Judue Tujuaw Atak Bahan Laporan sementara Penentuan Vadar Best CF) datam Samper Air Lwbah dengan Metade speutroratometri UV -Vis Untuk menentukan kadar besi (Fe) daa samper ai Limbah dengau merode Speetroprromerer uv -ViS tabu takor So ml, Spektropotometri UV-vis Vo J Sky 3 uur So mL, Gaas Limia (00 mb daw so ml, getas botot semprot - spatuta . pipet tetes dan bataxg Pengadue Garam Fe (Niu) CS04)2, barutan lidrousi atamin- Het Fx» Varutaw \to Eevourratin Ot %. arukan Cl, (OOMa 5% auuades, HrSo4 dan tisu- Data Pengamatau : No Dertauuon Hasit pengamatau Cppm ) | ppm ovtag 2.| 2 ppm 01363 3.5 ppm 0/46 | 4, [tactan Bau (oo pom Cir | 5 |somper ar cua prrivg Oreys 6. [Lorutaw Branco 120 ppm bia Vendari , W- to- 2021 Mengetahut i Annisa 2atpa At-Ikhwanven 470 —_—— Disponible en Bgne sur Elsevier Masson France Sseneaoie —efeonsute TR BML RITS 2017 Spectrophotometry and Photoacoustic Imaging: A Comparative Study A. Dolet***, F, Varray *, E. Roméo", T. Dehoux", D. Vray* + tn ton INS Ly0n Unverité Cade Remand Lom J IM St Benne. CNRS, Insrm, CREATIS UMR $220, 1208, F-46962. Lyon France ‘tents Lamive More” UMR ENRS S308, Univer Lyon 1, 09822 Vilar, Prence Deptt of Ffrmaton Bnginccring, Unters of Florence, Flrence, Hay Recrve 14 Mach 2017; sci evn fom S Outer 207; accepted 6 Osher 2017 Highlights Graphical abstract MunepectratPhotescoute maging Comparative sty Spectrophotometry + Spectrophotometry of six dilut tink. Mlspectal photoacoustic maging of agar phantoms coloured withthe ix ek 1 Sinise meltispectal evolutions stained with both modalities 1+ Spectophotometry 38 reference to classify multispectral photoa- ‘coustc images. Abetract Photoacoustic imaging i hybrid modality that is wed to image biological tisues. Using malspecral optical excitation functional image is ‘blaine duet the tssue specific optical absorption tat depends on the wavelengths. To classify mukispectal photoacoustic images, supervised trcihods are classically wed. However, definition of the reference spectea is often dict, and this choice can have a Targe impact on the Classification sults. A possible approach ob elevant reference spect isto use spectrophotometry. This stdy aims at comparing asorbance ‘measured by a spectophotometer and mulispectal photoacoustic signals of Various coloured phantoms. We compare qualitatively the shape of the spectra tained, using these two modalities for each sample. Ou data suggest that spectophotometry isa promising Way to define reference spect for elassifiation of mulispectal photoacoustic datasets (© 2017 AGBM. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved Kowonte: Makspcel photoacoustic maging: Spectopteomety:Sopervied clasieaton method introduction Photoacoustic imaging isa hybrid method that combines the advantages of acaustie and optical imaging (1. This modality Tarcontag suite st CREATS, Ba Bie Pascal 7 arene Jean 18 based on the detection of acoustic waves that are produced Canney ape by a medium under pulsed laser illuminations. The acoustic "Ema adder eli telco ciesecmustyn (A. Dae) wave is created by the thermal expansion of the optical ab- pedis oO 016 uhm 201710005 198.0810 2017 AGM Pblished by Elsevier Masson SAS. Al ight esred. iene hic acl ress av Dole A eal Specuopbiomay til PtasontGs Imaging: A Compara Say. RUM 017 pr 10.1016 er 2017.10.05 pln an Canscaner2 A Datel HORM wen eee) coe-ene "an um me ww ven 1) 20 ‘enter (om) ig 1. Abn evict of itlerent mela a fction of meee sted tom 2 sorbers, due to the local increase in temperature during the laser pulse. Each medium creates a specific acoustic wave (2, 5] that is related to its optical absoeption atthe wavelength used (ig. 1). After propagation through the media to the surface, acoustic pressure waves ean be detected using an ultrasound probe. A photoacoustic image of the repion of interest can then be reconstructed. tering during. acoustic propagation in tissues. which is also wavelengt-dependent, has an impact also on the