Ieee STD 16 - 2020

IEEE Standard for Electrical
STANDARDS
and Electronic Control
Apparatus on Rail Vehicles
IEEE Vehicular Technology Society
Developed by the
Rail Transportation Standards Committee
IEEE Std 16™-2020

(Revision of IEEE Std 16-2004)
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IEEE Std 16™-2020
(Revision of IEEE Std 16-2004)

Developed by the
Rail Transportation Standards Committee

of the
IEEE Vehicular Technology Society
Approved 30 January 2020

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IEEE SA Standards Board

Abstract: A set of uniform design, application, and test requirements for electrical and electronic
control apparatus on rail vehicles is provided in this standard.
Keywords: apparatus, control, design, electrical, electro-hydraulic, electronic, electropneumatic,

IEEE 16™, rail, routine test, test, transit, transportation, type test
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5
Participants
At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the Passenger Rail Vehicle Working Group had the following
membership:
Brian Ley, Chair
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William J. Brown David Gregson Bansi Patel
Timothy Cramond Paul E. Jamieson David R. Phelps
Jim Dietz Kenneth Karg Donald Sandala
Christian Girard Walter Keevil David Turner
Harvey Glickenstein Michael Kipness John Vergis
Lowell Goudge Art Maldonado Jeremy Vining
The following members of the individual Standards Association balloting group voted on this standard.
Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
Steven Bezner Piotr Karocki David R. Phelps

William J. Brown Walter Keevil Prashanth Prabhu
Demetrio Bucaneg Jr. Yuri Khersonsky Jeffrey Sisson
William Byrd Jim Kulchisky Gary Smullin
Harvey Glickenstein Benjamin Lanz David Thurston
Randall Groves Yung-chiang Lee John Vergis
Werner Hoelzl Brian Ley Matthew Wakeham
John John Michael Natenzon Jian Yu
Bansi Patel
When the IEEE SA Standards Board approved this standard on 30 January 2020, it had the following
membership:
Gary Hoffman, Chair

Vacant Position, Vice Chair
Jean-Philippe Faure, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
Ted Burse Howard Li Dorothy Stanley

J. Travis Griffith Dong Liu Mehmet Ulema
Grace Gu Kevin Lu Lei Wang
Guido R. Hiertz Paul Nikolich Sha WEI
Joseph L. Koepfinger* Damir Novosel Philip B. Winston
John D. Kulick Jon Walter Rosdahl Daidi Zhong
David J. Law Jingyi Zhou
*Member Emeritus
6
Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 16-2020, IEEE Standard for Electrical and Electronic Control Apparatus on
Rail Vehicles.
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This standard is intended to apply to rail vehicles that are electrically powered. These vehicles include
locomotives, railway electric multiple unit (EMU) cars, heavy rail vehicles, and light rail vehicles, including
units that combine powered and unpowered trucks or axles. Fully-automated, driverless implementations of
the above vehicle types are sometimes included in the mode of transit referred to as Automated Guideway
Transit, also referred to as Automated People Mover, and, to the extent that the vehicle does not have other
unique requirements, this standard can be applied. It is not intended that this standard be universally required
for all such systems.
The classes of railway vehicles (such as those termed “Diesel Multiple Unit” [DMU]) that use a non-electric
propulsion system have features of the electrical systems used in these vehicles that are similar to those used
in “conventional” electrically-powered vehicles. To the extent that these systems are similar to those used in
electrically powered vehicles, this standard can be applied.
NOTE—Self-propelled railway vehicles operating on trackage of the general railroad system are subject to regulations
issued by governmental bodies (e.g., federal, state, and local bodies). In selected jurisdictions, this is also true for rail
transit vehicles. The user of this standard should recognize that such regulations always take precedence over a consensus
standard.1
Certain heavy-duty rubber tired vehicles, notably dual-mode, hybrid, and electric trolley buses and large off-
highway haulage trucks, utilize electric propulsion systems. Again, to the extent that these systems are similar
to those used in rail vehicles, this standard can be applied.
It should be noted that this standard makes extensive use of the phrase, “as agreed to between the supplier and
the authority having jurisdiction”, as well as requiring that the “authority having jurisdiction” provide certain
significant parameters and/or make important determinations relevant to a specific project and not necessarily
able to be anticipated in advance. Annex B lists all such citations within the standard and categorizes them as
guidance for users of this standard.
1
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this
standard.
7
Contents
1. Overview�� 9
1.1 Scope�� 9
1.2 Purpose�� 9
1.3 Application�� 9
1.4 Word usage�� 9
2. Normative references�� 10
3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations�� 11

3.1 Definitions�� 11
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations�� 12
4. Design requirements�� 12

4.1 Service conditions�� 12
4.2 Supply voltages�� 12
4.3 Electrical transient withstand capability�� 14
4.4 Electromagnetic compatibility�� 16
4.5 Breaking and making capacity�� 17
4.6 Temperature rise limits�� 17
4.7 Clearance and creepage distance�� 19
4.8 Apparatus internal wiring requirements�� 20
4.9 Bus bar application�� 24
4.10 Printed circuit board design and construction�� 24
4.11 Protective functions�� 25
4.12 Grounding and bonding�� 26
4.13 Electro-pneumatic devices�� 28
4.14 Electro-hydraulic devices�� 28
4.15 Protective devices�� 28
4.16 Fiber optics�� 29
4.17 Material requirements�� 29
5. Testing requirements�� 29

