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Q ? z } w @ & y h \ & + z f u z f x y9 | # < # * O y 9 } F O } J | & z y O = f , < 9 | N


q

v v v v v v hh v v v v v . v v v G v v G d v v v v v v v G v v v C e v G

. i Q= wy G ? * Q 9 G A y G ? = A w3 G :I Q $ 9ty G . O+ }JyG O=f # * Oy , +J | G O}J| d 9g p} G r* Q Z@

M QvVh &a=\ &JJY


v v v h v v v . ?T! |3
vv vv G vv Gh Y 9 A |N
vv vv G . )1953 ( Ov}vJv| #< ,zf v v v ,j Ov+vI(vAvyG f 9v+vI (< v C

rv+vyzvAvyG ?v"vGvy ?vgv=vav| :I Qv$9vtvyG .2 W .#v*RvyG Ov}vICh W| v C Ov}vIC &S 9%p


v Q v v >v@Qh & = *Q iv v v

.QW"yG h

QGO ?vvgvv=vv_ #f vv Q (v Z | , !
vv vv . vv 9 i} 9 A v
vv G H vv vv . )1963 ( W T J y # < , z f , !9 % q Y }
vv vv vv G vv vv vv , vv vv vv vv G L QvvqvvyG (< vv C

. r +y z A z y ? | 9 gy G ? * Q Z 3 G ?T S | 3 G ; ,|( ty G O 9 VQNGh ?p9t DyG IQGRh :I Q $ 9ty G . H9Aw yG

Fahd, Toufic (1966). La Divination arabe: Etudes religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques


sur le milieu natif d'Islam. Leiden: Brill.
Le vi-Strauss, Claude (1965). «Man, Culture and Society.» cite par Luc Thore , Revue de

l'action populaire: mars.


Ricoeur, Paul (1960). «Introduction.» Esprit: no. 11, novembre.

Vadet, Jean-Claude (1968). L'Esprit courtois en Orient dans les cinq premiers sieÁcles de l'HeÂ-

gire. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose.

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