BA = 4.78 mm;
Resistors are 0.5 watt, 5% metal film types grey 8
Unless otherwise stated, axial types are 4 BA = 3.68 mm; 6 BA = 2.85 mm; 8 BA =
9
unless otherwise specified. 1% and 0.1% used. 2.25 mm.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please send this order form to * 4-95

Elektor Electronics (Publishing)

P.O. Box 1414 ORDER FORM VAT No GB 454 135 463

Dorchester DT2 8YH Name

ENGLAND
Tel. (01305) 250995
Address
Fax (01305) 250996

* USA and Canada residents only: use $ prices, and send order
form to:
Old Colony Sound Lab, P.O. Box 243, Peterborough,
Post code
NH 03458.
Tel. (603) 924-6371, 924-6526, Fax: (603) 924-9467 Telephone Date
Please supply the following. For PCBs, front panel foils, EPROMs, PALs, GALs, microcontrollers and
diskettes, state the part number and description; for books, state the full title; for photocopies of articles,
state full name of article and month and year of publication. Please use block capitals.
Qty. Order code Description Price Total

Sub -total
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Note: cheques not made out in sterling must be increased by the equivalent of £15.00 Total paid
[:1 Bank draft Cheque (payable to Elektor Electronics Publishing)
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CE)
a«ess

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Please note: on delivery certain software items have an asterisk (*) instead of the final '1' of the order code.The asterisk in-
dicates the international, English -language, version of the product. For example, diskette 1831 is labelled 183*.
x

International Subscription Service

Please enter my subscription to Elektor Electronics
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Send this form to
Elektor Electronics, World Wide Subscription Service Ltd, Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Farm,
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4-95 (Registered in the UK under the Data Protection Act, 1984)

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 TERMS OF BUSINESS
HOW TO PAY
Unless you have an approved credit account
with us, all orders must be accompanied by the
full payment, including postage and packing
charges as stated on page 70, section 1.
Payment may be made by cheque drawn
on a London clearing bank (but see para. 4
below), postal order, VISA, ACCESS, MAS-
TERCARD or EUROCARD (when paying by
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holder's address). Do not send cash through
the mail. Cheques and postal orders should be
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If you live outside the UK, payment may
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If you pay by Bankers' sterling draft, make
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Our bankers are National Westminster
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DELIVERY
Although every effort will be made to dispatch
your order within 2-3 weeks from receipt of
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RETURNS
Faulty goods or goods sent in error may be re-
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before obtaining our consent. All goods re-
turned should be packed securely in a padded
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the dispatch note number. If the goods are re-
turned because of a mistake on our part, we
will refund the return postage. Goods returned
for refund must be in resaleable condition and
will be subject to a 10% handling charge with
a minimum charge of £2-50.
DAMAGED GOODS
Claims for damaged goods must be received at
our Dorchester office within 10 days (UK); 14
days (Europe) or 21 days (all other countries)
from the date on our "Recorded Delivery" slip.
CANCELLED ORDERS
All cancelled orders will be subject to a 10%
handling charge with a minimum charge of
£2.50.
PATENTS
Patent protection may exist in respect of cir-
cuits, devices, components, and so on, de-
scribed in our books or magazines. Elektor
Electronics (Publishing) do not accept respon-
sibility or liability for failing to identify such
patent or other protection.
COPYRIGHT
All drawings, photographs, articles, printed -
circuit boards, EPROMS, and cassettes published
in our books or magazines (other than in third -
party advertisements) are copyright and may
not be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, including photocopying and
recording, in whole or in part, without the prior
permission of Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
in writing. Such written permission must also
be obtained before any part of these publica-
tions is stored in a retrieval system of any na-
ture.
Nothwithstanding the above, printed -cir-
cuit boards may be produced for private and
personal use without prior permission.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) shall not be li-
able in contract, tort, or otherwise, for any loss
or damage suffered by the purchaser whatso-
ever or howsoever arising out of, or in connex-
ion with, the supply of goods or services by
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) other than to
supply goods as described or, at the option of
Elektor Electronics (Publishing), to refund the
purchaser any money paid in respect of the
goods.
LAW
Any question relating to the supply of goods
and services by Elektor Electronics
(Publishing) shall be determined in all respects
by the laws of England.
April /995

r 1

Annual subscription rates (1995)
United Kingdom
Rest of the world (surface mail)
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Middle East & North Africa
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Central & South America
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Payment may be made by cheque in sterling drawn
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If you live outside the United Kingdom, payment
may also be made by Bankers' sterling draft drawn on a
London clearing bank or Eurocheque. Eurocheques
should be made out in pounds sterling and have the
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only may pay in $US cheques.
£2800
£34.00 The standard subscription order period is twelve
months. If a permanent change of address during your
£3500 subscription period means that copies have to be dis-
$59.00 patched by a more expensive service, no extra charge
£44.00 will be made. Similarly, no refund will be made, nor ex-
£44.00 piry date extended, if a change of address allows the use
£44-00 of a cheaper service.
£46.00
£4600 Student applications, which qualify for a 10% (ten per
cent) reduction in current rates, must be supported by
evidence of studentship signed by the head of the col-
lege, school or university faculty.
Please note that new subscriptions take about four
weeks from receipt of order to become effective.
Cancelled subscriptions will be subject to a charge of
25% (twenty-five per cent) of the full subscription price
or £7.50, whichever is the higher, plus the cost of any is-
sues already dispatched. Subscriptions cannot be can-
celled after they have run for six months or more.
Our bankers are National Westminster Bank PLC,
Sorting Code 60-07-01, 49 South Street, Dorchester,
Dorset, England DT1 1DW. Our account number is
6966 3440.