5.1 General test requirements�� 29
5.2 Operational test�� 30
5.3 Environmental conditions testing�� 31
5.4 Supply voltage testing�� 31
5.5 Electrical transient test�� 32
5.6 Electromagnetic compatibility test�� 32
5.7 Breaking and making capacity tests�� 32
5.8 Temperature rise tests�� 32
5.9 Insulation testing�� 36
5.10 Environmental stress screening�� 39
5.11 Settings and operation of protective apparatus, relays, and static circuits�� 39
5.12 Tests for pneumatically-operated equipment�� 40
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5.13 Tests for hydraulically operated equipment�� 40

5.14 Measurement of resistance and impedance�� 41
Annex A (informative) Bibliography�� 42
Annex B (normative) Uses of “authority having jurisdiction”�� 45
Annex C (informative) Recommended protective functions�� 47
Annex D (informative) Classification of printed circuit boards�� 48
8
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard prescribes design, application, and test requirements for electrical and electronic control
apparatus on rail vehicles.
NOTE—This standard covers neither rotating equipment nor the functional aspects of converters.
1.2 Purpose
This standard is intended to provide a set of uniform design, application, and test requirements for electrical and
electronic control apparatus on rail vehicles. These requirements are the minimum necessary for suitability for
use in a rail vehicle environment. Use of this standard should lead to enhanced levels of safety and reliability,
and lower acquisition and maintenance costs.
1.3 Application
This standard is intended to be applied to the equipment designed for and installed on a rail vehicle. Application
of this standard to the completed rail vehicle is beyond the scope and purpose of this standard.
NOTE—The selective application of this standard to the complete rail vehicle, as deemed technically correct and
contractually agreed between the authority having jurisdiction and the car supplier, is recognized as appropriate in certain
areas and cases.
1.4 Word usage

The word shall indicates mandatory requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard
and from which no deviation is permitted (shall equals is required to).2,3
2
The use of the word must is deprecated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements, must is used only to describe
unavoidable situations.
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3
The use of will is deprecated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements, will is only used in statements of fact.
9
IEEE Std 16-2020
IEEE Standard for Electrical and Electronic Control Apparatus on Rail Vehicles
The word should indicates that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable,
without mentioning or excluding others; or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily
required (should equals is recommended that).
The word may is used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the standard (may equals
is permitted to).
The word can is used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical, or causal (can
equals is able to).
2. Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
ANSI C84.1-1995, Electric Power Systems and Equipment—Voltage Ratings (60Hz).4
APTA PR-M-S-011-99, Rev. 2 Compressed Air Quality for Passenger Locomotive and Car Equipment.5
ASTM B172-2001A, Standard Specification for Rope-Lay-Stranded Copper Conductors Having Bunch—
Stranded Members, for Electrical Conductors.6
ASTM B174-2002, Standard Specification for Bunch-Stranded Copper Conductors for Electrical Conductors.
EN 50121-3-2:2016, Railway Applications—Electromagnetic Compatibility—Part 3–2: Rolling

Stock—Apparatus.7
Federal Specification W-C-596G-2001, General Specification for Power Electrical Connector (with
amendments).8
IEC 61287-1:2014, Power convertors installed on board rolling stock—Part 1: Characteristics and test
methods.9
IEC 62236-3-2 Ed2:

2008, Railway Applications—Electromagnetic Compatibility—Part 3–2: Rolling
Stock—Apparatus.
IEEE Std 11™-2000, IEEE Standard for Rotating Electric Machinery for Rail and Road Vehicles.10,11
IEEE Std 1476™-2000, IEEE Standard for Passenger Train Auxiliary Power Systems Interfaces.
IEEE Std 1478™-2013, IEEE Standard for Environmental Conditions for Transit Rail Car Electronic
Equipment.
4
ANSI publications are available from the American National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
5
APTA publications are available from the American Public Transportation Association, (http://www.apta.com/).
6
ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials (http://www.astm.org/).
7
EN publications are available from the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) (http://www.cen.eu/).
8
Federal specifications are available from the US General Services Administration (http://www.gsa.gov/).
9
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
10
The IEEE standards or products referred to in Clause2 are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Incorporated.
11
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).
10
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IEEE Std 16-2020
IEEE Std 1482.1™-2013, IEEE Standard for Rail Transit Vehicle Event Recorders.
IPC-2220, Design Standard Series, Printed Boards.12
IPC-A-610-2001, Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies.
IPC-CC-830B-2002, Qualification and Performance of Electrical Insulating Compound for Printed Wiring
Assemblies.
ISO 4406:2017, Hydraulic fluid power—Fluids—Method for coding level of contamination by solid
particles.13
MIL-M-81531, Notice 1, Marking of Electrical Insulating Materials.14
NEMA LI 1-1998, Industrial Laminated Thermosetting Products.15
NEMA WD 6-2016, Wiring Devices—Dimensional Requirements.
SAE AS4059 APR01, Aerospace Fluid Power—Cleanliness Classification for Hydraulic Fluids.16
UL 498-2018, Standard for Attachment Plugs and Receptacles.17
UL 943-2018, Standard for Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters.
UL 1059-2017, UL Standard for Safety Terminal Blocks.
3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations

3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary
Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 18
declared rating: A rating stated by a supplier for a given piece of equipment, representing the characteristics
of the equipment as actually manufactured for a particular application.
published rating: A rating publicly stated by a supplier for a commercially available piece of equipment,
independent of the use of that equipment in a particular application; typically, a rating embodied in documents
prepared for broad distribution through commercial channels.
short-time operating voltage: A supply voltage, other than the continuous operating voltage range, operation
at which for a defined period of time is not expected to damage the apparatus.
specified rating: A rating that a given piece of equipment is required to be capable of achieving for use in
a particular application; often, in practice, a rating to which a piece of equipment is specially designed or
adapted.
12
IPC publications are available from IPC (http://www.ipc.org/).
13
ISO publications are available from the International Organization for Standardization (http://www.iso.org/) and the American
National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
14
MIL publications are available from the U.S. Department of Defense (http://quicksearch.dla.mil/).
15
NEMA publications are available from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (http://www.nema.org/).
16
SAE publications are available from the Society of Automotive Engineers (http://www.sae.org/).
17
UL publications are available from Underwriters Laboratories (http://www.ul.com/).
18
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://dictionary.ieee.org. An IEEE Account is required for access to the dictionary,
and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
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11
IEEE Std 16-2020
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
APTA American Public Transportation Association

AREMA American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association
DMU diesel multiple unit
EMC electromagnetic compatibility
EMI electromagnetic interference
EMU electric multiple unit
ESD electrostatic discharge
GFCI ground fault circuit interrupter
LVPS low voltage power supply
MU multiple unit
4. Design requirements

4.1 Service conditions
All apparatus, including, but not limited to, electronic apparatus, shall be designed for the standard
environmental conditions given in IEEE Std 1478™-2013 unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and
the authority having jurisdiction.19
4.2 Supply voltages

4.2.1 General
Equipment shall operate normally or without damage when exposed, for the duration listed in this standard,
to any voltage from zero to the maximum value listed in this standard. If necessary, appropriate protection
from damage may be provided by other elements of the system in which the equipment is configured (e.g.,
undervoltage cutout devices). The authority having jurisdiction shall specify the performance expected of the
equipment at nominal voltage conditions. At voltages other than nominal, performance shall be as described in
this standard unless otherwise agreed to between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
In the absence of a specification or agreement to the contrary, the minimum time duration to be considered for
“short time” operation shall be taken as 1.0 s for undervoltage operation and 0.2 s for overvoltage operation.
Conditions existing for shorter times shall be considered transient conditions governed by 4.3.1.
4.2.2 DC-powered low-voltage control equipment
Nominal supply voltages for low-voltage control equipment shall be chosen from the preferred values given
in 4.4.3 of IEEE Std 1476™-2000. The nominal, minimum operating, and maximum continuous values and
the required operating characteristics of the equipment within and outside of these voltage ranges shall be as
given in 4.4.3 of IEEE Std 1476-2000. Equipment shall not be damaged by continuous application of voltage
between zero and minimum operating.
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NOTE—These nominal supply voltages correspond to nominal battery voltages of 24 V, 32 V, 48 V, and 64 V. Refer to
IEEE Std 1476-2000 for details.
19
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
12
IEEE Std 16-2020
4.2.3 AC auxiliary apparatus
Nominal supply voltages and required continuous and short-time operating voltage ranges for ac auxiliary
apparatus shall be chosen from the preferred values given in ANSI C84.1–1995, Table 1, Low Voltage Class.
Unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, rated performance shall
be obtained at the nominal frequency and within the Utilization Voltage limits of Voltage Range A of ANSI
C84.1–1995, Table 1. Operation at other frequencies shall be as specified in NEMA MG 1-2003, section 12.45.
Operation outside of Voltage Range A but within the Utilization Voltage limits of Voltage Range B of ANSI
C84.1–1995, Table 1, shall be as specified by the authority having jurisdiction.
4.2.4 High-voltage dc-powered traction and auxiliary apparatus
Supply voltages for high-voltage dc-powered traction and auxiliary apparatus powered from a dc source (e.g.,
overhead contact system or third rail) shall be as shown in Table 1. Unless otherwise agreed between the
supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, rated performance shall be obtained at the nominal voltage
and above, up to the maximum voltage listed in Table 1 for that nominal voltage case. At other voltages,
performance shall be in accordance with the design or inherent characteristics of the apparatus.
NOTE—By agreement between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, the minimum performance (e.g., rating)
voltage may be taken at a value lower than the nominal system voltage; the voltage at which the equipment ceases operation
may be taken as a value lower than the minimum continuous voltage. This is commonly done for auxiliary apparatus but
may also be done for propulsion equipment where circumstances dictate, such as a chronically “soft” power supply.
Table 1—Standard voltages for high-voltage dc-powered traction and auxiliary apparatus
powered from a dc source
Nominal system Operating voltage range (V)
voltage (V) Minimum continuous Maximum continuous Maximum short-time
600 400 720 800
750 500 900 1000
1500 1000 1800 1950
3000 2000 3600 3900
NOTE—Nominal voltages of 600 Vdc and 3000 Vdc, while widely used, are not recommended for new
applications.
For nominal system voltages other than those shown in Table 1, the minimum continuous operating voltage
shall be taken as –30% relative to the nominal system voltage, and the maximum continuous operating voltage
shall be taken as +20% relative to the nominal system voltage. For any nominal voltage, voltages outside the
limits given in Table 1 or the percentages given above shall be considered surges or sags, and performance
under those conditions shall be governed by 4.3.1.
4.2.5 High-voltage single-phase ac systems
Supply voltages for high-voltage single-phase ac systems shall be as shown in Table 2:
Table 2—Standard voltages for high-voltage single-phase ac systems

