international’ ACI 350.3R-01 ‘Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing _ Concrete Structures (ACI 350.3-01) and Roainerty (ACI 350.3R-01) An ACI Standard Reported by ACI Committee 350 american concrete institute PO. BOX 9094 FARMINGTON HILLS, MICHIGAN 48333-9094First Printing, January 2002 Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures and Commentary Most ACI Standards and committee reports, are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice. The several volumes are arranged to group related material together and may be purchased individually or in sets. The ACI Manual of Concrete Practice is also available on CD-ROM ‘ACI Committees prepare standards and reports in the general areas of materials and properties of concrete, construction practices and inspection, pavements and slabs, struc- tural design and analysis, structural specifica- tions, and special products and processes, ‘A complete catalog of all ACI publications is available without charge. 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Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ‘ACI documents are requested to contact the ACI Engi- neering Department in writing, with the following infor- mation: 4. Tile and number of the document containing the problem and specific section in the document; 2. Concise description of the problem; 3. If possible, suggested revisions for mitigating the problem. The Institute's Engineering Staff will review and take appropriate action on all comments and suggestions received. Members as well as nonmembers of the Inst tute are encouraged to assist in enhancing the accuracy and usefulness of ACI documents. ISBN 0-87031-066-6| i i i 5 Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures (ACI 350.3-01) and Commentary (350.3R-01) REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350 ACI Committee 350 299 Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (Charles S. Hanskat Lawrence M. Tabat’ Chairman, ‘Secretary Nicholas A, Andrew R. Philp” subsominise Salman ‘Subcommittee Sec James P. Archibald A. Ray Frankson DovKaminetzky David M. Rogowsky Jon B. Ardahi” ‘Anand B.Gogete’ --M. Reza Kianoush’ Satish K. Sachdev Walter N. Bennett Willam J. Hendrickson’ David. Kitridge Willa ©, Schnobrich’ Steven R. Close Jerry A. Holland Larry G.Mrazok’ —_Sudhaker P. Verma Ashok K. Dhingra’ Wiliam J. win Jerry Pames Rloger H. Wood Anthony L. Felder Voting Subcommittee Members ‘Osama Abdel-Aai” Ciiford T. Early Jack Moll Wiliam C. Sherman’ John Baker Ccford Gordon, Cart H. Moon Lauren A. Sustic Pattick J. Gregan’ Paul Hedi Javeed A. Munshi” Lawrence J, Valentine David A.Crocker Keith W. Jacobson Terry Patzias Miroslav Vejvoda, Ernst T. Cvikl Dennis C. Kohl Narayan M.Prachand Paul Zoltanetzky Robert €. Doyle Bryant Mather John F. Seidensticker ‘Mentbc of ACI 360 Seismi Design Subseries hs papated he eer. INGENIERIA ST a AZUL ae -‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES — 350.2/350.3R-1 Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures (ACI 350.3-01) and Commentary (ACI 350.3R-01) REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350 This standard prescribes procedures for the seismic analysis and design of liquid-containing concrete struc tures. These procedures address the “loading side” of seismic design and shall be used in accordance with ACI 350-OUACT 350R-01, Chapter 21. Keywords: circular tanks: concrete tanks: eonvetive compe; eth quate resitanes environmental corcete structs impulsive component: Tiguid-comaining stuctres; rectangular tanks; seismic wessance; slosh ing; erage ans INTRODUCTION The following outline highlights the development of this document and its evolution tothe present format: + From the time it embarked on the task of developing an “ACL 318-dependent” code, Committee 350 decided to expand on and supplement Chapter 21, “Special Provi- sions for Seismic Design,” in order o provide a set of thorough and comprehensive procedutes fr the seismic analysis and design of all types of liguid-containing cavironmental concrete suuctues. The committze’s decision was influenced by the cognition that iquid- containing structures are unique structures whose seis- mic design is not edequately éovered by the leading national codes and standards. A seismic design sub- committee was appointed with the charge to implement the committee's decision. + The seismic subcommittee’s work was guided by two main objectives: (2) To produce a self-contained set of procedures that would enable a practicing engineer to perform a full seismic analysis and design of a liquid- ‘containing structure. This meant that these procedures ACI Commitee Repors, Guides, Stadars, and Commoutares are in- tended for guidance in planaing derigrng, executing, and inspecting con- stretion. This Commentary 8 atendd forthe ue of individuals who ate ‘competent to evalte the significance and linitations ofits coment and recommmensations ad who wil accept esponsibility forthe epplicaion of ‘he material it contains. Tae American Conerete Insitute czas ay andall esponsibility forthe sare principles. The astute shall wtb i> able for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Refeeace tts commen tary shall not be made in contract docemens. If ems foued inthis ‘Commentary ate desiced by te Arteo/Engines tobe a pat of th com: should cover both aspects of seismic design: the “load- ing side” (namely the determination of the seismic loais based on the seismic zone of the site, the speci- fied effective ground acceleration, and the geometry of the structure), and the “resistance side” (the detailed design of the structure in accordance with the provi- sions of the code, so as to safely resist those loads). (b) ‘To establish the scope of the new procedures consistent with the overall scope of ACT 350. This required the inclusion of all types of tanks—rectangular, as well as circular; and reinforced concrete, as well as prestressed. [While there are currently atleast two national stan dards that provide detailed procedures forthe seismic analysis and design of liquid-containing structures, (References 17 and 18), these are limited to circular, prestressed concrete tanks only) [As the “loading side” of seismic design is outside the scope of Chapter 21, ACT 318, it was decided to maintain this practice in ACT 350 as well. Accordingly, the basi scope, format, and Imandetory language of Chapter 21 of ACI 318 were retained ‘with only enough revisions to adapt the chapter to environmen- tal engineering structures. Tis approach offers at east two ad- ‘vantages: a) Itallows ACI 350 to maintain ACI318’s practice of limiting its seismic design provisions tthe “resistance side" only; and (b) it makes it easier to update these seismic provi- sions so as to keep up with te frequent changes and improve- ‘ments in the field of seismic hazard analysis and evaluation. The seismic force levels and Ry-factors included herein pro- vide results at allowable stress levels, such as are included for seismic design in the 1994 Uniform Building Code. When comparing these provisions with other documents defining ‘eet documents, they shal be ested in mandatory langage for necrpre ‘on by the AschiseeVEginer ‘ACT 3S03.01/350.38-0 became elective on December 11,2001 Copyright © 2001, American Consete Insti Allright reserved inclding rights of reprodacton and use