April 1995

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

High quality stepping motor kits (all including stepping

motors) 'Comstep independent control of 2 stepping motors by
out 300v input to output isolation with data £4.95 each or pack
of 10 . £39.50
looking for
PC (Via the parallel port) with 2 motors and software.
Kit £67.00 or ready built £99.00 software support and 4 digital
inputs kit £27.00 power interface 4A kit £36.00 power interface
Hour counter used 7 digit 240v ac 50 Hz ...
OWERTY keyboard 58 keys good quality switches new£6.00
Airpex 582903-C large stepping motor 14v 7.5 step 27ohm
. £1.45
ICs TRANSISTORs SEMIS ?
.... £8.95
8A kit £46.00 Stepper kit 4 (manual control) includes 200 step
stepping motor and control circuit £23.00 we are now stocking
68mm dia body 6.3mm shaft
or .
£200.00 for a box of 30 especially those hard to find ?
a range of stepping motors and kits to drive them please ask for
the stepping motor data sheet for full information.
Inverter toroidal transformers 225VA
10.5-0-10.5 primary 0-226-205 secondary .... C29.95
Polyester capacitors box type 22.5mm lead pitch
0.9uf 250vdc 18p each, 14p 100+, 9p 1000+
tut 250Vdc 20p each, 15p 100+, 10p 1000+
3.3uf 100Vdc 30p each 20p 100+, 15p 1000+
Why not give us a buzz?
LED's 3mm or 6mm red or green
yellow 1p each
7peach 1uf 50v bipolar electrolytic axial leads 15p each, 75p 1000+
0.22uf 250v polyester axial leads .. 15p each, 7.5p 100+
.
WE STOCK A MASSIVE RANGE
cable ties 1p each £5.95 per 1000 £49.50 pe ,
Polypropylene 1uf 400Vdc (Wima MKP10) 27.5mm pitch
High quality photo resist copper clad epoxy "7 rds 32x29x17mm case . 75p each, 60p 100+
Dimensions Single Sided Double Sided Phillips 123 series solid aluminium axial leads
3x4 inches
48 inches
£1.09
£2.75
£1.23
£2.99
33 of 10v & 2.2uf 40 v 40p each, 25p 100+
Phillips 108 series 22uf 63v axial 30 each 15 p 1000+
We specialise in devices with the following prefix
6x12 inches
12x12 inches
£6.20
£12.25
Multilayer AVX ceramic capacitors all 5mm pitch 100v
100pf, 150pf, 220pf, 10,000pf(10n) 10p each, 5p 100+,
(to name but a few):
Rechargeable batteries
£1.75
3.5p 1000+, 500pf compression trimmer 60p
40uf 370Vac motor start capacitor (dialectrol type containing
2N 2SA 2SB 2SC 2SD 2SJ 2SK AN BA BC BD BDT BF
AA(HP7) 500 mAH £0.99 AA 700mAH
BFR BFY BFX BU BUK BUT BUV BUW BUZ CA DTA
.

C 2AH with solder tags .. £3.60 D 4AH with solder tags £4.95 no pcbs) .
. £5.95 or £49.50 for 10
1/2AA with solder tags ... £1.55 AAA (HP16) 180mAH . £1.75 Solid carbon resistors very low inductance ideal for RF circuits
AA 500mAH with solder tags .. . £1.55 27ohm 2W. 68ohm 2W . 25p each, 15p each 100+ we have a HA IRF LA LB LC LF LM M MC MJ MJE MM MPS
£2.20 D(HP2) 1.2AH . £2.60 range of 0.25w 0.5w 1w and 2w solid carbon resistors please
C(HP11) 1.8AH
PP3 8.4V 110mAH £4.95 Sub C with solder Tags £2.50 send SAE for list MPSA MPSU NE RC SAA SAB SDA SI SL SN STA
1/3 AA with tags (phillips CTV)£1.95
Standard charger charges 4 AA cede in 5 hours or 4Cs or Ds
P.C. 400w PSU (Intel part 201035.001) with standard
motherboard and 5 disk drive connectors, tan and mains inlet/
STK STR TA TBA TC TDA TIP TEA TL UAA ULN UPC
in 12-14 hours +1xPP3(1,2,3 or 4 cells may be charged at a
time) .. £5.95
outlet connectors on back and switch on the side (top for tower
case) dims 212x149x149mm excluding switch ... £26.00 each
XR ZN ZTX + daily arrival of new numbers.
High power charger as above but charges the Cs and Ds in 5 £138.00 for 6
hours AAs Cs and Ds must be charged in 2s or 11e ....... £10.95 MX180 Digital Multimeter 17 ranges 1000vdc 750 vac
Nickle Metal Hydryde AA cells high capacity with no memory
£3.75
2Mohm 200mA transistor Hfe 9v and 1.5v battery test . £12.95
AMD27256-3 Eproms £2.00 each, 1.25100+
ALSO RESISTORS* CAPACITORS* CHOKES* CABLES
1000mAH . . £3.50 1200mAH .

Special offers please check for availability DIP switch 3PCO 12 pin (ERG SDC-3-023) 60p each, LEADS* CONNECTORS * VIDEO HEADS *DRIVE BELTS
stick of 42x16mm of Ni-cad batteries 171mmx16mm die with 40p 100+
red & black leads 4.8v...£5.95 Disk drive boxes for 5.25 disk drive A ' for a power SWITCHES*TTL*CMOS*OP AMPS* VOLTAGE REGS
Computer grade capacitors with screw terminals supply light grey plastic 67x268x24 ' ' . £7.95
58000uf 60v £4.95 .. £49.50 for 10 SPECIAL FUNCTION*TRANSFORMERS ETC ETC ETC
115v ac 80v dc motor 4mm x 22mm shaft 50mm dia x 60 long Handheld ultrasonic remote control . .. £3.95
body (excluding shaft) it has a replacable thermal fuse and CV2486 gas relay 30x10mm dia with 3 wire terminals will also
brushes £4.95 each 3.95100+ work as a neon light 20p each or £7.50 per 100
7 segment common anode led display 12mm £0.45 All products advertised are new and unused unless WE SPECIALISE IN PHONE & FAX MAIL ORDERS
LM337K T03 case varier
GaAs FET low leakage c . ' ""
.44 100+
A.95 each
otherwise stated. Wide range of CMOS TTL 74HC 74F
Linear Transistors Kits rechargeable batteries
ACmess BY CREDIT CARD 11E21111
£9.95 10+ .
BS250 P Channel mostet
' 95 100+
... £0.45
capacitors tools etc always in stock Callers & Mail orders welcome
Please add £1.95 towards P&P