Nominal system Nominal Operating voltage range (V)
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voltage (V) frequency (Hz) Minimum Minimum Maximum Maximum

short-time continuous continuous short-time
12 000 25 8 400 9 600 13 200 14 400
12 500 60 8 750 10 000 13 750 15 000
25 000 60 17 500 20 000 27 500 30 000
Table continues
13
IEEE Std 16-2020
Table 2—Standard voltages for high-voltage single-phase ac systems (continued)

Nominal system Nominal Operating voltage range (V)
voltage (V) frequency (Hz) Minimum Minimum Maximum Maximum
short-time continuous continuous short-time
50 000 60 35 000 40 000 55 000 60 000
15 000 50 11 000 12 000 17 250 18 000
25 000 50 17 500 19 000 27 500 29 000
NOTE—Systems operated at 25 Hz, while widely used, are not recommended for new applications.
The authority having jurisdiction shall specify the time duration of short-time operation and the expected
performance under those conditions. Voltages outside these limits shall be considered surges, and performance
under those conditions shall be governed by 4.3.1.
4.3 Electrical transient withstand capability

4.3.1 Spikes and surges
The equipment shall operate normally and shall not be damaged when subjected to input voltage variations as
defined in the remainder of this subclause.
4.3.1.1 Supply system
Unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, input overvoltage and
time duration limits shall be assumed to be in accordance with the following:
For maximum voltages with duration of 20 ms or more, assume no less than EN 50124-2, Annex A. For
nominal voltages other than those of Annex A, use proportioning and/or extrapolation based on similar
nominal voltages.
For maximum voltages with duration of less than 20 ms it is recommended to assume no less than IEC 61287-
1:2014, as follows:
— AC system, normal operation: Curve 1 of Figure 3—AC supply system overvoltage levels

— AC system, no damage: Curve 2 of Figure 3 for guidance
— DC system, normal operation: Curve 1 of Figure 4—DC supply system overvoltage levels
— DC system, no damage: Curve 2 of Figure 4 for guidance
4.3.1.2 Auxiliary ac systems
Unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, equipment connected
to the auxiliary ac system shall operate normally when subjected to voltage fluctuations defined in 4.3.1 of
IEEE Std 1476-2000.
4.3.1.3 Low voltage system
Equipment connected to the low voltage dc system shall operate normally when subjected to voltage
fluctuations defined in 4.4.3.4 of IEEE Std 1476-2000.
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The equipment shall not be damaged when subjected to overvoltages as defined in 4.4.3.5 of
IEEE Std 1476-2000.
14
IEEE Std 16-2020
The equipment shall not be damaged when subjected either to a voltage from zero to the minimum operating
voltage or to positive or negative voltage steps between minimum and maximum operating voltages.
NOTE 1—It is recommended that equipment be designed not to be damaged when continuously subjected to nominal
low voltage power supply (LVPS) output voltage at reverse polarity, combined with voltage fluctuations and transients as
defined in this standard.
NOTE 2—Power supplies within equipment connected to the LVPS are not specifically addressed, but the supply voltage
quality and the loads should be coordinated for proper functionality in order to meet the overall requirements of this
standard.
NOTE 3—In some cases, LVPS voltage may rise gradually as a result of float battery charging. This standard requires
functionality within certain voltage ranges. Therefore, equipment that requires a fast rate of rise of supply voltage may not
ultimately meet the system requirements.
4.3.1.4 Electrostatic discharge
Protection shall be provided against electrostatic discharges (ESDs) in compliance with EN 50121-3- 2:2016,
Table 9. The discharge is to be delivered to the enclosure in which the equipment is housed (if an enclosure
exists), to the enclosure of each line-replaceable unit, and to all surfaces and controls that are accessible to
operating staff and passengers (e.g., knobs, switches, fasteners, printed circuit board faceplates, handles). The
equipment shall function properly after such testing.
NOTE—This requirement is not intended to apply to the contacts of electrical connectors that are exposed in the course of
removing, replacing, and/or handling a line-replaceable unit.
ESD-sensitive equipment shall be labeled. The label shall be affixed in a location that clearly indicates the
ESD concern to maintenance personnel.
4.3.1.5 Transients
With respect to immunity to fast transient bursts and immunity to surges, the equipment shall be designed in
accordance with the requirements of EN 50121-3-2:2016 or IEC 62236-3-2 Ed2 (2008). Power supply inputs
sourced from the low voltage system shall also withstand transients, with a 2-Ω source impedance based on
EN 50121-3-2:2016 or IEC 62236-3-2 Ed2 (2008), without damage or misoperation.
4.3.2 Interruptions
Equipment shall not be damaged when exposed to random interruptions in the power supply. The authority
having jurisdiction shall specify the nature of the performance to be obtained under such conditions. In the
absence of information from the authority having jurisdiction, the supplier shall identify the interruption
criteria assumed for the design and resulting system response. High-voltage interruptions that occur frequently
shall not require a deliberate fault reset action as a prerequisite for resumption of normal operation.
NOTE—Examples of high-voltage interruptions include, but are not limited to, bouncing of the power collector device
(e.g., third rail shoe or pantograph), gaps in the third rail, phase/frequency breaks or supply transition zones in an overhead
supply wire, and ice or snow buildup on the third rail or overhead supply wire. Examples of low voltage or auxiliary voltage
interruptions include, but are not limited to, temporary shutdown of the on-board power supply resulting from interruptions
in the high voltage supply, short-term overloads of the low voltage or auxiliary power supply, and undercharged batteries.
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IEEE Std 16-2020
4.4 Electromagnetic compatibility