i ny foam cocty any means, including the veating of copies by any photo process, or [byany clonic or mectanical device inte or writen rl or tec ing for sounder visual production or foruse in any nowledge or eel stem or device unless persion in wating i Obtained fem he cpy- Fight propriton.350.9/350.3R-2 seismic forces at strength lovels (for example, the 1997 Uni- form Building Code or the 2000 Intemational Building Code), the seismic forces herein should be increased by the applicable factors to derive comparable forces at strength levels. ‘The user should note the following general design methods used herein, which represent some of the key differences in aethods relative to traditional methodologies used, such asin Reference 3: (1)Instoad of assuming rigid tank directly acel- ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY ‘erated by ground acceleration, this documents assumes ampli- fication of response due to natural frequency of the tank; (2) this document includes the response modification factor; (3) rather than combining impulsive and convective modes by al- sgebraic sum, this document combines these nodes by square oot-sum-of-the-squares; (4) this document includes the effects of vertical acceleration; and (5) this document includes an ef- fective mass coefficient, applicable to the mass of the walls.‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES CONTENTS CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: 350.3/950.3R-5 1.4—Scope 1.2—Notation .350,3/350.3R-11 CHAPTER 2—TYPES OF LIQUID-CONTAINING STRUCTURES. 2.1—Ground-supported structures 2.2—Pedestal-mounted structures CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN..350.3/350.3R-13 '8.1—Dynamic characteristics '3.2—Design toads 3.3—Dosign requioments CHAPTER 4—EARTHQUAKE DESIGN LOADS... 1 350.3/350.3R-15, 4.1—Earthquake pressures above base 4.2—Application of site-specific response specira CHAPTER 5—EARTHQUAKE LOAD DISTRIBUTION. 1» 350.3/350.3R-21 5.A—General 5.2—Shear transfer 5.3—Dynamic force distribution above base CHAPTER 6—STRESSES...... .350.3/350.3R-27 6.1—Rectangular tanks 6.2—Circular tanks CHAPTER 7—FREEBOARD .. .--350.3/350.3R-29 7.4—Wave oscilation CHAPTER 8—EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED EARTH PRESSURES .........350.3/350.3R-31 8.1—General 8.2Limitations 8.3—Alternative methods 350.9/950.3R-3| 350.3/350.3R-4 ‘ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY CHAPTER 9—DYNAMIC MODEL. 1»1.350.3/350.3R-33 9.1—General 9.2—Rectangular tanks (Type 1) 8.3~Circular tanks (Type 2) 8.4—-Spectral amplification factors Cyand CG, 9.5—Etfective mass coeficient ¢ '9.6—Pedestal- mounted tanks CHAPTER 10—COMMENTARY REFERENCES. -350.3/350.3R-49 APPENDIX A—DESIGN METHOD...... -350.3/350.3R-51 ‘A.1—General outline of design method‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES — 350.3/950.3R-5 CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS STANDARD 1.1—Scope This document describes procedures for the design of liquid-containing concrete structures subjected to seis- mic loads. These procedures shall be used in aocar- dance with Chapter 21 of ACI 350-01 1.2—Notation Ac = spectral acceleration, expressed as a frac- tion of the acceleration due to gravy, 9. from a site-spectic rasponse spectrum, corresponding to the natural period of the first (convective) mode of sloshing, Te, at 0.5% of critical damping A; = spectral accaleration, expressed as a trac- tion of the acceleration due to gravity, 9, from a site-specific response spectrum, corresponding to the natural period of the tank and the impulsive component of the stored liquid, T;, at 5% of critical damping cross-sectional area of base cable, strand, or conventional reinforcement, in.® (mm?) Ay ‘spectral acceleration, expressed as a frac- tion of the acceleration due to gravity, g, from a site-spectic response spectrum, corresponding to the natural period of vibra tion of vertical motion, T,, of the tank and the stored liquid, at 5% of critical damping b= atio of vertical to horizontal design accel- ‘ration B= inside length of a rectangular tank, perpen- dioular to the direction of the earthquake force, ft (m) oriod-dependent spectral amplification factor (Ce, C;, of Cyas defined below) C_ = petiod-dependent "spectral amplifeation factor for the horizontal motion of the con- Voctive component (for 0.5% of critical damping) (Eq. (9-33)) COMMENTARY Ri1—Scope ‘This document isa companion document to Chapter 21 of the American Conerete Institute Committee code 350, “Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI 350-01) and Commentary (350R-01). This document provides direction to the designer oflquid- containing concrete structures for computing seismic forces that are to be applied to the particular structure, The designer should also consider the effets of seismic Forces on compo- nents outside the scope of this document, such as piping, equipment (for example, clarifier mechanisms), and connect- ing walkways, where verical or horizontal movements between adjoining structures or surrounding backfill could adversely influence the ability of the structure to function properly. Moreover, seisinic forces applied at the interface of piping or walkways with the structure may also introduce appreciable flexural or shes stresses a these connections, R1.2—Notation 238350.9/350.3R-6 STANDARD C; = period-dependent spectral amplification factor for the horizontal motion of the impu- sive component (for 5% of critical damping) (Eq, (9-31) and (9-32) Cj, Cy= coefficients for determining the fundamental frequency of the tank-liquid system (see Eq. (9-24) and Fig. 8.10) C, = petiod-dependent spectral amplification factor for vertical motion of the contained liquid (Eq. (4-18) 4,dmax=_ freeboard (sloshing height) measured from the liquid surface at rest, ft (m) D___ = inside diameter of circular tank, ft (m) EBP = Excluding Base Pressure (datum fine just above the base ofthe tank wal) E, = modulus of olasticity of concrete, Ibfin® (MPa) E, = modulus of elasticity of cable, wire, strand, or conventional reinforcement, Ibvin.” (MPa) G, = shear modulus of elastomeric bearing pad, Ibvin.? (MPa) = acceleration due to gravity [32.17 fs? (9.807 mvis?)} he (EBP), ‘hg (IBP)= height above the base of the wall to the ‘center of gravity of the convective lateral force, ft (m) n(EBP), ‘hj (IBP}= height above the base of the wall to the center of gravity of the impulsive lateral force, ft (m) f= height from the base of the wall to the cen- ter of gravity of the tank roof, ft (mm) hy = height from the base of the wall to the cen- ter of gravity of the tank shell, ft (m) on design depth of stored liquid, ft (rm) Hy ‘wall height (inside dimension), ft (m) 1 importance factor, from Table 4(c) IBP = Including Base Pressure (datum line at the base of the tank including the elfects of the tank bottom and supporting structure) k = flexural stifiness of a unit width of a rectin- ear tank wall, tb/R? (kPa) kg = spring constant of the tank wall support system, bf (kPa) Ky active coefficient of lateral earth pressure Ky coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest L inside length ofa rectangular tank, parallel to the diecton of the earthquake force, tm) Lp = length of individual elastomeric beating pads, in. (mm) 1, = effective length of base cable or strand taken as the sleeve length plus 35 times