CRICKLEWOOD ELECTRONICS
BC559 transistor : ,o per 100
per 100 VAT included in all prices
74LS05 hex inverter ......, '

used 8748 Microcontrole. .... £3.50

SL952 UHF Limiting am..
with data sheet £1.95
JPG ELECTRONICS 40 CRICKLEWOOD BROADWAY LONDON NW2 3ET
AM27S02 .
CD4007UB .
£1.25 each, 90p 100+
10p 100+, 6p 1000+
DEPT EL, 276-278 Chatsworth Road, TEL 081 452 0161 & 081 450 0995 FAX 081 208 1441
Chesterfield S40 201-1
Sinclair light gun terminated with jade plug and PP3 clip gives a
Access Visa Orders CATALOGUE DUE OUT AUTUMN 1994
signal when pointed at 50hz Pickering light with output wave
form chart. £3.95 Tel: (01246) 211202 Fax 550959
DC.DC convertor Reliability model V12P5 12v in 5v 200ma Callers Welcome

ifeTh 8 CAVANS WAY,

BINLEY INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,
13121=13:1.
Anritsu MG642A Pulse pattern gene' r
Ballantine 323 True RMS voltmeter.
2
...11500
£350
Lyons PG73N/PG75/PG2B/PG Pulse oenerator
Marconi 2306 Programmable inted a.
Marconi 2337A Automatic dist. mete-
from £225

£150
COVENTRY CV3 2SF Datalab DL 1080 - Programmable T 9.- A £350 Marconi 2356 20MHz level oscillator £300
E.I.P. 331 18GHz frequency counter. £850 Marconi 2432A 500MHz digital freq... £200
Tel: 01203 650702 Farnell RS 1030-35 Electronic load 1,A. £450 Marconi 2830 Multiplex tester £1000
Farnell 2081 R/F Power meter £350 Marconi 2831 Channel access switc- £400
Fax: 01203 650773 Farnell TSV70 Mkt! - Power Supply 1. - , £225 Marconi 893B A/F power meter £325
iummi Mobile: 0860 400683 Ferrograph RTS2 Audio test set wit- 0 I..'
Fluke 5101A - Calibrator AC/DC
£500
... 13500
Multicore "Vapourette" bench top ye: :1
machine new and unused) (£1100, £650
(Premises situated close to Eastern -by-pass in Coventry with easy A
Fluke 51018 - Calibrator AC/DC _16500 Philips PM 5167 10MHz function gen .....1400
access to Ml, M6, M40, M42, M45 and M69)
Fluke 5220A - Transconductance Amplifier (20A) £3000 Philips PM 5190 LF synthesizer w/th £800
OSCILLOSCOPES General Red 1658 LCR Digibridge £250 Philips 5390 1GFIz signal gen. _11250
Gould 0S4000,-034200, 0S4020, 0S245 from £125 Heiden 1107- 30v 10A Programmable power supply I £650 Philips PM 5716 Pulse generator hig £600
Gould 0S3000- 40MHz, dual ch 1250 Hewlett Packard 436A Power meter + 8481A sensor £950 £650
Philips PM 6672 1GHz timer/counter :.1 i
Gould 4035 - 20MHz digital storage £600 Hewlett Packard 1630G - Logic Analyser (6. . C850
Philips PM 8272 XYT chart recorder £500
Gould 4050 - 35MHz digital storage £750 Hewlett Packard 3437A System voltmeter.... £350
£300
Racal 9301A True RMS R/F mIllivoltmeter
Gould 5110- 100MHz intelligent oscilloscop.: £950 Hewlett Packard 3438A Digital multimeter.... £200
£800
Racal Dana 1992 - 1300MHz frequency courr,. ...1
Hewlett Packard 1707A, 1707B - 75MHz du hom £275 Hewlett Packard 3490A Digital multimeter.... f 250
£750
Racal Dana 3100 40-1 30MHz synthesiser....
Hewlett Packard 1740A, 1741A, 1744A, 10, ... ": ... from £350 Hewlett Packard 3586A - Selective level mei £1750
Racal Dana 5002 Wideband level meter........ £650
Hewlett Packard 54201A- 300MHz digitizin 1 ....£1950 Hewlett Packard 3702B/3705A/3710A/3716A Microwave link
Racal Dana 5003 Digital m/meter £150
Hewlett Packard 54504 - 400MHz digitizing .ni. ....E3950 analyser £1500
Hitachi V-212 - 20MHz dual trace . Hewlett Packard 3711A/3712A/379113/3793B Microwave link Racal Dana 9000 Microprocessing timer/cou ../V £250
Hitachi V-422 - 40MHz dual ch.. £300 analyser £3500 Racal Dana 9009A Modulation meter (new £300
Nicolet 3091 - Low freq DS ....MOO Hewlett Packard 3760/3761 Data gen -t error detecto each £300 Racal Dana 9081 Synth. sig. gen. 520MHz £550
Philips 3315 - 60MHz D.S.' ' £750 Hewlett Packard 3762/3763 Data gen error detecto each £350 Racal Dana 9084 Synth. sig. gen. 104MHz.... £450
Tektronix 468 -100MHz D. II "
£800 Hewlett Packard 3764A Opt.002 - Digital Trans. Ana . t £3500 Racal Dana 9242D Programmable PSU 25V
Tektronix 2213- 60MHz du . ' £425 Hewlett Packard 3777A Channel selector £250 Racal Dana 9246S Programmable PSU 25V-' .0 £400
Tektronix 2215 -60MHz du.. £450 Hewlett Packard 3779A/3779C Primary mufti. analyw:. 1-.600/£1000 Racal Dana 9301A/9302 R/F Millivolt meter m £300
Tektronix 2235- 100MHz dua c ..o-, . £800 Hewlett Packard 4193A Vector impedance... I ...£3250 Racal Dana 9303 True RMS/RF level meter £650
Tektronix 2246 -100MHz 4 channel (as new £995 Hewlett Packard 4261A - LCR Meter .....£400 Racal Dana 9341 LCR databridge
Tektronix 2246- 100MHz 4 channel with opt ....£1500 Hewlett Packard 42718- LCR Meter £900 Racal Dana 9500 Universal timer/counter 10' MI . £200
Tektronix 2335 -100MHz dual ch (portable) £750 Hewlett Packard 5150A Thermal printer £275 Racal Dana 9921 3G Hz frequency counter £450
Tektronix 2445 - 1 50MHz 4 channel ...£1300 Hewlett Packard 5316A - Universal counter 1i, £550 Rohde & Schwarz BN36711 Digital 0 meter.
Tektronix 464/466 - 100MHz, storage nom £350 Hewlett Packard 53168 - Universal counter £750 Rohde & Schwarz LFM2 Sweep generator 0.02-60.1. e £1500
Tektronix 465/465B - 100MHz dual ch. from £350 Hewlett Packard 5385A- Frequency counter 1 GHz ( 11 w h Opts Rohde & Schwarz SCUD Radio code test set ...11500
Tektronix 7313, 7603, 7613, 7623, 7633, 1, '.1I - from £300 001/003/004/005 £995

programmer..£150
1
Rohde & Schwarz SMFP2 Mobile tester ...14000
Tektronix 7704 - 250MHz 4 ch I iom £650 Hewlett Packard 59501B HP IB isolated D/A powers .. . Schlumberger SI 4040- Stabilock, high accuracy 1G .. test
Tektronix 7834 with 7842, 71380, 7B85 - PI - ..