Electromagnetic compatibility shall be verified by an Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) plan. Unless
otherwise agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, the plan shall be created in
accordance with the requirements of APTA SS-E-010–98.
NOTE—Ordinarily the EMC plan is required of the vehicle supplier and contains requirements for the individual suppliers.
4.4.1 Train-wayside system compatibility
The authority having jurisdiction shall define the communication system and the wayside signal system
operating frequency bands, coupling modes, and permissible vehicle or train emissions corresponding to those
frequencies and coupling modes. Emissions limits shall be defined as a function of time duration if appropriate
for a particular wayside system implementation.
The vehicle supplier and/or systems suppliers shall calculate vehicle and train emissions considering normal
operation, infrequent operating modes, transient operation modes, environmental conditions, and failure
modes, including but not limited to, the following:
— Variations in power feed and power return impedances

— Power feeds configuration including third rail and catenary gaps
— Ice and rust accumulation on the power collector and return surfaces
— Degraded wayside power supply capability
— Variations in supply voltage
— Substation phase imbalance limits
— Variations in regenerative current receptivity
— Variations in train consist configuration
— Other vehicles of the same or different type operating in the same area
— Towing and other non-typical and emergency vehicle operating modes
— Reduced rail adhesion conditions with corresponding equipment responses
— Intermittent and variable auxiliary power demand conditions
Based on total vehicle emissions limits, the vehicle supplier shall allocate emissions limits for individual
systems. The vehicle and/or systems with credible failure modes—as determined by a Failure Modes and
Effects Criticality Analysis performed under the EMC Plan of 4.4—that create emissions exceeding the limits
shall react automatically in a manner to reduce the emissions below the allocated limits within a time period
that is expected to avoid adverse effects on system operation.
4.4.2 On-board equipment compatibility
With respect to all emissions, equipment shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of EN 50121-
3-2:2016 or IEC 62236-3-2 Ed2 (2008), except that radiated emission limits shall extend to 6 GHz. Equipment
shall not be susceptible to any level of emissions meeting these requirements.
With respect to immunity to disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields, the equipment shall be designed
in accordance with the requirements of EN 50121-3-2:2016 or IEC 62236-3-2 Ed2 (2008) except that radiated
susceptibility limits shall extend to 6 GHz at 5 V/m (rms).
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IEEE Std 16-2020
Additional limits on emissions and susceptibility, higher frequency ranges, and corresponding tests shall be as
specified by the authority having jurisdiction.
NOTE 1—EN 50121-3-2:2016 imposes requirements over specific frequency ranges. There may be electromagnetic
compatibility needs at higher frequencies not addressed by that standard.
NOTE 2—Specific entities for which electromagnetic compatibility may be required include cab signals, track signals,
communications-based train control radios, legal intentional radio frequency emitters (e.g., cell phones and train crew
radios), medical life support devices (e.g., pacemakers), global positioning system receivers, and fare cards.
4.5 Breaking and making capacity

The published ratings cover all of the application requirements including, for example, load circuit inductance.
The supplier shall state the breaking and making capacity (ratings) of the apparatus. Apparatus shall be applied
within these ratings. By agreement between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, apparatus may
be applied outside its published or declared ratings subject to test as specified in 5.7.
4.6 Temperature rise limits