detection of the photoacoustic signals. Characterisation of media ean thus be performed using multispectral photoacoustic signals ob- tained by acquisition of photoacoustic images of a re interest at different wavelengths [4). Tn this ay, mu teal photoacoustic imaging allows a functional image to be ob- tained. ‘To classy mulispecteal photoacoustic images, supervised ‘methods, such as the least-squares method, are typically used [5.6], These methods require reference spectra foreach medium tw be classified, Most of the time, such references are caleu- lated on selected pixels of the dataset, which does not accurately scribe the point-to-point variation forthe whole image. The quality ofthese reference spectra impacts & lot on the classifi cation results, and they need to be as representative as possible, ‘They have then to be independent of the calculation used in their construction, and their measurements with another modal- might then be of interest. In the future, such comparison should help in the develop- ‘ment of complex multi-modal agar phantoms, (validate su- pervised multispectral classification methods. Here, we used jar phantoms coloured wit six different inks for photoacous- tic acquisitions. The spectrophotometry was conducted on the ‘same six inks. The materials and methods used for the study are described first. Then, the results are presented. Finally, the data are discussed, and a conclusion t0 the study is pro- vided. Teas ger 1016 hon 20710005. hace pct as Diet Aveta Specuopbane and Poveaccatac Emagine A Comparing Say RUM (17) 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Spectrophotometry Absorbances were measured from 400 to 1200 1m with 1 nm steps. These acquisitions were made on a Perkin Elmer Lamibda900 spectrophotometer (Fig. 2, left) tthe Institut Lu- smiére Matte, We used a standard arrangement that measures the contributions of oth the absorption and the scattering (i.e. the absorbance). The maxitmum absorbance that can be mea- sted by the spectrophotometer made it impossible to perform the acquisitions directly on pure inks. The absorbance mea- surements were thus performed on diluted inks, with a dilution factor of 11601 (Fig. 2 ight. 2.2. Mulispectral photoacoustic imaging Mulispecteal photoacoustic signals were acquired on the photoacoustic experimental set-up (Fis. 3a) in CREATIS. This {is composed of a Nd:Yag laser coupled with an optical para- ‘metre oscillator (SpectraPhysics, USA) forthe generation, and of an ultrasound scanner (ULA-OF) coupled with a CMUT probe for the detection [8]. The acquisitions were made from 410 to 690 nm, with 5 nm steps (Fiz. 3e) on coloured 4% agar phantoms with a dition factor of 1:1629 (Fig. 3h). For each medium, twenty images were acquired atthe same location at each wavelength. The spectrum was averaged over the region ‘of interest, corresponding to the laser beam illumination spot fn the phantom. The spectra obtained in this way were then averaged over the 20 images, to remove any point-to-point vari- 23. Comparison method ‘The aim ofthe present study was to compare the absorbance ‘measured by the spectrophotometer with the multispectral pho- toacoustic signal, as also done in [7] on a smaller selection of samples, and on a smaller range of wavelengths. This compat- ‘ison will be useful for furure photoacoustic dataset classifica- tion, However, data acquired with the two different modalities ‘cannot be compared without previous crosscalibration. The ab- sorbance measurements have fist tobe post-processed to make them comparable tothe multispectral photoacoustic signals, as described below. First, the photoacoustic laser energy has to be taken into 2c- ‘count. As the absorbance spectra of black ink has a decreasing ‘exponential shape, an optical signal is available forall of the ‘wavelengths of the selected spectrum. This medium was used to calculate the ratio given in Equation (1) (Fig. 4a). to nore tmlise the