the strand diameter, in. (mm) m= mase-= mys Ma bl (N2/m*) ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY COMMENTARY EEBP refers to the hydrodynamic design in which it is neves- sary to compute the overtuming ofthe watl with respect tothe tank floor, excluding base pressure (that is, excluding the pressure on the floor itself). EBP hydrodynamic design is used to determine the need for hold-downs in non-fixed base tanks. EBP is also used in determining the design pressure acting on walls. (For explanation, see Reference 3) k= asdefined in R9.2.4, ft (m) IBP refers to the hydrodynamic design in which itis neces- sary (0 investigate the overtuming of the entire structure With respect to the foundation. IBP hydrodynamic design is used to determine the design pressure acting on the tank floor and the underlying foundation. This pressure is trans- ferred directly either fo the subgrade or to other supporting structural elements. IBP accounts for moment effects due 10 dynamic fluid pressures on the bottom of the tank by increasing the effective vertical moment arm to the applied forces. (For explanation, see Reference 3)‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES — 350.3/350.3R-7 STANDARD COMMENTARY m; = impulsive mass of contained liquid per unit Width of a rectangular tank wall, Ib-s%/ ft? {kN.s?/m4) My = mass per unit width of a rectangular tank wall, ts? (kN sim") Mp = bending moment on the entire tank cross section just above the base of the tank wall, fl (N.m) M, = overtuming moment at the base of the tank including the tank bottom and supporting structure, tb (kN.m) Ney = in circular tanks, hoop force at liquid tevel y, due to the convective component of the accelerating liquid, pounds per foot of wall height (ktm) Nyy = in circular tanks, hydrodynamic hoop force at liquid level y, due to the effect of vertical acceleration, pounds per foot of wall height | | | | (kN/m) | | S My = incircular tanks, hoop force at liquid level y, due to the impulsive component of the accelerating liquid, pounds per foot of wall height (km) Ny = in circular tanks, total effective hoop force ‘ at liquid level y, pounds per foot of wall height (kN/mn} = incircular tanks, hoop force at liquid level y due to the inertia force of the accelerating wall mass, pounds per foot of wall height (nv) Poy = unit ateral dynamic convective pressure distib- uted horizontally at liquid level , Ib? (kPa) Py = unit ateal dynamic impulsive pressure dist uted horizontally at liquid level , Ib? (kPa) Pay = unit lateral inertia force due to wall dead weight, distributed horizontally at Kiqui level y, teu (kPa) Pry = unit equivalent hydrodynamic pressure due to the effect of vertical acceleration, at fiq- uid level y, above the base of the tank (Py = Gy X Gpy), Ibi? (kPa) P. = total lateral convective force associated i with We, 1b (KN) : Poy = lateral convective force due to We, per unit height of the tank wall, occurring at liquid level y, pounds per ft. of wall height (kN/m) | Ph = total hydrostatic force ocourring on length 8 For a schematic representation of P, see Fig RS. of a rectangular tank or diameter Dot a cir- ‘oular tank, Ib (KN) Phy = lateral hydrostatic force per unit height of | the tank wall, occurring at liquid fevel y, pounds per fof wall height (kNim) P= total lateral impulsive force associated with W), Ib (eN) Py = lateral impulsive force due to Wj, per unit height of the tank wall, occurring at level y ‘above the tank base, pounds per foot of wall aight (kN/m) |350.3/350.3R-8 Gry we STANDARD lateral inorta force of the accelerating roof, Wr, Ib (KN) ina rectangular tank, lateral inertia force of ‘one accelerating wall (Wj), perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake force, tb sy) lateral inertia force of the accelerating wall, Wy 1B (KN) lateral inertia force due 10 Wy, per unit hoight of the tank wall, occuring at level y above the tank base, pounds per foot of wall height (kim) combined horizontal force (due to the impulsive and convective components of the accelerating liquid; the walls inert and the hydrodynamic pressure due to the vertical acceleration) at a helght y above the tank base, pounds per foot of wall height (ktven) unit hydrostatic pressure at quid level y above the tank base (diy = 1. (Hi ~ Yl tot? Pa) inside radius of citcular tank, ft (m) response modification factor, a numerical coefficient representing the combined effect, of the structure's duciity, energy-dissipat- ing capacity, and structural redundancy (Rye for the convective component of the accelerating liquid; Ryy for the impuisive component) from Table 4(d) seconds site profile coefficient representing the soi characteristics as they pertain to the struc- ture, from Table 4(b) center-io-center spacing of elastomeric bearing pads, in. (mm) center-to-center spacing between individual bbase cable loops, in. (mm) thickness of elastomeric bearing pads, in. (mm) ‘average wall thickness, in. (mm) natural period of the first (convective) mode ‘of sloshing, s fundamental period of oscitation ofthe tank (plus the impulsive component of the con- tents), 3 natural period of vibration of vertical tiquid motion, s effective spectral acceleration from an inelastic vertical response spectrum, as defined by Eq. (4-15), that is derived by scaling from an elastic horizontal response ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY COMMENTARY unit shea force in circlar tanks, h/t total membrane (tangential) shear force at the base of a circular tank, 1b (eN) in circular tanks, hydrostatic hoop force at liq- uid level y Quy = dhy X RD, pounds per foot of wall height (Nim) ® = spectral displacement, ft (m)SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES — 350.3/360.3R-9 STANDARD spectrum, expressed as a fraction of the acceleration due to gravity, 9 total horizontal base shear, Ib (kN) Width of elastomeric beating pad, in. (mm) equivalent mass of the convective compo- rent of the stored liquid, fo (kN) effective dynamic mass of the tank struc- ture (walls and roof) (We= (eMy+ W,)), Ib (kN) equivalent mass of the impulsive compo- Tent of the stored liquid, tb (kN) total mass of the stored liquid, Ib (kN) mass of the tank roof, plus superimposed load, plus applicable portion of snow load ‘considered as dead load, Ib (kN) mass of the tank wall (shel), Ib (KN) in a rectangular tank, the mass of one wall perpendicular to the direction of the earth- ‘quake force, 1b (kN) liquid tovel at which the wall is being investi- gated (measured from tank base), ft) seismic zone factor, from Table 4(a) angle of base cable or strand with horizon- tal, degrees percent of critical damping specific weight of concrete, [150 Ib/R° (23.56 kNim?