4.6.1 Allowable limits
For equipment cooled by natural convection, the ambient temperature is the average temperature of the air
outside the enclosure in the immediate vicinity of the equipment. For equipment that is force-cooled or with a
heat exchanger that is not integral with the equipment, the ambient temperature is that of the cooling medium.
Further criteria are listed in IEEE Std 1™-2000.
The temperature rise or total temperature, whichever is more limiting, of the equipment items measured during
testing in accordance with 5.8, shall not exceed the limits in Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5. In addition, the
temperature rise and total temperature shall not exceed the actual limits of the materials used in the equipment.
NOTE 1—As can be observed in Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5, the temperature rise assumes a 40 °C ambient temperature.
Nevertheless, the temperature rise limit is restricted at lower temperatures to mitigate extremes of thermal cycling.
NOTE 2—The user is advised that for many applications, the authority having jurisdiction may require lower values of
temperature and temperature rise.
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17
IEEE Std 16-2020
Table 3—Allowable temperature rise and limits by insulation class

Insulation class Limit of hottest spot Limit of hottest spot total
temperature rise (°C) temperature (°C)
90 50 90
105 65 105
130 90 130
155 115 155
180 140 180
220 180 220
240 200 240
NOTE—For additional information on temperature limits, see IEEE Std 1-2000 [B12] and
IEEE Std C37.20.2™-2015 [B26].
Table 4—Allowable temperature rise and limits for buses and connections
Type of bus or connection Limit of hottest spot Limit of hottest spot total
temperature rise (°C) temperature (°C)
Buses and connections with 65 105
silver surfaced, tin surfaced, or
equivalent connecting joints
Connection to insulated cables, silver 45 85
surfaced, tin surfaced, or equivalent
NOTE—For additional information on temperature limits, see IEEE Std 1-2000 [B12] and
IEEE Std C37.20.2-2015 [B26], IEEE Std C37.20.1™-2015 [B25], and IEEE Std C37.23™-2003 [B27].
Table 5—Allowable temperature rise and limits for selected components

Component Temperature rise limit (°C)
Accelerating and/or Braking Resistors
Imbedded, outside of imbedding material 250
Open type, of strap, ribbon wound, 600 (rms)
formed, or similar configuration 750 (peak)
NOTE—The rms value for resistor temperature rise should be based on the rms current over an operational profile.
Based on the actual steel used, it may be necessary to reduce the peak temperature. In any case, the design should
consider both the rms and peak temperatures. For additional information on temperature limits, see IEC-60077 [B10].
4.6.2 Effects of altitude
Altitude shall be considered in the design of equipment. Derating factors for altitudes greater than 1000 m
shall be as provided in Part III, Clause 4 of IEEE Std 1-2000.
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18
IEEE Std 16-2020
4.7 Clearance and creepage distance

NOTE—The term “gap,” which is widely used in the rail industry, is synonymous in this context with “clearance” and with
“striking distance,” both as defined in The IEEE Standards Dictionary Online. The term “clearance” will be used in this
standard.
CAUTION
Electrical circuits and associated cabling shall be designed with clearance and creepage distance between
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voltage potentials and vehicle body ground that consider the environmental conditions to which the circuits
and cabling are expected to be subjected. Situations in which ionized gas may be present may require special
treatment. If adequate enclosure ventilation is provided, ionized gas should not have an effect on these
calculations; in the absence of adequate enclosure ventilation, buildup of ionized gas may result in arc-over
even at clearance and creepage distance values calculated in accordance with this standard.
CAUTION
Do not use the methods described in this standard when nominal potentials to ground exceed 3000 V or
when corona effects are expected, as they may lead to insufficient creepage and clearance distances.
Clearance and creepage requirements included in 4.7.1 and 4.7.2 do not apply to power semiconductor devices
or immediate connections to them.
NOTE—Clearance and creepage distances of power semiconductor devices are beyond the control of rail equipment
suppliers. Suppliers should package the devices in a manner that considers the low clearance and creepage distances.
EN 50124-1:2001, while not as conservative as the requirements of this standard, may provide guidance regarding these
distances.
4.7.1 Clearance
For ordinary environmental conditions in which rail vehicles operate, minimum clearance distances shall be
calculated in accordance with Equation (1):
Clearance (mm) = 3.2 + (0.0127 × nominal voltage) (1)
For underfloor exposed environments use the above formula times two. For highly exposed environments use
the above formula times three.
4.7.2 Creepage distance
Table 6 shall be used to determine minimum creepage distances. Table 6 covers many standard passenger rail
vehicle electrical system applications.
For voltages other than those included in Table 6, utilize Equation (2) below to calculate creepage distances
under ordinary environmental conditions. Voltages that exceed 1500 V shall consider the effects of corona, as
the creepage distances are not necessarily linear functions of voltage.
Creepage distance (mm) = 3.2 + (0.0476 × nominal voltage) (2)
19
IEEE Std 16-2020
Table 6—Creepage distance