set ...£8500
400MHz) .... £1500 Hewlett Packard 6181C D.C. current source. £150
Schlumberger 4923 - Radio Code Test Set ... £2000
Tektronix 7904 - 500MHz ..... from £850 Hewlett Packard 6261B Power supply 20V-, £600
Schlumberger 2720 - 1250MHz Freq. Count. £600
Telequipment D68 - SOMHz dual ch £200 Hewlett Packard 6453A - Power supply 15V , _11250
Hewlett Packard 7402 Recorder with 17401 ' ::. £300 Systems Video 1258 Waveform analyser 4- 1 .

Philips 3206, 3211, 3212, 3217, 3226. 3240.3243.

tram £12b to £350 1407 Offerential phase & gain module + 1270 re' £2250
3244, 3261, 3262 (2ch t 4 ch.) Hewlett Packard 80059 Pulse generator.._.. £250
Philips PM3208 - 20MHz dual channel £200 Hewlett Packard 8011A Pulse gen. 0.1 Hz - 20MHz... £500 Thurlby Thandar TG1304 Program- .

.... £1950 Hewlett Packard 8406A Frequency comb. generator. (13MHz) £600
Philips PM3295A - 400MHz dual channel.... £400
Philips PM3296 - 350MHz dual channel ....£1800 Hewlett Packard 8443A Tracking gen/counter with 1; £300/1400 Time 9811 Programmable resistant £600
Other scopes available nto Hewlett Packard 8620C Sweep oscillator mainframe. £400 Time 9814 Voltage calibrator £750
W&G MU3 Test point scanner £500
NOMMil=1=121
Hewlett Packard 3580A - 5Hz - 50KHz £995
Hewlett Packard 8750A Storage normaliser .
Hewlett Packard 86578 - Synthesised Sig..'...
Hewlett Packard 89018- Modulation Anaiy , ' ,
£375
.18250 W&G PCM3 Auto measuring set for
Watanabe WTR211 3 pen plotter £250
Hewlett Packard 3582A - 25KH, analyser, dual cha ....12500 1300MHz £3750 Weller D800/D801 Desoldering stati £175
Hewlett Packard 3585A - 20Hz -40MHz ....£3750 Hewlett Packard 3456A Digital voltmeter £750 Weller D900 Desoldering station £150
Hewlett Packard 8590A - 10MHz -1.5GHz (as new) .. £4300 Wiltron 352 Low freq. differential inpu' p.'ase me er £350
Hewlett Packard 3488- HP-IB switch and control unit £500
Hewlett Packard 8754A - Network Analyser 4 -130 . ....13500 Wiltron 560 Scalar Network analyser £800
£3750
Hewlett Packard 6623A- Triple output system power supply £1950
Hewlett Packard 1827 with 8559A FlOMHz -21GHz
Hewlett Packard 6624A - Quad output system power supply £2250
Hewlett Packard 8561A -1KHz6.5G Hz High perfor .£12,000
Hewlett Packard 3561A - Dynamic signal analyser £3750 Hewlett Packard 6656A- 990MHz synth signal generator £1500 MANY MORE ITEMS AVAILABLE -SEND
Hewlett Packard 8594E - (NEW) - 9KHz-2.9 GHz.... . £1 0,000 Hewlett Packard 89039- Audio Analyser (20Hz - 100KHz) 02750 LARGE S.A.E. FOR LIST OF EQUIPMENT
Marconi 2370 -110MHz £995 Hewlett Packard 8920A - R/F communications test set (as
new) £7000
ALL EQUIPMENT IS USED -WITH 30 DAYS
Marconi 2371 - 30Hz-200MHz 11250
Rohde & Schwarz - SWOB 5 Polyskop 0.1- 1300M1. .. £2750 Hewlett Packard 35677A -S Parameter Test Set £1250 GUARANTEE. PLEASE CHECK FOR
Schlumberger 1250- Frequency response analyser ....£2500 International Light - IL 1700 research radiometer with Erythernal AVAILABILITY BEFORE ORDERING - CARRIAGE
Texscan AL51A -1GHz £995 sensor head £1250
Leader LCR745G - LCR Meter £1150
& VAT TO BE ADDED TO ALL GOODS
Tektronix 7L14 with 7603- Mainframe (1 .8GHz) £2000