} for standard-weight concrete] specific weight of contained liquid, ibm? (kNim3) specific weight of water, 62.43 Ib/ft® (9.807 kNim?) effective mass coefficient (ratio of equiva- lent dynamic mass of the tank shell to its actual total mass), Eq. (9-34) and (9-35). polar coordinate angle, degrees coefficient as defined in 9.2.4 and 9.3.4 mass density of concrete [4.66 Ib-s%/it* (2.40 kN.s%/m') for standard-weight concrete] mass density of the contained liquid (p;, = U9), o-s*/ fe (kN.s2/m*) mass donsity of water [1.04 tb-s%t* (1.0 KN.s%/m*)] membrane (hoop) stress in wall of citcular tank at quid tevel y, bvin? (MPa) circular frequency of oscillation of the first (convective) mode of sloshing, rad/s circular frequency of the impulsive mode of vibration, rad/s COMMENTARY “Bquivalent mass", ity.g In the ST system, “equivalent mass", “ 9.80665 tnls? 1000 = EN MeeTy = coefficients as defined in R42 For @ see Fig. RS.1 and RS.2 mass x acceleration due to grav- mass (kg) x 290950.9/950.3R-10, ‘ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY Notes‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES — 350.3/950.3R-11 CHAPTER 2—TYPES OF LIQUID-CONTAINING STRUCTURES STANDARD 2.1—Ground-supported structures Structures in this category include rectangular and cit- ‘cular liquid-containing concrete structures, on-grade and below grade, 2.1.1—Ground-supported liquid-containing structures are classified according to this section on the basis of the following characteristics: General configuration (rectangular or circular) Wall-base joint type (fixed, hinged, or flexible base) Method of construction (reinforced or pro- stressed concrete) 1. Rectangular tanks ‘Type 1.1 Fixed base ‘Type 1.2 Hinged base 2, Circular tanks Type 2.1 Fixed base 2.1(1) Reinforced concrete 2.1(2) Prestressed concrete Type 2.2 Hinged base 2.2(1) Reinforced concrete 2.2(2) Prestressed concrete Type 2.3, 2.3(1) Anchored 2.3(@) Unanchored, contained 2.3(8) Unanchored, uncontained 2.2—Pedestal-mounted structures Structures in this category include liquid-containing structures mounted on cantilever-type pedestals. COMMENTARY R2.1—Ground-supported structures For basic configurations of ground-supported, liquid-con- taining structures, see Fig, R2.1 R21.1—The classifications of 2.1.1 are based on the wall- ‘o-footing connection details a ilustrated in Fig, R2.2 With any one of the tank types covered under this report, the floor may be a membrane-type slab, a raft foundation, or 2 structural slab supported on piles. ‘The tank roof may be a free-span dome or column-sup- ported lat slab; or the tank may be open-topped. RECTANGULAR TANK fo PLAN CIRCULAR TANK Fig. R2.1—~Typical tank configurations (adapted from Ref- erence 4)950.3/350.3R-12 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY COMMENTARY Closure .—Tank Wal Typ) stp Hold Downs Dowels 2 ine yp) Gr required i FIXED HINGED OR PINNED TYPE 1.10R2.1 TYPE 1.20R2.2 NONFLEXIBLE BASE CONNECTIONS Seismic Cables ar Anchors (Typ) Flexible Contain- Flexible base pad rent Pads (Typ) (CEE EEE eee IEEE Eee ANCHORED UNANCHORED, CONTAINED FLEXIBLE BASE FLEXIBLE BASE FLEXIBLE BASE TYPE 2.3(1) TYPE 2.312) TYPE 2.368) FLEXIBLE BASE CONNECTIONS Fig. R2.2—Types of ground-supported, liquid-containing structures classified on the basis oftheir wall-to-footing connection details (base waterstops not shown). a‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES | 350.3/350.3R-13, CHAPTER 3 — GENERAL CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN STANDARD COMMENTARY 3.1—Dynamic characteristics “The dynamic characteristics of liquid-containing struc- tures shall be derived in accordance with either Chap- ter 9 or a more rigorous dynamic analysis that accounts for the interaction between the structure and the contained liquid. 3.2—Design loads The loads generated by the design earthquake shall ws be computed in accordance with Chaptor 4 3.3—Design requirements 3.3.1—The walls, floors and root of liquid-containing structures shall be designed to withstand the effects of both the design horizontal acceleration and the design vertical acceleration combined with the effects of the applicable design static loads. 3.3.2With regards to the horizontal acoeleration, the design shall take into account: the effects ofthe transfor of the total base shear between the wall and the footing, ‘and between the wall and the roof; and the dynamic, pressure acting on the wall above the base, 3.3.3—Effects of maximum horizontal and vertical acceleration shall be combined by the square root of the sum of the squares method.950.9/950.9R-14 ‘ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY Notes‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3/350.3R-15, CHAPTER 4—EARTHQUAKE DESIGN LOADS STANDARD 4.1—Earthquake pressures above base ‘The walls of liquid-containing structures shall be designed for the following dynamic forces in adcition to the static pressures: (a) inertia forces Pyy and P,; (b) hydrodynamic impulsive pressure P; trom the con- tained liquid; (c) hydrodynamic convective pressure Pe {rom the contained liquid; (d) dynamic earth pressure from saturated and unsaturated soils against the bur- ied portion of the wall; and (e) the effects of vertical acceleration. 4,1.1—Dynamic lateral forces ‘The dynamic lateral forces above the base shall be determined as follows: Wy Py = ZICH (et) Pal = 2510 «2M (ta) Pui W, z8iC x qt (4-2) (4-3) 4) Where applicable, the lateral forces due to tho dynamic earth and ground water pressures against the buried portion of the wails shall be computed in accor- dance with the provisions of Chapter 8. 4.1.2—Total base shear, general equation ‘The base shear due to seismic forces applied at the bottom of the tank wall shall be determined by the fol- owing equation: Va [(Pp+ yt Pp + PE (45) COMMENTARY R4,1—Earthquake pressures above base ‘The general equation for the total base shear normally ‘encountered in the earthquake-design sections of governing, building codes, {v ae. x w| is modified in Eq. (4-1) through (4-4) by replacing the term W with the four effective masses: the effective mass of the tank wall, €W,,, and roof, W,; the impulsive component of the liquid mass Wy; and the convec- tive component W,. Because the impulsive and convective coinponents are notin phase with ezch other, normal prac- tice i to combine ther using the square root ofthe sum of the squares method (Eq, (4-5) ‘The general equation for base shear is also modified in Eq, G-1) through (4-4) by the soil profile coefficient S in accor dance with Table 4(), ‘The imposed ground motion is represented by an elastic response spectrum that is either derived from an actual earthquake record forthe site, or is constructed by analogy to sites with known soil and seismic characteristics. The profile ofthe response spectrum is defined by the product, ZC. Factor Z (Table 4(a)) represents the maximum effective peak ground acceleration forthe site, while C is a period. dependent spectral-amplification factor. In Ba, (4-1) to (4-4) factor € is represented by C; and C,, corresponding to the responses of the impulsive and convective components, respectively Factor 1 provides a means for the engineer to increase the factor of safety for the categories of structures described in Table 4(¢). (See also Reference 1, Section R21.2.1.7). The response modification factors Rye and Ry reduce the elastic response spectrum (o account for the structure's ductility, cenergy-dissipating propertics, and redundancy (Reference 1, Section R21.2.1). The resulting inelastic response spectrum is represented by ZISCIR,.350.9/350.3R-16 STANDARD Where applicable, the lateral forces due to dynamic earth and ground water pressures against the buried portion of the walls shall be included in the determina- tions of the total base shear V 4.1.3—-Moments at base, general equation ‘The moments due to seismic forces at the base of the tank shall be determined by Eq. (4-10) and (4-13). Bending moment on the entire tank cross section just above the base of the tank wall (EBP): My = Py x hy (4-6) en (48) (4-9) My = [M+ M+ M,)? + ME (4-10) Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including the tank bottom and supporting structure (IBP): My = PyX hy (48) M, = Px, (47) My = Px hi (ett) MJ = P.xh, (a-t2) My = [My + M+ M,) + ME (4-13) Where applicable, the effect of dynamic soil and ‘ground water pressures against the buried portion of the walls shall be included in the determination of the ‘moments at the base of the tank. 4.1.4—Vertical acceleration 4.1.4.1—The tank shall be designed for the effects of vertical acceleration. In the absence of a site-specific response spectrum, the ratio b of the vertical to hori- zontal acceleration shall not be less than 2/3. 