Nominal Surface Class
voltage (V)
Low Energy Ordinary Underfloor Highly exposed
(Enclosed exposed (No external
environment protection)
with breathing)
Electronic Control and power Power resistors Third rail shoe
and protected devices mounted Open disconnect beams and current
electrical devices in control group devices mounted collection devices
(0.5 A maximum) enclosures (short outside protective (short circuit
circuit limits) enclosures current unlimited by
onboard devices)
37.5 Horizontal 1.5 mm 4.5 mm 19 mm N/A
See 4.2.2 NOTE Vertical 1.5 mm 4.5 mm 13 mm N/A
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74 Horizontal 3.5 mm 6.5 mm 40 mm N/A

See 4.2.2 NOTE Vertical 3.5 mm 6.5 mm 22 mm N/A
230 Horizontal 10 mm 16 mm 75 mm 100 mm
Vertical 10 mm 16 mm 50 mm 55 mm
600 Horizontal 19 mm 32 mm 180 mm 255 mm
Vertical 19 mm 32 mm 120 mm 150 mm
750 Horizontal See NOTE 3 40 mm See NOTE 3 See NOTE 3
Vertical below below below
1500 Horizontal See NOTE 3 75 mm See NOTE 3 See NOTE 3

Vertical below below below
NOTE 1—The formulas in 4.7.1, the formula in 4.7.2, and Table 6 are adapted from NFPA 130-2003, Table F-1 [B38].
Within NFPA 130-2003, Table F-1 is not part of the requirements, but is included for informational purposes only. Within
IEEE Std 16™-1955 [B14], Table 6 is normative. NFPA does not include the table rows for 74 V, 750 V, and 1500 V.
IEEE Std 16 uses fewer significant digits in the conversion to metric units, relative to NFPA-130.
NOTE 2—Material as noted is reprinted with permission from NFPA 130-2003, Fixed Guideway and Passenger Rail
Systems, Copyright © 2003, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02269 [B38]. This reprinted material is not
the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its
entirety.
NOTE 3—This standard is not offering guidance in areas where Table 6 does not include distance values. Where no value
is given or for non-standard voltage values, the creepage distance should be agreed between the supplier and the authority
having jurisdiction. EN 50124-1, while not as conservative as the requirements of this standard, provides a basis for
discussion of alternate requirements.
NOTE 4—11.5.1 of the AREMA 2005 Communications and Signals Manual of Recommended Practices [B5] recommends
higher dielectric strength withstand voltages for signaling equipment. Creepage distances greater than those listed in
IEEE Std 16 may be required to meet those recommendations with respect to signal equipment.
4.8 Apparatus internal wiring requirements

4.8.1 Conductor rating
Cables and wiring shall be rated considering the ambient temperatures in accordance with IEEE Std 1478-
2013 and for the expected design ambient temperature inside the enclosure. Conductors shall be sized based on
the current-carrying capacity, mechanical strength, temperature, flexibility, voltage drop, and heat generated
20
IEEE Std 16-2020
by the connected device. Derating factors shall be applied to accommodate for grouping and ambient
temperatures greater than supplier’s design value in accordance with criteria specified by the authority having
jurisdiction.
Where cross-linked polyolefin wire is used and in the absence of specified cable and wire rating criteria, the
criteria contained in APTA RP-E-009–98 should be utilized.
NOTE—It is typical in many rail applications to increase the temperature margin by using ratings for one temperature
class lower than the actual wire rating, under normal operating conditions.
4.8.2 Wiring
NOTE 1—While the effects of environmental contaminants such as those described in IEEE Std 1478-2013 should be
adequately accommodated by the clearance and creepage considerations of 4.7.1 and 4.7.2, and suppliers and users of rail
vehicles should be aware that other aspects of wiring practices may also be affected by environmental contaminants.
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NOTE 2—IPC/WHMA-A-620 [B33] provides a good reference for wire harness quality.20
4.8.2.1 Circuit separation and electromagnetic compatibility
Wires of circuits that are not electromagnetically compatible shall not be cabled or bundled together.
Wires shall be separated by metallic separators, distance, or by use of shielded wires, as needed to achieve
electromagnetic compatibility.
Wires of circuits that operate at potentials differing by 50 V or more shall be assumed not to be
electromagnetically compatible.
Wiring connected to transient-generating devices, such as unsuppressed contactor coils, shall be assumed not
to be electromagnetically compatible with non-power circuit wiring.
Each wire (i.e., physically distinct conductor) connected to a device shall be insulated for the highest voltage
connected to that device.
As an aid to achieving the electromagnetic compatibility of 4.4, the following circuits shall not be intermixed
in common wire and cable bundles:
— Traction power circuits