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

74 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

HART AUDIO KITS -YOUR VALUE FOR

is MONEY ROUTE TO ULTIMATE HI-FI
HART KITS give you the opportunity to build the MAINS LEADS AND ACCESSORIES TECHNICAL BOOKSHELF
very best engineered hifi equipment there is, We keep a large range of IEC cordsets and dis- The Following are a Small Selection of the Books we
designed by the leaders in their field, using the tribution sockets for your HI -Fl setup. Send for our Offer. Full Details are in our Free List.
best components that are available. lists for full details. "THE ART OF LINEAR ELECTRONICS", John Linsley
Every HART KIT is not just a new equipment ac- Hood.
quisition but a valuable investment in knowledge, Just Out! Hot Off the Press, the definitive electronics
giving you guided hands-on experience of modern HART AUDIO CABLES and audio book by the renowned John Linsley Hood.
electronic techniques. This 300+ page book will give you an unparalleled
The HART range of cables has been chosen to insight into the workings of all types of audio circuits.
In short HART is your 'friend in the trade' giving satisfy the most fastidous audiophile taste. We Learn how to read circuit diagrams and understand
you, as a knowledgeable constructor, access to can offer these at extremely competitive prices amplifiers and how they are designed to give the best
better equipment at lower prices than the man in because we buy large quantities for our export sound. The virtues and vices of passive and active
the street. customers all over the World. All are priced per components are examined and there are separate
You can buy the reprints and construction manual metre. We will cut to any length you require. sections covering power supplies and the sources of
for any kit to see how easy it is to build your own noise and hum. As one would expect from this writer
equipment the HART way. The FULL cost can be 780-911 Super Low -Noise Signal Cable. Single the history and derivation of audio amplifier circuitry
credited against your subsequent kit purchase. core double screened Audiophile signal cable. have an entire chapter, as does test and measure-
Our list will give you fuller details of all our Audio Features Linear crystal oxygen free high purity ment equipment.
Copiously illustrated this book is incredible value for
Kits, components and special offers. copper construction with foamed polyethylene the amount of information it contains on the much
insulation. Screening is by a close lapped screen neglected field of linear, as opposed to digital, elec-
AUDIO DESIGN 80 WATT POWER AMPLIFIER. with conductive thermoplastic sheathing. Overall tronics. Indeed it must be destined to become the
covered with blue soft matt finish PVC. Dia. standard reference for all who work, or are interested
.1.LI.LL11 I i
6mm. Core to screen Capacitance 110Pf/m. Per in, this field.
Metre SPECIAL OFFER. With each book purchased you may
£8.98
request a FREE extended index, written by the Author,
780-803 Speaker Cable. 322 srands 0.1mm oxygen exclusively from HART.
free copper. Flat Twin. Recommended up to 0-7806-0868-4 £16.95
40W/5mtrs. Tested & approved by John Linsley Don't forget most of our kits have reprints of articles by
John Linsley Hood that you can purchase separately.
Hood. Mtr £8.42
"TOWERS' INTERNATIONAL TRANSISTOR
780-804 Giant Speaker Cable. 511/0.1. Up to SELECTOR". This will give you the specification, pin
80W/10mtrs £15.90 connections, case outline, manufacturer, equivalents
This fantastic John Linsley Hood designed and substitutes for over 27,000 European, American
amplifier is the flagship of our range, and the ideal RLH11 Reprints of latest articles £1.80 and Japanese transistors. Latest update 4 offers over
powerhouse for your ultimate hifi system. This kit K1100CM HART Construction Manual £5.50 2,000 new entries plus surface mount cross index.
is your way to get £K performance for a few tenths 1990 432 Pages. 247 x 173.
£19.95
of the cost!. Featured on the front cover of ******* 0-572-01062-1
'Electronics Today International' this complete "DIGITAL AUDIO AND COMPACT DISC
stereo power amplifier offers World Class perfor- SPECIAL OFFER TECHNOLOGY" 2nd Edition. Baert, Theunissen
mance allied to the famous HART quality and ease and Vergult. (SONY Europe).
of construction. John Linsley Hood's comments on PRECISION Triple Purpose TEST A thoroughly well written book covering the whole
seeing a complete unit were enthusiastic:- "The CASSETTE TC1D. field of recording media starting with the Phonograph
right through to modern professional PCM digital
external view -is that of a thoroughly professional
Are you sure your tape recorder is set up to give its recording systems with particular and extensive
piece of audio gear, neat elegant and functional. best? Our latest triple purpose test cassette checks coverage on the compact disc. All aspects of the
This impression is greatly reinforced by the the three most important tape parameters without recording and reproduction processes are explained
internal appearance, which is redolent of quality,test equipment. Ideal when fitting new heads. with separate chapters on such things as compact
both in components and in layout." Options A professional quality, digitally mastered test tape disc encoding and the use of cross interleave
include a stereo LED power meter and a versatile at a price anyone can afford. Reed -Soloman error correction code (CIRC). This
passive front end giving switched inputs using Test Cassette TC1D book is of course essential reading for engineers and
Our price only £10.99 students involved in the field but its very low prices
ALPS precision, low -noise volume and balance
makes it ideal for the enthusiast of recorded music
controls. A new relay switched front end option
also gives a tape input and output facility so that
******* who wants to know more about the hidden processes
going on in his CD player.
for use with tuners, tape and CD players, or DISK -COUNT etamicat CD's. 1992/94 248 Pages. 247 x 190.
indeed any other 'flat' inputs the power amplifier 0-7506-0614-2 £17.95
may be used on its own, without the need for any Many New Titles This Month
INTRODUCING DIGITAL AUDIO CD, DAT AND
external signal handling stages. 'Slave' and Top quality, Full Digital (DDD) Compact Disks of the SAMPLING 2nd Edition. Ian R. Sinclair.
'monobloc' versions without the passive input great classical favourites. Like everyone else we For enthusiasts, technicians and students.
stage and power meter are also available. All didn't like the idea of paying silly prices for CD's. Covers CD and DAT, Philips DCC and Sony Mini Disc,
versions fit within our standard 420 x 260 x 75mm After a long search we have now located a source of the digital techniques involved are explained non -
case to match our 400 Series Tuner range. ALL six top quality classical recordings at prices that make mathematically.
power supply rails are fully stabilised, and the y6u suspect the quality - until you try them! Send for Digital audio involves methods and circuits that are
complete power supply, using a toroidal trans- our list of titles. totally alien to the technician or keen amateur who
has previously worked with audio circuits. This book
former, is contained within a heavy gauge is intended to bridge the gap of understanding for
aluminium chassis/heatsink fitted with IEC mains HART PCB SOLDERING PRACTICE KIT the technician and enthusiast. The principles and
input and output sockets. All the circuitry is on methods are explained, but the mathematical back-
professional grade printed circuit boards with Your chance to learn or try your soldering skills ground and theory are avoided other than to state the
roller tinned finish and green solder resist on the on a real Hart printed circuit board! This kit end product. This second edition has been updated
component ident side, the power amplifiers comes with a range of modern components, a to include sections on oversampling methods and
feature an advanced double sided layout for typical Hart quality PCB, a roll of the correct bitstream techniques. The opportunity has also been
maximum performance. All wiring in this kit is pre - grade of solder and your full learning guide. It taken to add a glossary of technical terms.
terminated, ready for instant use! enables the enthusiast who is uncertain of his, 1992 168 Pages. 217 x 138.64 line drawings.
ISBN 1870775 22 8 £7.95
K1100 Standard Amplifier Kit complete with IEC or indeed her, ability to put together and solder a
mains lead and Hart Super Audiograde Silver printed circuit to try their hand first at minimum "THE ART OF SOLDERING", R. Brewster.
cost. Absolutely essential reading for anyone who ever
Solder. Total cost of all parts is over £500. picks up a soldering iron. Written from knowledge
Our Special Discount Kit Price Only £395.21 The instructions explain the right technique and gained in a lifetime in the field, this is the first book
K1100SA Super Audiophile Version with internal guide even an absolute beginner through the ever solely devoted to this essential and neglected
wiring and capacitor upgrade £449.01 seemingly daunting, but in fact very simple, art skill for all electronic enthusiasts. Covers everything
K1100M Monobloc Amplifier Kit £261.20 of making a good soldered joint. from the correct choice of soldering iron and solder
A large range of other options is available includ- The Hart Printed Circuit Board Soldering Prac- to the correct procedures to follow with many illustra-
ing factory assembly and test. Full details are in tice Kit represents excellent value for money at tions and practical exercises.
our free lists. 0-85935-324-3 £3.95
only £4.99.
"HOW TO USE OSCILLOSCOPES & OTHER TEST
Send or 'phone for your copy of our FREE List of these and many other Kits & Components. Enquiries from Overseas EQUIPMENT", R.A. Penfold, 112 pages. 178 x 111.
Customers are equally welcome, but PLEASE send 2 IRCs if you want a list sent surface post, or 5 for Airmail. Publ. 1989.
Ordering is easy. Just write or telephone your requirements to sample the friendly and efficient HART BP267 £3.50
service. Payment by cheque, cash or credit card. A telephoned order with your credit card number will
get your order on its way to you THAT DAY. Postage on Single Books is £1.50 except for The Art of Linear
Please add part cost of carriage and insurance as follows: -INLAND Orders up to £20- £1.50, Electronics, Digital Audio and Compact Disc Technology and
Orders over £20 - £3.50. Express Courier, next working day £10. The Towers International Transistor Selector which are £3.50.
OVERSEAS - Please see the ordering information with our lists. Two, or more, books are only £4.50, any size, any quantity.