spectrophotometer spectra and compare them with the photoacoustic spectra: Pack Shae” where PAviet is the multispectral photoscoustic signal, and Shins isthe absorbance measurement of black ink. Then the | Rat a pln an Canscanerena Cees ota 8 (88) Contents ve ‘Scionenirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepa, com lepro Efficient and industrial production of H2SO4 from sulfur sludge by acidophilic cells in a membrane bioreactor via optimizing process Yiran Yang, Can Qian, Xingfu Shi, Bingyan Tian, Huichao Chu, Jia Wang, Baoping ‘ngrmen of Enea end rennet Mera, iho Mater Scene & Enger Big ne of ch Bn 1008. Cina ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT {iar ammount of slfacbeaing Razardoos wastes fnclaing slr sludge, ace generated lathe ro ection and processing of laura asco gasbiomass gas which are dificult to spose of wth ttadional processes, suchas Incineration or landfills Inthe present work, 3 homersie membrane bioreactor (BR) with an efcet volume of 1 1? was ulzed to continuously and ecient remove sulfur (5°) rom sulfur sudge and predce sulfuric acid (50) by using chemnauotrophicaicopiie ‘els onan instil scale forthe frst time. The bio-oxidation process was so modeled and optimized byyasingrespanse surface methodaony The quadratic modes describe te Qual eationships between the production rate of 0, a lt 10 oF the time regard forthe pl to decrease to 10 and tree irene eee 25 Septet 2018 22 pevenber 2019 ‘ecg 3 Nowe 2019, nding Er: sue Wang Towers Imporane contol parameters (temperature, aration rte and string veloc) The MER mntined Stor earings nl wastes high-density grown of eels (=21 » 10"/ml) thoughout the etre operational period due to the ‘spices ‘excellent interepcon performance, establishing a bass for efcent sulfur removal apd SO, produc- Salar enor tion Under the optimized paces conta of 336°C forthe temperature. 31 min fr the aeration 0s prabcton fate and 83 rpm forthe string veloc a high production eficency ef H:SOy a pH 1.0(=850 Lh) setcoe re ‘btaned. Acordngy the slr Fema efficiency an suf residual concentrations reached 93% set ‘Cit afer 20 day of contac, respectively. Te current stay demonseates tat the MER stale for Industrial scale operations for continuous and ecient eur removal and or production of 50m ‘ifurbearing Misardoue waite The green micrbal mesne net only save very expensive peal ‘expense ofsul-bearing hazardous wastes Dur aso gan benefits trough the manuarture of valuable iSO, spaying great Business value and wide appiation prospect "©2019 Eievir Ue All gh reserve ‘complicated procedures, major materiaslequipment requirements ‘and Targe treatment systems of acid mists. Elemental sulfur from ‘illgas desulfurization i the predemninant compound used asa raw ‘material forthe production of HSO, (Apowtaca, 2072) In the process of desulfurization of eil/natural gasfcoal gas) biomass gas to generate high purty elemental sulfur (Apod3, 2012), a considerable amount of low-quality sulfur sludge, sulfur ‘mud sulfur slurry and sulfur paste is produced a hazardous waste. (King et al, 2013) Currently, typical H,50, production involves ‘combustion of clement sulfur into SO,’ in a furnace at high temperature (=1100C)as the first step catalytic conversion of $0, into SO, by 'Vz0s a the second step and absorption of SO; into H5S0« solution as the third step (Aytar etal, 2013). The traditional process has * Gonepening ator. Ema etre: ncovplogeticnéucn (Xn) 016 pra20 0 iste 1 doer dA aes ered Due othe existence ofactive elemental sulfur, conventional means, such sincinerationor landfill are incapable f handling the sulfur- ‘bearing hazardous wastes (Bhatt and Yawar, 2010). Asa result the removal of elemental sulfur from the sulfurbearing hazardous Wastes is necessary for their safe disposal. Focusing on the pro= duction of H:$0, asa widely used industrial chemical fom sulfite containing Wastes represents an alternative utilization of this resource, achieving