4.1.4.2—The hydrostatic load dy from the tank con- tents shall be multiplied by the spectral acceleration di, to account for the effect of the vertical acceleration. ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY COMMENTARY Energy Method: An energy method of dynamic analysis ‘may be used instead of the base-shear spprosch of 4.1 for sizing earthquake cables and base pad for flexible base joints (4... 00) R4.L.4Vertical acceleration ‘The effective Muid pressure will be increased or decreased due to the effects of vertical acceleration. Similar changes in effective weight of the concrete structure may also be considered.‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES —350.3/950.3R-17 STANDARD The resulting hydrodynamic pressure Phy shall be computed as follows Phy = By Gy 14) where a, = zs02 (615) For rectangular tanks, C= 1.0 For circular tanks, = 125 2.78 oy= Hass (16) where za DHE ™ T, = 2x. pagte, (4-17) DHE Ty = 2x LDH ins} eystom (7, = 2a, PE in Sl eytom] 4,2—Application of site-specific response spectra 4.2.1—Site-specific elastic response spectra shall be constructed for ground motions having @ maximum 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years and 5% damping (damping ratio B = 5) for the impulsive com- ponent, and 0.5% damping (damping ratio B = 0.5) for the convective component. 4.2.2—Where site-specific elastic response spectra are used, the force equations (4-1), (4-2), (4-8) and (4- 4) shall be modified by substituting 4, corresponding to T, for ZSC; and Ac, corresponding to To, for ZSCqi and Eq. (4-15) shall be modified by substituting Ay, corresponding to Ty for ZSC,. The computed forces shall not be less than 80% of those obtained by using Eq, (4-1), (4-2), (4-8), (44), (4-6) or (4-15). COMMENTARY 290 R4.2—Application of site-specific response spectra R4.2.1—In Seismic Zone 4, site-specific response spectra ‘are normally used. R4.2.2—A, is the spectral acceleration in gs, corresponding. to the natural period of horizontal motion, 7, of the tank and the impulsive component of the stored liquid, and obtained from a site-specific response spectrum at 5% of critical damping. Ay is the spectral acceleration in gs, corresponding to he ‘natural period of vibration of vertical motion, 7, of the tank ‘and the stored liquid, and obtained from a site-specific response spectrum at 5% of critical damping, ‘When the available site-specific response spectrum is for a damping rato B other than 5% of critical, the period-depen- dent spectral accelerations A; or A, given by such site-spe- cific spectrum should be modified by the factor 7 to account for the influence of damping on the spectcal ampli- fication as follows (see Reference 11)950.9/350.3R-18 ‘ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY STANDARD COMMENTARY For0s<(T;orT,) <0.31s, 2.706 T38- Lotnp For031s<(TjorT,)<40s, 2.302 "* 338—0.67InB For B=5%,1y= 1.0 Ac is the spectral acceleration in gs comesponding to the period 7, of the first (convective) mode of sloshing, and obtained from a site-specific response spectrum at 0.5% of, critical damping. When the available site-specific response spectrum is for a damping ratio B other than 0.5% of critical, the period. dependent spectral acceleration A, given by that spectrum should be modified by the ratio 7, to account for the influ- cence of damping on the spectral amplification as follows nee ee. \s * 273—045InB ForB=05%,n,= 10 For site-specific response spectra drawn on a tripartite loga- rithmic scale, the design spectral acceleration A. can also be derived by using the relationship Ae Sas) «9 i (he) HE where Sp is the spectral displacement corresponding to 7, Ciined direlly fom the site-specific specu in the range T= 46 ‘The use of a site-specific response spectrum represents one specific case of an “accepted alternate method of analysis” permitted in Chapter 21, Section 21.2.1.6, of ACI 350-01 ‘Therefore, the 80% lower limit imposed in 4.2.2 should be considered the same as the limit imposed in Section .2.1.6(a) of ACE 350-01.SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES —350.3/350.3R-19 STANDARD Table 4(a}Seismic zone factor Z° Table 4(¢)—Importance factor) ana ‘Seismic map zone! Factor Z BSE Eee meee Eee [eee _——e oe “Tanks containing hazardous materials 15, —i@_ “Tank tat ar hbnded romain eis for energy] 2 a8 Gieeeteracaiicueranc tata aa | 125 3 03 ‘Allother tanks 10) a 04 ‘ceo reno an eS omens woes Te gigicane nao Zena patos eawikacee eee gstguomonto te pasta oan cabal ne Sane en (EBA) covespondng 05 gre maton bag 9908 pooeSay ora bona excooded a 50-year petod = eee ig. 4 Table 4(b}—Soil profile coefficient $ ‘Seat ca ‘Table 4(d)—Response modification factor Ry, Bee Sa rote desapton Tpectncue | aogde | outed | Ae |pceulctysetsargove vga gory en 20 eros towense Tas [ast | 10 * EraOiadndemodnsemes| \° ()fsek otegomewiata| a | 42 | is zoo 0 S60 asuesiniad irencores eqwanesr | 20 | ars | 10 8 ldorecormedomut waifan osdons, mete] 1.2 (@ evades [30 = 5 Ine seit depth exceeds 200 t (60 360 mn. I sl pote contsring more than 20 f (6098 min) © ef sottio mediymstf clay borat more than 0 | 1.5 (292 0m) of sot cay SG proleconsining more han 10 (12 168 frumjotson day enarationzedy asneerwave | 20 oy fae tan 800 fs (1824 mis) Hee The sto facor sal be esmblshed om propeay Sbaaraad “gas, cations wha be tol popes ae not known SS Pet ‘Gen dla dota thea poe Typo salt wud Se Profle Food not be aeaumod unico he bulking ef determinants ol ProtieD ROVE cet ae le, tw oa a So re asnes oY “Ses tak tied a aan Psa mex veo race at elie a or bolo ground lve Fe pari Sured t,he Fy valve may bo nay \Feppatie between thal Shown fr aon grade, a or ied tn "fqe= 45 ls the maxon gv poi o be wed fray Hone toting omrevae ctr, nance, encniained tanks ray net be Bit Zones 28 or ihe.‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES —350.3/350.3R-21 CHAPTER 5—EARTHQUAKE LOAD DISTRIBUTION STANDARD 5.1—General In the absence of a more rigorous analysis that takes into account the complex vertical and horizontal varia- tions in hydrodynamic pressures, liquid-containing structures shall be designed for the following dynamic shear and pressure distributions in addition to the static load distributions: 5.2—Shear transfer 5.2.1—Rectangular tanks The wall-to-fioor, wall-to-wall, and wall-to-roof joints of rectangular tanks shall be designed for the earthquake shear forces on the basis of the following shear-trans- fer mechanism: Walls perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake force shall be analyzed as slabs subjected to the hort zontal pressures computed in §.3. The shears along the bottom and side joints, and the top joint in case of a root- ‘covered tank, shall correspond to the slab reactions. ‘Walls parallel to the direction of the earthquake force shall be analyzed as shear walls subjected to the in- plane forces computed in 5.3. $.2.2—Circular tanks The wal-to-footing and wall-to-roof joints shall be designed for the earthquake shear forces. COMMENTARY R5.2— Shear transfer (Reference 13) ‘The horizontal earthquake force V generates shear forces between the wall and footing, and the wall and roof. RS.2.1—Rectangular tanks ‘Typically, the distribution of forces and wall reactions in ret angular tank walls willbe similar to that shown in Fig, R52 24d RS.2.2—Cireular tanks In fixed- and hinged-base circular tanks (Types 2.1 and 2.2), the earthguake base shear is transmitted partially by mem- brane (tangential) shear and the rest by radial shear that causes vertical bending, For a tank with a heightto-diameter ratio of 1:4 (D/H, = 4.0), approximately 20% of the earth- {quake shear force is transmitted by the radial base reaction to vertical bending. The remaining 80% is transmitted by tangential shear transfer Q. To transmit this tangential shear, , adistributed shear foree g is required at the wallfooting interface, where = Zine 1? aR ‘The distribution i illostrated in Fig, RSL ‘The maximum tangential shear occuts ata point on the tank950.3/350.3R-22 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY STANDARD COMMENTARY wall oriented 90 degrees to the design earthquake dicection being evaluated, and is given by sy mex = ER RR ‘The radial shear is created by the flexural response of the wall near the base, and is therefore proportional to the hydrodynamic forces shown in Fig. RS.2. The radial shear attains its maximum value at points on the tank wall ori- ented 0 and {80 degrees to the ground motion and should be determined using cylindrical shell theory and the tank dimensions. The design of the wall-footing interface should take the radial shear into account. In general, the wall-footing interface should have reinforce rment designed to transmit these shears through the joint. Alternatively, the wall may be located in ¢ preformed slot in the ring beam footing. In anchored, flexible-base, circular tanks (Type 2.3(1) itis ‘assumed that the entire base shear is transmitted by mem- brane (tangential) shear with only insignificant vertical bending. = 1.0V, and I! max =2-¥ ' aR Tn tank Types 2.3(2) and 2.3(3) itis assumed that the base shear is tansmitted by friction only. If friction between the ‘wall base and the footing, or between the wall base and the 1 bearing pads, is insufficient to resist the earthquake shear, some form of mechanical restraint such as dowels, galva- nized steel cables, or preformed slots may be required. i Failure to provide a means for shear transfer around the cit- ccumnference may result in sliding of the wall, ‘When using preformed slots, vertical bending moments induced in the wall by shear should be considered. ‘The roof-to-wall joint is subject fo earthquake shear from the horizontal acceleration of the roof. Where dowels are provided to transfer this shear, the distribution will be the ‘ same as shown in Fig. RS.1 with maximum shear given by _ 08P, ‘ Aner = ER ‘where P, is the force from the horizontal acceleration of the roof, For tanks with roof overhangs, the concrete lip ean be designed to withstand the earthquake force. Because the‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES —360.2/350.3R-23 STANDARD COMMENTARY roof is free to side on top of the wall, the shear transfer will take place over that poction of the circumference where the lip overhang comes into contact with the wall. Typically, the distribution of forces and wall reactions in circular tanks will be similar to that shown in Fig. RS.2 but reacting on only half of the circumference. The maximum reaction force will be given by: Distribution of| ‘baseshear v Diecionot if ‘eismie force Fig. R5.1—Membrane shear transfer at the base of circular tanks (adapted from Reference 13), ‘Tela Hatt Leng alt Rectangular Tank Fig, R5.2—Hydrodynamic pressure distribution in tank walls (adapted from References 3 and 13).i -950.3/950.9R-24 STANDARD 5.3—Dynamic force distribution above base 5.3.1—Rectangular tanks Walls perpendicular to the earthquake force and in the leading haif of the tank shail be loaded perpendicular to their plane (dimension 8) by: (a) the wall’s own iner- tia force Pz; (b) one-half the impulsive force Pj; and (@) one-half the convective force Po. Walls perpendicular to the earthquake force and in the trailing haif of the tank shall be loaded perpendicular to their plane (dimension 6) by: (a) the walls own inortia force P,y; (b) one-half the impulsive force P;; (c) one- half the convective force, Pg; and (d) the dynamic earth and ground water pressure against the buried portion of the wall ‘Walls parallel to the direction of the earthquake force shall be loaded in their plane (dimension L) by: (a) the vwall’s own in-plane inertia force Py; and (b) the in- plane forces corresponding to the edge reactions from the abutting wails). ‘Superimposed on these lateral unbalanced forces shall be the lateral hydrodynamic force resulting from the hydrodynamic pressure due to the effect of vertical ‘acceleration Pyy acting on each wall 5.3.2—Combining dynamic forces for rectangular tanks “The hydrodynamic force at any given height y from the base shall be determined by the following equation Pay + Pay) + P8y + (Py XB (51) where applicable, the effect of the dynamic earth and ‘ground water pressures against the buried portion of the waits shall be included. ‘ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY COMMENTARY RS.3—Dynamic force distribution above base RS3.1—Reetangular tanks ‘The vertical distribution, per foot of wall height, of the dynamic forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the wall ‘ay be assumed as shown below in Fig. RS.3 (adapted from Reference 13, Section 2.2.9.5), and Fig. R54 Convective Inpuisive vot Exact ofstnibution = Lear opproxination Py = i Polat 6h, -(6H- 14x(Z)] py - Figure RS.3—Vertical force distribution: rectangular tanks. ‘The horizontal distribution of the dynamic pressures across the wall width B, is P, P. = fa = be Pu = Py = Pa Py = = Pry =H y It should be noted thatthe dynamic force on the leading half of the tank will be additive to the hydrostatic force on the wall, and the dynamic force on the trailing balf of the tank ‘will reduce the effects of hydrostatic force on the wall | | | i‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.9/350.3R-25 COMMENTARY UNIT “SLICE” ‘OF WALL HEIGHT (TyP) ag nie Rogie ke ur RESULTANT FORCE @ HEIGHT y = 4 ,-y>mB RESULTANT FORCE @ HEIGHT y «RSD | a is Pes | wt 4, = wit ag aa HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES Say TLF R FROM E@c4-a> Ryo RESULTANT FORCE @ HEIGHT y 33.7 Fup RESULTANT FORCE @ HEIGHT y «R53. n Unie g =i es ap unit «fer asan ye cy B IMPULSIVE PRESSURES», CONVECTIVE PRESSURES p_, Fig. RS 4-Distribuion of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures and inertia forces on the wall ofa rectangular liguid con: taining structure (adapted from Reference 14).350.3/350.3R-26 STANDARD 5.3.3—Circular tanks ‘The cylindrical walls of circular tanks shall be loaded by {@) the walls own inertia force distributed uniformly around the entire