QUALITY 24 hr. SALES LINE ALL PRICES

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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

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Vec (1 x Vcc DESIGNER 2 None None
AO AO 10
Al
1

2 Al Standard
3
4
A2
A3
I
4
A2
A3 2
6 9 g 9 DESIGNER+ Medium None Ex port 20
6
GND GND 7
a
PRO a
Fast Standard Export 30

PRO+ Advanced
Export/
Fast Imporr 40

*PRO+ can import Gerber files

After schematic capture, components can be
re -arranged prior to manual or automatic
routing. All versions include an auto -router.
Ooickroto 3.n [C1QR3kill,;23 Peel 30 Ouickmule 3.11 -IC:\ 01-t31eIG23.PC131

OUP- PP"r" mcr- riF3

-T-

Telephone or FAX POWERware on 061 449 7101 DEMO

POWERware, 14 Ley Lane, Quickroute 3.0 for WindoW;3.1
Marple Bridge, Stockport,
DESIGNER £99.00 DESIGNER+ £149.00 DISK
PRO £199.00 PRO+ £299.00
SK6 5DD, UK. All prices exclude post & packing, and V.A.T.
Available

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

76
new situation has arisen (it has be-
SUN BLIND CONTROL come light after dark or it has become
dark after daylight) the output of IC3a
changes from logic 0 to 1. The conse-
quent leading edge triggers monostable
Design by A. Gessler IC4a. When the mono time of 10 min
has elapsed, IC4a generates a clock
pulse for bistables IC6a, which then
stores the actual light intensity, and
IC6b, in which a 1 is placed if there was
a change in condition. If there was no
change, for instance, because the vari-
ation in light intensity had disappeared
before the mono time had elapsed, a 0
is placed in IC6b.
When there is a 1 in IC6b, its Q out-
put is high, and this actuates mono -
stable IC4b. For a preset period of not
less than 1.5 s and not more than 2 m,
output Q of IC4b is low. At the same
time, and during the same period, the
output of IC5b is high, which causes
relay Re2 to be energized via T2. The
manual control of the sun blind motor
is then disabled and the pole of Rei is
connected to the L(ive) wire of the
mains. Depending on the state of the
r.
relay, the sun blind will then be low-
,*(,i4FT.21 ered or raised. The period during which
the motor is energized is determined by
IC4b. It is important that this period is
longer than the time taken by the blind
to be lowered or raised completely. If it
were shorter, the motor would be deen-
Sun blinds, whether of the traditional awning kind or of the ergized before the wanted setting of the
modern metal roller type, provide welcome shade in the blind had been reached. A longer
summer and , in the case of the latter, also good protection period does not matter, because the
end -stop switches of the sun blind sys-
against break-ins. Many of these blinds are operated tem cause the motor to be deenergized
by an electric motor. The control described closes the blinds when the blind has been completely
when it gets dark outside and opens them again when daylight lowered or raised. After the mono time
of IC4b has elapsed, Re2 is deenergized,
returns. This automatic operation can be overridden whereupon the blind can be lowered or
by a manually operated switch, so that the blinds can be raised by manual control again.
opened or closed at any time of the day as required. The circuit has a second input via

Thee control unit can be added to the

blind system without the need
for modifications of any kind to the
system.
The circuit (Fig. 2) is actuated by
sensor IC1, which converts the amount
of light it receives into a direct voltage.
This opto-IC, a Type TSL251 from
Texas In-struments, is very sensitive
and, because of an integral lens, fairly
directional. Its spectral sensitivity lies
in the region of 600-900 nm.
The output voltage of the sensor is
compared with a reference voltage in
IC2a. The output of this comparator
goes high when the light input is high,
and low with little incident light. The
change -over point is set with P1,
Resistors R1 and R2 provide the com-
parator with sufficient hysteresis to
prevent the stage from clattering
around the change -over point.
The output of IC2a is compared in
XNOR IC3a with the value stored in
bistable (US: flip-flop) IC6a. When a Fig. 1. General view of the sun blind control unit.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 SUN BLIND CONTROL ra
K1. This input is intended to be con- dard type to be used. The sensitivity of set with P2. The hysteresis of the con-
nected to an anemometer: the values of the input is about 1 V 100 Hz -1. The parator may be reduced by enlarging
the components specified allow a stan- change -over point of comparator IC2b is the value of R9.