both the removal of elemental sulfur and its reuse into a value-added product. However. the low content of| elemental sulfur, along with the complicated and variable Please ce this article as: Vang. Vet al Eien and indutal production of WSO, rom slfarsdge by acophiic colle Twa membrane bhoreactor va optimizing proces, Journal of Cleaner Production, htps dolore) 101016) lepro.2019.19444 pln an Canscaner‘Avaliable online at www: sciencedirect.com Ea tk ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science ‘rvetia Compe Since 167 (2020) 477-486 sow cher comospceda International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2019) Automated Spectrophotometer Control System ‘Timur Zinchenko*, Ekaterina Pecherskaya", Pavel Golubkov*, Dmitriy Artamonov*, Gennadiy Kozlov’, Yuliya Shepeleva* ‘Pena State Univer, Krasnyo 40, Perea 40000, ass Abstract ‘The spectophotometic method is widely used forthe qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances, in the stady of the structure and composition of various compounds. The article solved the actal problem of _spectrophotometers messuring ‘process automating. The structure of the specrophotometer control unt based on the Arduino Uno hardware platform has been Proposed, a stepper motor driver scheme, proving replacement of the manual rotation system of the spectrophotometer Alifraction grating to a system using moder stepper motors bss been developed. It made it possible to increase the measurement tlficieney By reducing the measurement time and improving the metrological characteristics of the spectrophotometer (the limiting absolute eror in sting the wavelength is redoced from * 0.5 nm to £03 nm. {© 2020 The Authors, Published by Elsevier BV. ‘This san open access atcle wader the CC BY-NC-ND license (hup/ereativecommons.oryTcensesby-ne-nd.0) Peereeview under responsibility of the sienife committe of the Inematonal Conference on Computational Inielligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2018), Keywords: Spetropbotomers method: spstopbotometerSF46; AtMeg32; the conta uit: th river protection oan Introducti 1677.14 © 2020 The Authors. Published by “TW fe an oe acs ate wader the CC Sener (ICCD 201). L116) poe 202040-262 pln an Canscanera Timur iehenko et. /Procetta Computer Science 167 (2020 477-486 It is known that the photocolorimetric method of analysis is able only 10 the analysis of colored solutions, colorless solutions in the visible spectral region have an insignificant absorption coefficient (1), However, many colorless and poorly colored compounds (especially organic) have characteristic absorption bands in the ultraviolet and infrared regions of the spectrum, which is used for their quantitative determination. The spectrophotometric analysis method is applicable for measuring light absorption in various regions of the visible spectrum, in the ultraviolet and infrared regions of the spectrum, which greatly expands its analytical capabilities (2 The absorption of in these regions is duc to the excitation of electrons of the, p- and n= orbitals of the ground state and the transitions of molecules to the excited states: :s*,n:s*,p :p* and n:p*. The s:s* transitions are in the far ultraviolet region, for example, paraffins are characterized by a wavelength of 120 nm. N: s* transitions are observed inthe ultraviolet region. The lines corresponding tothe p: p* transitions, for example, in the spectra of heterocyclic compounds appear in the range from 250 to 300 nm and have a high intensity. The absorption bands corresponding to the n: p* transitions are inthe near ultraviolet and visible regions ofthe spectrum. They are characteristic for compounds in whose molecules there are such chromophore groups as C=O, C= S,N=N. Transitions of the n : p* type often tum out to be forbidden, and the corresponding absorption bands have very low intensity (3) Transitions of p : p* type can be accompanied by the transition of an electron