circumference; (b) one-hatf the impul- sive force, Py applied symmetrical about @ = 0 and act- ing outward on one half of the wall, and one-half P; symmetrically about @ = m-and acting inward on the ‘opposite haif of the wall; (c) one-half the convective force, Pe, acting on one-half of the wall symmetrical about @ = 0 and one-half P, symmetrical about @ = and acting inward on the opposite half of the wall; and (@) the dynamic earth and ground water pressure against the trailing half ofthe buried portion of the wall ‘Superimposed on these lateral unbalanced forces shall be the axisymmetric lateral hydrodynamic force resulting from the hydrodynamic pressure Ppy acting ‘on the tank wall. ‘ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY COMMENTARY RS3.3_Circular tanks ‘The vertical distribution, per foot of wall height, of the ‘dynamic forces acting on one half of the wall may be assumed as shown below and in Fig. RS.2 Comective ——_inpulsive watt wert Exact aistetaution Lineor eparonine tion = Ee dor cosas all For upd wa modify accordingly) Saat —6n (61,124) (2)] 'y i * (6H, - 12h) «(2 J] 7 Figure R5.5-—Vertical force distribution: circular tanks. ‘The horizontal distribution of the dynamic pressure across the tank diameter D may be assumed as follows: P, 16P, ofa = MPa Pay = Poy = Sug X88 2B, Pry = TEx cos Pry = laySEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3/350.3R-27 CHAPTER 6—STRESSES STANDARD 6.1—Rectangular tanks ‘The vertical and horizontal bending stresses and shear stresses in the wall and wall base due to lateral ‘earthquake forces shall be computed on the basis of slab action (5.2 and 5.3), using an acceptable pres- sure distribution. 6.2—Circular tanks ‘The vertical bending stresses and shear stresses in the wall and wall base due to lateral earthquake forces shall be computed on the basis of shell action using an acceptable pressure distribution. Hydrodynamic membrane (hoop) forces in the cylindrical ‘wall corresponding to any liquid level, y above the tank ‘base shall be determined by the following equation y= sige NyyFeNB, 3M, and hoop stress (6-2) 4 ie oem) where ty = wall thickness at the level being investi ated (liquid level y) COMMENTARY R6—General In calculating the vertical bending moments in the walls of rectangular and circular tanks, the boundary conditions at the wal-to-base and wall-to-roof joints should be properly accounted for. Typical earthquake force distributions in walls of rectangular and circular tanks are presented in 5.3.1 and R533 respectively. R6.2—Circular tanks For free-base circular tanks (Type 2.3) the terms in Eq. (6-1) are defined as follows 2, Ny =Py(@0 = 0) xR = Te 16, Noy=Po(@0= 0) R= “et Nay = tly X Qty P, Ney =Pey XR = hey = Prey 2 where Quy = Thy RK For fixed- or hinged-base circular tanks (Types 2.1 and 2.2), the terms in Eq. (-1) should be modified to account for the effects of base restraint. Similarly, the terms in Eq. (6-1) should be modified to account forthe restraint of rigid wall- to-roof joints. 238950.3/350.9R-28 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY Notes‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES —350.3/350.3R-29 CHAPTER 7—FREEBOARD STANDARD 7.1—Wave oscillation Provisions shall be made to accommodate the maxi- mum wave oscilation day. generated by earthquake acceleration. COMMENTARY R7.1—Wave oscillation ‘The hotizontal earthquake acceleration causes the contained Aluid to slosh with vertical displacement of the fuid surface. ‘The maximum vertical displacement daar may be caleu- lated from the following expressions (9) ax = (L12) (ZS1X C,) rectangular ©) dex = (12) (ZSEXC,) circular where Cis the spectral amplification factor as computed in Section 94. ‘The amount of freeboard required for design wil vary. Where ‘overtopping is tolerable, no freeboant provision is necessary. Where loss of liquid should be prevented (for example, tanks for the storage of toxic liquids), or where overtopping may result in scouring of the foundation materials or cause dam- ge to pipes, roof, oF both then one or more ofthe folowing ‘measures should be undertaken: + Provide a freeboard allowance; + Design the roof structure to resist the resulting uplift pressures; and + Provide an overfiow spillway. Where site-specific response spectra are used, the maximum vertical displacement drugs may be calculated from the fol- lowing expressions (0) dae = (L/2A, = eran 5a rectangular i Sof2n" (0) dae = (D/2)IA, = wry 2(#) circular where Ae, Me, and Sp are as defined in R422950.3/950.3R-30 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY Notes‘SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3/950.9R-31 CHAPTER 8—EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED EARTH PRESSURES STANDARD 8.1—General Dynamic earth pressures shall be taken Into account ‘when computing the base shear of a partially or fully buried liquid-containing structure and when designing the walls. In computing these pressures, recognition shall be made of the existence, or lack thereof, of ground water table, K, the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, shall be used in estimating the earth pressures, unless it is demonstrated by calculation that the structure deflects sufficiently to lower the coefficient to some value between K, and K,, the active coefficient of lat- eral earth pressure. In @ pseudo-static analysis: (1) the resultant of the seismic component of the earth pressure shall be assumed to act at a point 0.6 of the earth height above the base; and (2) when part or all of the structure is below the water table, the resultant of the incremental increase in water pressure shall be assumed to act at @ point 1/9 of the water depth above the base. 8.2—Limitations In a buried tank, the dynamic backfill forces shall not bbe relied upon to reduce the dynamic effects of the stored liquid or vice versa, 8.3Alternative methods ‘The provisions of this chapter shall be permitted to be. superseded by recommendations of the project geo- technical engineer that are approved by the building official having jurisdiction COMMENTARYACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY 950.3/360.9R-32 NeSEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES | 350.3/350.3R-33, CHAPTER 9—DYNAMIC MODEL STANDARD 9.1—General The dynamic characteristics of ground-supported liq: tuid-containing structures subjected to earthquake acceleration shall be computed in accordance with 92, 9.3 and 95. ‘The dynamic characteristics of pedestal-mounted liq- uid-containing structures shall be computed in accor- dance with 9.6, 9.2—Rectangular tanks (Type 1) 9.2.1—Equivalent masses of accelerating liquid (Fig. 9.2) W, _ tanh(0.866(L/H,)1 eo) W, ~~ 0866(L7H,) We WW; = O264(L/H tann(S.16(H,/L)] (92) 9.2.2—-Height to centers of gravity (excluding base pressure, EBP [Fig. 9.3) sd For tanks with © <1.333, 4 A, ct 03) AL L For tania with 21.229, + ~ 0375 (0-4) Ay For all tanks, he 1 cosh[3.16(H,/L)]-1 (05) A, >!" 