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the sun blind control.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

78 GENERAL INTEREST

When an anemometer is connected

to K1 and the wind speed increases to, CB 0 0^
say, force 4 to 5 on Beaufort scale C2

(18-23 km h -I), the output of IC2b is C4 Q40-+ R6

4

high, otherwise it is low. a FL) C3

Since the output of IC2b is inverted
before it is applied to AND gates 1C5a 0
and IC5b, the quiescent signal does not +411-
affect the operation of the remainder of Cl

the circuit.
A high logic level at the output of I 3
IC2b supersedes all other control sig-
r 0 C) C.)

nals in the circuit. It causes the man-

ual operation to be disabled and the
sun blind to be raised to prevent its
being damaged by the strong wind.
Only when the wind has moderated
will the signal go low again. Bistable
0 0 ee C7
.0 0 0 0 0 0 0,
105
60©©000
e,

K2 A K2 a et o
K4 w K5
IC6b is then reset via C9 and R15,
whereupon IC4b receives a start pulse
and the sun blind is lowered if there is
still sunshine. If not, the blind remains
raised.
The circuit also has a common reset
network: immediately after the mains
has been switched on, IC7a generates a
reset pulse. This pulse sets mono -
stables IC4a and IC4b and bistables IC6a
and IC6b to their starting state, so that
manual control is available.

Construction
The sun blind control is intended to be
built on the printed -circuit board in
Fig. 3. Start with the small passive
components, followed by the larger
ones, then the active devices, and fi-
nally the mains transformer, the relays
and the terminal strips. When the
board is finished, it should be mounted Fig. 3. Printed -circuit board for the sun blind control.
in an ABS (or other tough man-made
fibre) enclosure measuring about
130x80 x35 mm (51/8x31/8x 13/8 in).
The LEDs must be mounted on the

CO

V O

Fig. 4. Suggested front panel for the sun blind control (foil not available ready-made). Scale 1:1.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 SUN BLIND CONTROL 79

IF AN BADGER BOARDS
Printed Circuit Boards for Amateur Radio Schools Colleges
'ADVERT IS WRONG, Short Wave Listeners Clubs Hobbyists & Industry
A range of Printed Circuit Boards in stock from many of the Projects in Magazines
WHO PUTS IT RIGHT? PRACTICAL WIRELESS Cl SHORT WAVE MAGAZINE CI ELEKTORO HRT
RADIO COMMUNICATION
We do. The Advertising Standards Authority ensures Kits Projects and Materials for manufacturing your own boards. Artwork and Plotting from
advertisements meet with the strict Code of Advertising Practice. your own Schematic drawings and also C.A.D. facilities. We supply ONE OFF Prototypes
Phone between 9.00am and 5.30pm Monday to Friday for helpful advice and assistance
So if you question an advertiser, they have to Club talks and demonstrations of Printed Circuit Board manufacture QRP involvement etc
answer to us.
lb find out more about the ASA, please write to
Advertising Standards Authority, 0121 - 384 2473
Department X. Brook House, 80 Clarence Road, Birmingham B23 6AR
Torrington Place, London WCIE 7HN. (Please mention where you spotted this advertisement)

This space Is donated In the Interests of high standards In advertisements.

114-Ataiitikw:olaw

front panel of the enclosure. system has end -stop switches (as far R7 = 15 IcQ
The enclosure must be provided as is known, these are always fitted). In R8 = 100 IcQ
with a hole in such a position that the the unlikely case that there are no PI, P2 = 100 kS2 preset
sensor can 'see' the outside light from such switches, the control unit can not P3 = 1 MS2 preset
the correct direction. be used, since there is then a risk of
If the wind protection facility is not the motor burning out in certain cir- Capacitors:
required, C2, C3, D3, D4, R6, and K1 can cumstances. C1, C3, C5 = 470 pF, 16 V, radial
be omitted. The control unit has no fuse, since it C2 = 220 nF
LED series resistors R5, R11, and R13 is assumed that all sun blind systems C4, C6, C8 = 100 pF, 16 V, radial
have the right value for high -efficiency already have one. If there is not, a C7, C10 = 100 nF
LEDs. If these diodes are not bright fuseholder with 1.5 A fuse may still be C9 = 1 nF
enough, the value of the resistors may added in side the control unit.
be lowered to 470 Q. Diode D5 indi- Semiconductors:
cates for how long the motors are ener- Setting up D1, D3, D4, D6 = 1N4148
gized during the lowering and raising of D2, D5, D7 = LED, high efficiency
the blind; D2 shows whether the blind Set P2 to the centre of its travel and ad- T1, T2 = BC546
is being raised or lowered; D7 is the just P1 so that the control unit reacts B1 = B80C1500
on/off indicator. to the desired level of incident light. D2
A suggested front -panel layout is shows when the control changes over Integrated circuits:
given in Fig. 4. from light to dark and vice versa. ICI = TSL251 or TSL250 (Texas Instr)
Set P3 for the wanted running time IC2 = LM358
Installation of the motor. At the end of this period, IC3 = 4077
the manual control must be reenabled. IC4 = 4538
Remove the mains from the electrical If the blind moves into the wrong di- IC5 = 4023
system of the sun blind (best done by rection (up instead of down or vice IC6 = 4013
removing the relevant mains fuses versa), interchange connections A and IC7 = 40106
from the fuse box). B at K3 (at one side only). IC8 = 7808
Undo the L(ive) mains wire from the If an anemometer is used, wait until
manual switch (S2 in Fig. 2) of the sun the wind is of a strength that is consid- Miscellaneous:
blind system and link the freed switch ered possibly damaging to the sun K1 = 3 -way terminal strip, pitch 5 mm
terminal to terminal S of K2 as shown blind and then turn P2 until the circuit K2 -K5 = 2 -way terminal strip, pitch
in Fig. 2. just reacts and the sun blind is raised. 7.5 mm
Connect K5 to the L(ive) and N(eu- S1 = mains on/off switch
tral) of the mains as indicated in Fig. 2. Parts list Ref, Reg = 12 V relay with contacts
Figure 2 shows two motors for oper- rated for mains voltage operation
ating the blind; in practice there is nor- Resistors: Tr1 = mains transformer, secondary
mally only one motor with separate R1, R14 = 1 kit 12 V, 1.5 A (e.g., Velleman
connections for clockwise and anti- R2, R3, R9 = 1 MS/ 1120018M - Maplin)
clockwise rotation. R4, R10, R12, R15 = 10 1(C1 PCB Order No. 930035
Before the control unit is connected R5, R11, R13 = 2.2 Ict2 (see text) Enclosure - see text
to the sun blind system, check that the R6 = 100 S2 [930035]
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995
80