from an orbital localized ‘one group (for example, C=C) to an orbital localized on another group (for example, C = 0). Such transitions are accompanied by electro transfer from one atom to another, and the corresponding spectra are called charge-transfer spectra. The latter are characteristic for various complexes (for example, aromatic compounds with halogens), which intensively absorb in the visible and ultraviolet regions. Thus, the absorption spectrum of an object depends on its ‘molecular composition, which provides ample opportunities for the qualitative and quantitative determination of various substances. ‘AC present, the main operational and metrological parameters of spectrophotometers manufactured in Russia correspond to the world level of development and spectrophotometry system implementation. However, the actual task is to modernize the electronic part of such systems in order to increase the efficiency of the measurement process and introduce automation. Analysis of the technical characteristics of spectrophotometers (for example, manufacturers Genesystm, Yuchengtech, Inesa, Industrial Scientific, ee.) currently produced witha classical optical scheme, showed that the metrological characteristics, such as the error and repeatability of the wavelengths installation, the smallest spectral interval, spectral range, the presence of a digital output and display are very important for the operation. ilar works on the spectrophotometer SF—46 modemization were conducted by Larionov A. Alyalykin $.S. and others from Udmurt University (Russia). The result was a mechanical system on stepper motors with a full step ‘of 0.9 deg and an encoder to control the shaft positon. The motor is controled by the driver of the stepping motor the possibilty of crushing the full step in 16 times. In one clock step of the motor a change in wavelength by 0.16 nm occurs. Scientists from the Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology propose using a whole complex for controlling spectrophotometer, namely, controlling the drives of scanning and other movable elements and actuators that provide the required measurement modes; providing the necessary power supply modes of excitation ‘and recording devices, which allow minimizing noise and other sources of systematic measurement errors. The authors have developed an universal spectrophotometer control unit that can be applied to various types of spectrophotometers. This article describes the structure of the spectrophotometer control nit on the example of a spectrophotometer type SF-46. 2, The principle of the spectrophotometer operatic Te basis ofthe work ofthe spectrophotometer SF-46 isthe principle of measuring the ratio of two light fluxes: the flux passing though the sample under study, and the stream falling onthe sample understudy. The structural diagram ofthe spectrophotometer is presented in Figure 1Efek Destruksi Terhadap Penentuan Kadar Cu(I1) Dalam Air Sumur, Air Laut Dan Air Limbah Pelapisan Krom Menggunakan AAS Martini"), Dra, Rum Hastuti, M.Si"), Drs. Gunawan, M.Si*) “Dab. Analitk, Jarusan Kimia, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Diponegoro Semarang Abstrak ‘Telahdilakukan ui terhadap efek destruksi pada penctapan kadar Cu(It) dalam sampel air sumur, air laut dan air limbah pelapisan krom dengan menggunakan AAS. Uji dilakukan menggunakan 8 metode dengan perlakuan awal destraksi dan tanpa destruksi, dengan penambahan dan tanpa penambahan larwtan standar Cu2*, Sampel didestruksi dengan HNO 1% kemudian dididihkan sampai volume sampel 10 ml. Pengenceran sompel pada perlakuan aval dilakukan dengan HNO3 1% dan H30. ‘Konsentrasi arutan standar Cu2* yang ditambahkan 100 mg/L scbanyak 15 mL. Kandungan tembaga seiclah perlakuan di analisis menggunakan spektrofolometri serapan atom nyala (AAS). Dari ppenelitian yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa sampel air suru, air laut dan ait limbah pelapisan krom dengan destnuksi memberikan hasil konsentrasi Cu (mg/L) lebih tinggi dibandingkan sampel fanpa desiruksi. Hasil menunjukkan perbedaan secara signifikan kecuali pada sampel dengan Penambahan larutan standar Cu?*. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel_ yang ddidestruksi memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibanding tanpa destruksi. Kata Kunci: Tembaga, Destruksi, AAS, HNO}, The Effect Destruction Toward The Determination Of Degree In Ground Water, Sea Coating Chromium Waste Water Using AAS ter, And Abstrack The destruction effect om determining of Cu(M) in sample of ground water, sea water, and coating, chromium waste water had been done with AAS, using eight (8) methods with early treatment by destruction and without destruction, with added and without added Cu2* standard solution. Sample was destructed with HNO3 1% then boiled until the sample volume about 10 mL. Diluted sample of carly treatment was done by HNO3 1% and HzO. Whereas, concentration of Cu2* that was added about 100 mg/L and 18 mL. The copper contant after trearment are analyzed by atomic absorption -spectrophotometry (AAS).The result of three samples showied that, destruction affected the influence 4n determining of copper with difference of research accuracy in samples which more diluted by HO ‘and HNO3, the result of variation were 696; 0,93% and 1,5% for the fomer and 2%; 2,8% and 2,2% for the latter, Keywords: Cooper, Destruction, AAS, HINO}. PENDAHULUAN chit 70% pormukaan bum disetimai KOREN anorganik Wanaranyaiadata Joga Oleh arena i, ai dapat disakan sebagai agian yang exer” dai sistem Kehidapan(Manshan, 1998) Air mempanya Kemampuan yang besarte melrtan termacammacam zat bik yang berup 5, cain, maupun pasan Adaya bahar baka yang "tidak ermanfiat akan dapat Iengakbstkan penurupan halts "ai (Cala, 20) aku "yang lama sebagstracun yang esata asesnineakibatkay uma Farin, 1992; alr, 1994), oleh ndanya zat pencemar, baik berupa pln an CanscanerWeert se UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH JAKARTA ANALISIS KAPABILITAS PROSES UNTUK PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS AIR LIMBAH DI INDUSTRI FARMASI Dino Rimantho', Athiyal "Jurusan Teknik Industri, Pakula Teknik, Universitas Pancasila, Jalan Srengsengsawah-Sagakarsa DK Jakarta, 12640 ‘Email: dino rimantho‘aunivpaneasila acid 4 Agustus 2018 Direvisi: 14 September 2018 Disetujui: 1 Nopember 2018 AUSTRAK Pengelolaan air limbah harus menghasilkan hasil akhie air limbah yang sesuai baku mutu lingkungan agar air limbah tersebut tidak merusak lingkungan dan menurunkan kualitas Kesehatan manusia Permasalahan yang ditemukan dalam pencltin ini adalah adanya beberapa parameter potutan dalam limbah eair (pH dan TSS) yang bolum ricmenuhi baku mutu yang ditetapkan olch Pemerintah Tadonesia, Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa nilaikapabilitas proses yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan air limbah terutama parameter plf dan TSS. Beberapa metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini antara lain peta Kendali IMR, kapabilitas proses dan Fishbone. Hasil penelitin ini rmenunjukan parameter plf dan TSS dai hasl pengolshan air limbah di indus farmasi didapatkan indcks Cp rata-ratasekitar 0,602 dan Cpk rataata 0.8 untuk parameter plT. Sementara ita, kualitas ait limbah untuk parameter TSS diperolch indcks Cp sekitar 0,68 dan Cpk sekitar 0.70 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses belum memiliki kapabilitas yang baik, Kata Kunci: Air limbah, proces, Cp, Cpk, Fishbone ABSTRACT The management of wastewater should produce the final result of its corresponding environmental quality standards. Thus, that it does not harm the environment and decreasing the quality of human health, The problem on this research was found that there are several parameters on the waste water not comply such as pH and TSS to Indonesian Standards. This study aims to analyze the value of process