336(H,7b)sinh[3.16(F, 70) 9.2,3—Hoights to center of gravity (including base pressure, IBP [Fig. 9.4]) COMMENTARY R91—General ‘The following commentary is adapted from Reference 3: ‘The design procedures described in Chapter 4 recognize that the seismic analysis of liquid-containing structures sub- {ected toa horizontal acceleration should include the inertia forces generated by the acceleration of the structure itself; and the hydrodynamic forces generated by the horizontal acceleration of the contained liquid Figure R9.1 shows an equivalent dynamic model for caleu- lating the resultant seismic forces acting on a ground-based fluid container with rigid walls. This model has been accepted by the profession for the past 30 years. In this model, W; represents the resultant effect of the impulsive seismic pressures on the tank walls, W, represents the resultant ofthe sloshing fluid pressures In the model, W; is rigidly fastened to the tank walls at a height fy above the tank bottom, that corresponds to the location of the resultant impulsive force P,. W; moves with the tank walls a5 they respond to the ground shaking (the {uid is assumed to be incompressible). The impulsive pres- sures are generated by the seismic accelerations of the tank walls 50 that the force P; is evenly divided into a pressure force on the wall accelerating into the fluid, and 2 suction force on the wall accelerating away from the fluid. Daring an earthquake, the force P; changes direction several times per second, corresponding to the change in direction of the base acceleration; the overtuming moment generated by P; is thus frequently ineCTective in tending to overtum the tank. W, is the equivalent mass of the oscillating fluid that pro- duces the convective pressures onthe tank walls with result ant force P,, which acts at a height of hg above the tank bottom. Inthe model, W, is fesened to the tank walls by springs that produce @ period of vibration corresponding to the period of fluid sloshing. The sloshing pressures on the tank walls result ftom the fluid motion associated with the wave oscillation. The period of oscillation of the sloshing ‘depends upon the ratio of fluid depth to tank diameter and is usually several seconds. The overturning moment exerted by P. Cig. 9.1) acts for a sufficient time to tend to uplift the ‘tank wall if there is insufficient restraining weight. The forces and P, act independently and simultaneously on the tank. ‘The force P; (and its associated pressures) primarily act to stress the tank wall, whereas P, acts primarily to uplift the tank wall. The vertical vibrations of the ground are also trans- mitted to the fluid, thus producing pressures that act on the tank walls. They act to increase or decrease the hoop stresses,350.9/350.3R-34 STANDARD ie i = 0.45, (98) For tanks with £20.75, Ay Max tanh[o.066( 5] : Foralltanks, es ne oosh{a.te(“E]- 01 i. a a.0(%s) x sinn{3.16(e)) 9.2.4—Dynamic properties The structural stifiness k shall be computed on the basis of correct boundary conditions. o;= E o9) m= my, +m, (9-10) 2x 7 (@-11) o, (9-12) where d= T6GAANISTAD §— (0-13) @4 (14) [Z) 10m Fis. 95] 9.3—Circutar tanks (Type 2) 9.3.1—Equivalent masses of accelerating liquid (Fig. 9.8) ‘ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY COMMENTARY ‘The pressures and forees on a cylindrical tank are similar to, ‘but not the same as, those acting on a rectangular tank. ‘The rapid fluctuations of the force P; mean that the bending, ‘moments and stresses in the wall of a rectangular tank also vary rapidly (the effect is not like a constant force acting on the wall). The duration of the fluctuations is 10 to 15 s for earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 to 7.5. ‘The force P, fluctuates sinusoidally with a period of vibra- tion that depends on the dimensions of the tank and can be several seconds or longer. The duration of sloshing can be 20 to 40 s for earthquakes of magnitude 6,5 to 7.5. Note that the damping of the sloshing water is small, approximately 0.5% to 1% of critical damping. The sloshing increases and decreases the fluid pressure on the wall. Normally this is smaller than the impulsive effect, but if there is not enough dead load, the tank will tend to uplif. R9.2.4—Dynamie properties ‘The following equations are provided as examples for the special case of a wall of uniform thickness, be m= HL xtexp, fm, = nxtexe, in the SI system) 1 Lb x (Qttexn, = (hatte +m) (m, +m) 0.5H, and h; is obtained from Eq. (9-3) and (9 4),and Fig 93. For walls of nonuniform thickness, special analysis is required to determine my, my and h. For fixed-base, open-top tanks, flexural stiffness & may be computed using the following equation from Reference 13: *aeG)SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.9/350.9R-35 STANDARD W, ., tanh{0.866(0/H,)} W, ~~ 0.866(0/H,) i He = 0.200(0/H)tanh(9.68(H,/)] (0-16) h 93.2—Heights to centers of gravity (excluding base pressure, EBP (Fig. 9.7) roctnts win 2c t.99, = 05-0.0075( 2) (9-17) For tanks with Ae 1.333, 7 = 0375 (o18) Forall tanks, we els ama 9.3.3—Heights to centers of gravity [including base pressure, EBP (Fig. 9.8)] Fort mtn 2-<07, hy 7 8 (9-20) For tanks with 2 20.75, Hy (9-21) (9-22) COMMENTARY ‘Asan alternative to computing the natural period of vibration, Eq, (031) may be conservatively used to calculate the impul- sive forces regardless ofthe actual boundary conditions ofthe structure or structural components being analyzed.350.3/350.3R-36 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY STANDARD COMMENTARY 9.3.4—Dynamic properties R934—Dynamic properties % For tank Types 2.1 and 2.2: {9-23} Equations (9-23) and (9-24) are adapted from References 15 and 16. j Equations (9-26) and (9-27) are adapted from References 17 | (0, and 18. | Equations (9-13), (9-14), (9-29), and (9-30) are adapted at from Reference 3. at C, = Cx 10, (9-24) i | hin q [¢, = cx in the SI system) (9-25) i 7p eee (9-26) gk, but shall not exceed 1.25 s. i; aA ‘AsE,cos a =), + (2Sentet | (27) ‘Sp a{(AsE,cos’a) | /2G,wob, a [k, = 10° (Ces) ee) in the St sys- tery q a oe 28) XD a where H A = /S68gtanh[3.68(H,/D)1 (9-29) i 4 : 228. (2 a 1.22 = (3) (30) ‘rom Fig. 9.9]SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES — 350.9/350.3R-37 STANDARD 9.4—Spectral amplification factors C;, and C, ; shall be determined as follows For T<0.31 s, (@31) For T)> 0.81 5, ie (9-82) C, shall be determined as follows For T2245, = 80 x c= 8 (9-33) 9.5—-Effective mass coefficient ¢ 9.5.1—Rectangular tanks e=[ onst( 7) -o.t908( 77) + 1021] s 1.0 034) 9.5.2—Ciroular tanks oorss( 2) -osa09( 2). 1.021] <1.0,0-09 9.6—Pedestal-mounted tanks ‘The equivalent masses, W;and W., and heights to the centers of gravity fy, hg, hj, and hg of a mounted tank, shall be computed using ‘the corresponding equations of 9.2 and 9.3 for rectangular and circular tanks, respectively. ‘The dynamic properties, including periods of vibration and lateral coefficients, shall be permitted to be deter- mined on the basis of generally acceptable methods of dynamic analysis. COMMENTARY R9.4—Spectral amplification factors C; and C, Jn practice, T, will usually be greater than 2.4 s. In situa- tions where T, < 24 s, C, may be approximated using the ‘equation C, = 15x 138 = me Gyor C, may be conservatively taken as 2.75/S for any tank. R9.5—Effective mass coefficient & ‘The coefficient e represents the ratio ofthe equivalent (or generalized) dynamic mass of the tank shell to its actual total mass. Equations (9-34) and (9-35) are adapted from Reference 15. For additional information related to the effective mass coefficient, see Reference 16. R9.6—Pedestal-mounted tanks References 3 and 19 provide additional guidelines on the ‘dynamic analysis of pedestal-mounted tanks.