Use your electronics know-how to

create great sound! .*..................
Speaker Builder, the world's only loudspeaker .
magazine in English, can show you how to achieve
excellence in sound from your stereo system.
Whether you're modifying and improving your
present speakers or building a new design from
scratch, Speaker Builder contains the latest in
loudspeaker technology. Within its pages, learn
about Thiele -Small design software, build an in-
expensive measurement mike good enough for the
IF AN
professionals, or simply indulge in reading about
the experiences of others using their technical
skills to improve the sound around them.
ADVERT IS IN
Since 1980, Speaker Builder has been exploring
both the traditional and more unusual formats for loudspeakers. From pipes to
corrugated boxes to transmission lines and electrostatics, every conceivable PRINT, IS IT PROPER?
medium is discussed. An international forum for speaker enthusiasts the world
over, sharing ideas and designs, Speaker Builder has made it possible for Most advertisements are perfectly proper.
thousands to enjoy the highest quality sound without straining their budgets. A few are not.
The publishers of Speaker Builder invite you to use your electronics know -hew to The Advertising Standards Authority not only
discover the world of better sound. To subscribe, simply return the form below with monitors over 850 advertisements every month, it ensures
your payment or FAX your credit card order and receive 8 issues of Speaker Builder
for a low introductory rate of $45 for a one- year subscription. That's a $5 savings compliance with the rules in the strict Code of Advertising
off the regular overseas airmailed rate. Or you may subscribe for two years at $80 Practice.
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CI One Year $45 CI 2 Years $80
Remittances in US funds drawn on a US bank only. answer to us.
To find out more about the role of the
MCMSA NUMBER EXP. DATE
ASA, please write to the address below
NAME
Advertising Standards Authority,
ADDRESS Department X, Brook House, Torrington
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CITY

Speaker Builder
ST

PO Box 494,Heterborough, NH 03458-0494 USA

ZIP

ASA
This space Is donated In the interests of high standards In advertisements.
(603)924-9464 or FAX (03)924-9467 24 hours

Jr

Corrections
Surround Sound Processor
(February 1995) O 0
The overlay for the printed -
circuit board was not shown
on p. 30 as stated; instead, 00 0
the track layout was repeated.
O
We apologize for any incon- O
venience this may have 0
caused. The correct illustra-
tion is shown adjacent.
O
0 O 0 0 00
0 0
00
0
O
0
0 00 0
0
0
C.
CEP

00 0
0
00 0 82 03 0 0
CM

00 0
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0 0 0 0
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0
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Ofini 00 C\ 0
10

0 Ca _anai
0
00
ID-\
ea Ca .3 0 0
0 O
Ca 0 °in 0
0 00 0 0000 00 0 001D
00 00 000
0
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0
0
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ma 0 0
0
0 00
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00 0
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CM 030 0 00 00
CE

m..00
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Overlay for the PCB for the Surround Sound Processor (February 1995)

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995


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567 614.
81
FOR SALE. Philips car radio service sheet Send this coupon to
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FOR SALE. 8051 pseudo SAM cross
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FOR SALE. Topward oscilloscope Model

7025, dual beam, 20 MHz, as new. £ 200.
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

82

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS is available from, among others:

CRICKLEWOOD D.P. HOBBS (NORWICH)
ELECTRONICS LIMITED LTD
40 Cricklewood Broadway, Electronic component
London NW2 3ET specialists. Amateur radio
Telephone 0181 450 0995 equipment.
Fax 0181 208 1441 13 St. Benedict Street,
Norwich NR2 4PE,
Telephone 01603 615786
GREENWELD
27 Park Road
Southampton SO1 3TB OMNI ELECTRONICS
England Stock a wide range of
Telephone (01703) 236 363 electronic components.
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Edinburgh EH16 5DX,
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Telephone 01225 424811 Telephone 01 39 30 10
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INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

Advertising Standards Authority 79 Rigel Corporation 69

Audon Electronics 45 Smart Communications Inside back cover
Badger Boards 79 Speaker Builder
Barnes Elliott 47 Stewart of Reading 69
Baylin Publications 45 Suma Designs 67
B H Systems 47 Telnet 73
B K Electronics 19 Those Engineers 61
Bull Electrical 52 Tsien (UK) Ltd 59
Cirkit Distribution 34 Ultimate Technology Inside front cover
Cricklewood Electronics 73 Viewcom Electronics 12, 13
Crossware Products 34
Display Electronics 18
Elektor Electronics 44, 46, 70, 81 ADVERTISING SPACE
ESR Electronic Components 29 for the May1995 issue may be reserved
Express Components 60 not later than
Hart Electronic Kits 74 16 March 1995 with
Hitex (UK) Ltd 47
Instrutek 27, 51 Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
JPG 73 Advertisement Office
Labcenter 53 3 Crescent Terrace
Mailtech Electronic Components 68 Cheltenham GL50 3PE
Maplin Electronic Supplies Back cover England
Micro 2000 35 Telephone (01242) 510 760
Milford Instruments 61 Fax (01242) 226 626
MQP Electronics 45
Niche Software 34 to whom all correspondence, copy instructions and
Number One Systems Ltd 4 artwork should be addressed.
Oema 69
Pico Technology Ltd 28 Focus article in the May 1995 issue will be
POWERware 75 AUDIO STANDARDS & TEST METHODS

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS APRIL 1995

 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

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Telephone +44 (0)181 441 3890 moo
COMMUNICATIONS Fax +44 (0)181 4411843
Sept 1994 -Aug 1995

BS 5750
Part 2 1987
Level B:
Quality Assurance
RS12750

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Over 800 colour packed pages
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,3. 45
Available from all branches of WH SMITH, John Menzies in Scotian
ONLY, Eason El Son in N. Ireland ONLY, and Maplin stores nationwide.
The Maplin Electronics 1995 Catalogue - OUT OF THIS WORLD.