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− −
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&
− &
=

) %% ∈ &
− &
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*! ) + + % " !

,- . + / +
#
,$ . +
" !0 " ! = = +∞ = +∞ " '! = '
+∞ +∞

, ( + + #
, $1 / + '

= + + + ### + + " = − + + ### + "− ! + "
& &

&2 2 ! &2 2 !
& + & +&
$ = + 2 + ### + " & + !2 + " !

!) + + % " !

,- . + / + #
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,3 ( +
+
+ 4 +∞4 #
, $1 + '
= + &2 + ### + " & !2 + "
& & &
!
$! 5 + %

,1 + . +/ ' %
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+ + +/ '
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)! : % +

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&
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= ∈ = " ? !# @
&
− &
= &
− &
= &
= &
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&
! " !

− &

• = = −
=
+ &
+

• + #
&
− &
• " !0 " ! = &
= − &
= &

&

• = =
+∞ +∞ &
+
$ + (
+ + ]− A [
• $1 '
+ $1 ' + + ?
%B /. %
= + + C + " C! " !0 "'! =
0 = + &
+ C D + " D!
&
= &" + + " & !! & = & " + & & + " &
!!
− & = − & − & D + " & ! = " !0 " !
=− =−
$
C = −& = &C
= − + &
C
C
+ " C
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5! " !

• ) + E #
&
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= &

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F! 5 +

- + + +% % .
+ =

− =
&
− &
=

+/++
" + != × + × "!
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$ + " !
× + × = D
(" + −
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!+" − −
!" − −
! )
= D
( +
+ −
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+ − −
+ +
− − +
− −
+ − −
)
= D
(& +
+& −
)= " + !
1 + + "&! #

+
$ " ! "&! " + != " !
+ ×
) %%
× + × +
" + != =
× + × + ×
"+ +. ; < × !

$ " ! "&! " !


"& ! = & + &
= + &# &
= &# &

"& ! = & ×
& " !
"& ! =
+ &

D
+ % + ∈ = &

+ &
& &
= A = A =
− &
− &
+ &

) %%
&
+ &
+ &
"& ! = &
+ &
= = " +. &
!
&
− &
− &

$ ? "& ! =&

)% % . . / ++
+ " ! "&!
" + !+ " − !=& ×
" + !− " − !=& ×
" + !+ " − !=& ×
" + !− " − !=& ×
% + + + " 0 , ,+ %
! + + # >
= +
% + + #
= −
@ + % +
+ + + + +
+ + #

! " !

( + + + +
+ . / #

- + ( # + +
#

C
$ .
∀ ∈ 0" ! = = =
0" " !! " " !! + &
" " !!

$ ∀ ∈ 0" ! =
+ &

+.
" / !
H
'

)
= ∈ #- .
− −
= ⇔ = ⇔ = ⇔ & −& − ='
&
> + / &
− & − = ' "+/ !
1 ± + &
#
$ .
= ⇔ = − + &
= + + &

⇔ = + + &

⇔ = (+ + &
)
∀ ∈ = (+ + &
)
*! " !

( + ∞
+ [' +∞[ +
[ +∞[ # - #
+ ∞
] +∞[
∀ ∈ ] +∞[ 0" ! = = =
0" " !! " " !! &
" " !! −
>'

= ∀ ∈ ] +∞[ 0" ! =
&

)
= ∈ [ +∞[ # = # / %+ .

+
0 , ,+ =
&
- .

+
= ⇔ &
+ −& ='⇔ = + &
− = − &

&

G
- + − ≥ ≥
&
− &
− ≤ " " + &
− !" − &
− != !
$ ≥' + ≥
$ .
= + &
− = − &
− ⇔ = + &

⇔ = (+ &
− )
∀ ∈ [ +∞[ = (+ &
− )

! " !

+% ]− A [ + ∞
#
= +∞ '=' H
'

∀ ∈ ]− A [ 0" ! = = =
0" ! − &
" ! − &

)


- % + / = = −
9
+

I
+
∈ ]− A [

= × = +
− &
− + & − +
J . + + ( + − − )
− & &

+ +
∀ ∈ ]− A [ ( + − − )= =
& &
− &

+
$ +%% +/ #-
&

+
+ ' + ∀ ∈ ]− A [ = #
&

$! " !

+% L 4− A K . + E

∀ ∈ L 4− A K 0" ! =
− &

)
+ +
∀ ∈ L 4− A K = + =
&
− &

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