Life's good. Why do we feel bad?

We've tried shopping and New Age cures, making money and spending it. What's missing from our
lives.

Did you notice an outbreak of joviality and generosity last week? People beaming at you as they let
you go ahead in the bus queue, grinning as they shared your morning traffic jam, smirking through the
quarterly budget planning meeting?

No? The organisers of National Smile Week will be down in the mouth. All their efforts to perk us up
for at least seven days have run, then, into the sand of our collective scepticism.

We are a miserable lot. Four out of 10 of us think life has become worse in the past five years, more
than double the number who reckon things have improved, according to the latest ICM poll. Twelve
million of us are on anti-depressants; only a minority of us think 'people can be trusted most of the
time'; a £2 million Lottery winner, Phil Kitchen, has drunk himself to death.

'At best, people's satisfaction with life is stable, but most of the data suggests it is actually going
down,' says Professor Andrew Oswald of Warwick University, the UK's leading expert on happiness
trends. 'We seems to be feeling more miserable as time passes.'

Mix in some road/air/office/phone rage, a rise in reported incivility and a good dose of political apathy
and the misery malaise looks even starker. We live in an Eeyore England.

All this when average house prices have just blasted through the £100,000 mark, when life expectancy
continues to lengthen, mortality rates are dropping and more than a third of young people enjoy what
was once the elite privilege of higher education. We are healthy, wealthy and wise. Wages are up,
unemployment is down. In material terms, we've never had it so good. Yet we've never felt so bad.

If we seem like a nation of ingrates it may be because all the goodies that are supposed to make us
happy don't do it for us any more - even if we have yet to wake up to the fact. So, your house is worth
half a million. All you do then is worry about insurance and inheritance tax, and fester with resentment
about the one up the road that's worth twice as much because of its south-facing garden.

Karl Marx, who for all his faults knew a bit about capitalism, captured the keeping-up-with-the-
Joneses dynamic of market economies perfectly: 'A house may be large or small; as long as the
neighbouring houses are likewise small, it satisfies all the social requirements of a residence. But let
there arise next to the little house a palace and the little house shrinks to a hut.'

With mass media, the palace doesn't have to be next door - it can be beamed into our living rooms.
And the competition doesn't stop with the three-bed semi; it applies to our car, our children's clothes,
even our bodies. You might feel OK about your bum until you see Kylie's version plastered
everywhere (a commoditisation even Marx didn't predict.)

Money doesn't make most of us happy any more. Poor people, understandably, see their life
satisfaction rise with income but for most of the population in a country as affluent as ours, any jump-
start to wellbeing from a pay rise or new conservatory quickly wears off.

'I was window-shopping in the South of France recently and I saw a diamond-studded G-string,'
Oswald says. 'When we get to that stage we should realise that more money isn't getting us much more
in terms of happiness.' Harrods is currently carrying a pair of shoes priced at a cool million - imagine
if you stepped in dog shit.

Not that we've stopped trying to buy a better life. Rates of consumption continue to rise - trapping us
on what psychologists have dubbed a 'hedonic treadmill', hoping the next cycle, the next purchase, will
finally get us to the promised land.

Nic Marks, who runs the wellbeing project at the New Economics Foundation, says: 'That's the real
evil of advertising. Collectively, the adverts send a message that if only you could find and buy the
right product, you'd be happy. But it doesn't take much for people to see the futility of this in the end.'

But what about health? Surely the virtual elimination in our society of most fatal diseases, rising life-
expectancy and falling mortality should be cheering us up? Not a bit of it. All that happens, according
to Marks, is that our expectations rise just as or even more quickly.

'Objectively, our health is better on almost every count,' he says. 'But this doesn't translate into people
feeling any healthier. People are more aware of their health, so they get more anxious about it. And
they also expect the system - the NHS - to take responsibility for it.' Health-conscious means health-
anxious.

Medicine has become a victim of its own success: having massively reduced the chances of death in
childbirth, for example, people are now shocked if a life is lost - and reach for a lawyer. Obstetrics and
gynaecology have arguably done more than any other branch of medicine to improve life chances.
Death was unavoidable - now it is unacceptable. We seek financial compensation if things go wrong.

Oswald and others point to two aspects of modern life that may help to explain some of the ennui:
commuting and relationship breakdown. People who spend a long time commuting are statistically
less satisfied than others: so Stephen Byers can now also take the blame for our foul mood.

The rise in 'relationship risk' is linked to unhappiness, says Oswald. 'Divorce, or relationship
breakdown, has a profound negative impact on most people. Of course, there are good things about a
high divorce rate - greater freedom and so on, especially for women - but there is a downside, too.'

With the accepted routes to happiness - marriage, mortgage, money - either blocked or leading
nowhere, people are looking for an alternative. The hedonist option is growing in popularity: cocaine
at the weekend, as much sex with as many strangers as possible and last-minute holidays to exotic
locations.

Evangelical Christianity gives people a similar boost - it is the smiliness of those in a 'state of grace'
that so annoys others. The psychological downer after coming off God, however, is worse than that of
coming off most drugs. On the other hand, there are those looking for inner calm rather than wild
Saturday nights or ecstatic Sunday mornings. One in 20 people now hits the yoga mat - a five-fold
increase over 15 years. One in five uses natural medicines, a three-fold rise. And the number of books
published on non-Christian spirituality has just surpassed the Christian portfolio.

'The increases in these sorts of activities are indicators of people looking for something different, of
feeling restless,' says Marks. 'But you have to set against them the data suggesting television-watching
is on the rise: there are as many people sinking into apathy and passivity as there are searching out
new solutions.'
We are unlikely to find a magic bullet for happiness - after all, some of the world's greatest minds have
been pondering these questions for millennia. The answer to the question of happiness may be more
prosaic: once countries and households are free of material need (if not of material 'want'), the biggest
contributor to life satisfaction seems to be a healthy set of personal relationships.

'There is a lot of nostalgia for the perceived "good old days",' Melanie Howard, co-director of the
Future Foundation, says. 'But what we do know is that social networks, plus the time to enjoy them,
are hugely important. People with lots of money may not feel any better, in part because they spend all
their time making their money or commuting to and from the place where they make it.'

We want more out of life, but the number of hours in the day remains fixed. The relative happiness of
late teenagers and those passing middle age may relate to their spending more time on friendships. The
thirtysomethings, fighting on the two fronts of work and children, are the most fed up. Howard warns
that those between full-time education and retirement may be spending more time on the activities
they think will make them happy - earning and spending - than on those that actually will: spending
time with friends and family.

This friend-shaped gap explains the American paradox - why the residents of the richest nation in the
world are so glum - according to Professor Robert E. Lane at Yale University. 'There is a kind of
famine of warm interpersonal relations, of easy-to-reach neighbours, of encircling, inclusive
memberships, and of solid family life,' he says.

The secret of happiness? Not money. So leave the lawn, forget your investments and call in sick
tomorrow. Do yourself a favour. Phone a friend.
Richard Reeves from The Guardian