capability resulting from wastewater treatment, especially parameters of pH and TSS. Several ‘methods used in this study such as, IMR control chart, capability process and fishbone. The results of this study show the parameters of pH and TSS from the waste water treatment in the pharmaceutical industry obtained the average Cp index of around 0,602 and CPK approximately 08 for pH parameters. In addition, the quality of waste water for TSS parameters obsained CP index roughly (0.68 and CPK approximately 0.70. Therefore, it ean be concluded thatthe process does not have good capability Keywords: Wastewater, process, Cp.Cpk, Fishbone. OK: Wips://4e dot ort/20.24853/jurtek 11.1.8 pln an Canscanerdural Teco valine 12 Na 1 yn 2019 ‘Website: mlm) elie lak PENDAHULUAN Di industri farmasi, air timbah secara umum dihasilkan melalui egiatan—pencucian peralatan. Meskipun air timbah yang dibuang dalam volume keel tetapi memiliki sifat yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan karenaadanya sejumlah besar polutan organik. Sclama proses pembuatan obat-obatan, beragam limbah dan ontaminan dihasitkan seperti bahan organik, puing, Kotoran, pasir, polusi, bahan beracun, {idak" beracun, polimer, Karakterisasi air limba dievaluasi dalam hal suhu, pH, padatan tersuspensi total (TSS), total padatan terlarut (TDS), kebutuhan oksigen biokimia (BOD), permintaan oksigen (COD), minyak dan sulfat untuk influen dan Selama dua dekade terakhir, kemajuan {eknologi dalam —analisiskimia telah memungkinkan deteksi zat kimia di perairan permuksan pada tingkat Konsentrasi sangat endah (ng/L sampaiyy/L). Fenomena ini discbut polusi mikro. Polutan mikro berasal dari penggunaan pertanian, industri dan berbagai penggunaan produk scharichari yang berbeda, seperti produke perawatan_pribadi, fobat-obatan, atau agen pembersih (Hollender, et al, 2008; Schwarzenbach et al, 2006 Lebih lanjut, terdapat beberapa bukti tentang, adanya dampak negatif pencemaran mikro terhadap ekosistem perairan, lingkungan dan baikan keschatan manusia (Cunningham etal. 2009; Touraud et al., 2011). Industri farmasi_menghasitkan limba eair yang memiliki karakterisik beracun dan iberbahaya. Kontaminan yang paling beracun adalah obat antibiotik, analgesik, dan anti- inflamasi, Kehadiran limbah berbahaya ini dapat-_menyebabkan kerusakan_serius pada lingkungan—terutama air (Stackelberg et. al, 2004), Senyawa aktif farmasi seperti obat pengatur antibiotik, antiseptik, hormon dan kemoterapi terdetcksi di aliran air limbah dan sumber air tanah, Senyawa aktif farmasi terdapat di man ‘mana dengan konsentrasi rendah di badan air yang menerima limbah pengolahan_limbah cer, Selain itu, terdapat informasi dalam standar air minum menimbulkan kekhawatiran ‘akan potensi senyawa ini terjadi dalam air minum dan dengan demikian dapat mempengaruhi keschatan manusia mela ccksposur kronis (Sim dan Lee, 2010). Pengolahan air imbal dan pengguraan kembali bukanlah hal baru, dan pengetahuan tentang topik ini telah berkembang sepanjang sejarah_manusia, Penggunaan Kembali air Fimbah Kola yang. tidak melalui proses pengolshan air Timbah telah diprakickkan selama berabad-abad dengan tyjuan mengaltkan sampah manusia ke Iuar permukiman perkotaan (Angelakis dan Snyder, 2015). Demikian juga, penerapan tahan air Timah domestik “adalah praktik. lama. dan ‘umum, yang telah mengalami berbagai tahap petkembangan. Hal ini telah menyebabkan Pemabaman yang lebih baik tentang teknologi proses dan pengobatan dan akhiraya Pengembangan standar _—kualitas air (Paranychianaks eta, 2015). Sebagai conto, smanfastan Timbah "kulit udang sebagai biokwagulan pada penjernihan air limbah perkotaan (Sai et a, 2012) Karena meningkatnya kesadaran_lingkungan yang terkait dengan limbah industri, Perusahaan sekarang harus-menggabungkan strategi pengelolaan dan pencegahan limbah ke dalam proses industri. Berbagai peluang ppencegahan polusi dapat diimplementasikan dengan keuntungan finansial yang si ? pln an Canscaner