— DC control circuits
— AC power circuits
— Unprotected wiring (e.g., battery or power trainline to circuit breaker)
— Different trainline types (e.g., MU control, car control, communications, power, etc.)
— Safety control circuits (e.g., cab signal, automatic train stop, etc.)
— Communication and network circuits
— Low-level signals not in shielded cables
— Wires connected to different sources of energy unless all wires are insulated for the highest rated
voltage present
— Wires connected to electronic control apparatus and wires connected to a higher voltage source of
energy than control voltage
20
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.
21
IEEE Std 16-2020
4.8.2.2 Physical arrangement
Where physical separation of circuits of different voltages is not possible, then where wire bundles cross, the
wires in each bundle shall be insulated for the highest rated voltage present.
All wire and cable shall be handled and installed to be free of kinks and insulation abrasions. All wire and cable
shall be fully protected against any contact with any surface other than that designed specifically to support or
protect the wire. Protective edging or similar material shall be applied to any surface (e.g., structure or other
wire bundles) where a possibility exists for a wire to be damaged by contact (e.g., by a sharp edge).
Wire and cable dress shall allow sufficient slack for removal and reapplication of the wire terminations at least
twice (three times on 10 AWG and smaller wire) without excess tension. All wiring shall terminate at terminal
blocks, terminals of apparatus, or at connectors as specified. Wire splices shall not be used unless otherwise
agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
Wire and cable ties shall be snug but not so tight as to cause indentation, cold flow damage to the insulation, or
changes to the impedance of coaxial or network cables. Adhesive mounting bases shall not be used for cable
support.
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All wire bundles and cables within an enclosure shall be supported (e.g., by the use of tape rails); shall be free
from the enclosure structure, metal edges, bolt heads and other interference points; and shall have electrical
clearance from the covers regardless of the insulation properties of the covers. Wire bundles shall be located
above or alongside the device rather than at the bottom of the enclosure wherever practicable. Wires shall not
be in direct contact with the enclosure and should be a minimum of 25 mm above the bottom of the enclosure
when mounted on a vehicle.
NOTE—Certain situations (e.g., electric coupler enclosures) may not allow compliance with this criterion.
Wires shall not enter into environmentally exposed under-floor control boxes through the bottom of the box.
Wires shall not be exposed to contactor arcs. All similar equipment boxes shall have identical wire routing,
location, and termination.
Wire supports shall be arranged such that motion of the wire bundle (e.g., wiring around hinged panels) neither
damages the wire bundle nor transmits damaging forces to connected devices.
4.8.2.3 Terminals and connectors
Except as provided herein, terminal blocks shall comply with UL 1059-2017, UL Standard for Safety Terminal
Blocks. Modular terminal blocks shall be “touch safe” using screw-less type spring or screw-type clamping
to secure the wires. Each clamping mechanism of the terminal block shall be limited to the connection of one
wire or conductor. The metallic clamping mechanism of the terminal block shall surround the wire on all sides
so that wire strands do not splay outside the clamping area. Terminal blocks should be designed to accept
solid or stranded conductors without requiring special wire preparation, such as crimps, ferrules or tinning, to
provide mechanical and electrical connection integrity without damage to conductors. If necessary to remove
a stranded wire frequently from the terminal block, the use of a ferrule may be desirable. Due consideration
should be given to the increase in conductor size when using a ferrule. Modular terminal block assemblies
shall be secured to the mounting rail (on both ends) using end clamps having metallic hardware.
Terminals at threaded stud or screw-type terminations shall be fastened by a locking mechanism suitable for
the operating environment. Wire lugs of the vibration resistant, compression (crimp) type shall be provided
with a properly fitting insulation grip where feasible. All crimp terminations shall be performed in accordance
with the appropriate manufacturer’s recommended procedure. Crimps shall be made using certified, properly
calibrated, manufacturer’s suggested tools and dies that are operator independent.
22
IEEE Std 16-2020
No soldering or solder-type terminals shall be permitted on wiring connected to terminal blocks or pieces of
apparatus.
NOTE—The use of soldered connections is not recommended except for printed circuit applications within subsystems or
components. Any use of solder in the printed circuit boards shall be RoHS-2018 compliant.
Multi-pin connectors shall have a positive retention coupling independent of the extraction force of the
contacts. The coupling mechanism shall provide extended coupling life of a minimum of 500 operations.
Visual, tactile, and, to the extent feasible, audible indications of full coupling shall be given. Material selection
for the shells (e.g., metal or plastic), shell finish, connector pins (e.g., gold, silver or other plating), and use
of waterproof seals shall be a function of the application. Connectors shall meet the ambient temperature
requirements of IEEE Std 1478-2013 and be rated higher than the temperature of the conductors to which
they are exposed. Circular connectors shall have a quarter turn bayonet coupling. Circular connectors in
environmentally exposed applications should be similar in requirements to MIL-DTL-5015H [B35].
Wherever wire is expected to be exposed to high temperatures, such as near grid resistors, high-temperature
insulated wiring (or equivalent protection or preparation) shall be provided. Hardware and terminations used
in such locations should be nickel-plated or stainless steel.
4.8.3 Wire and identification marking
Each physically distinct conductor within an enclosure shall have a unique alphanumeric identifier. Physically
distinct conductors that are electrically connected shall have identifiers that reflect this connection in a
recognizable way.
Each physically distinct conductor within an enclosure shall be permanently marked with its identifier at each
termination point. The marker shall be of indelible ink and smudge proof.
The following three wire-marking rules shall be applicable unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and
the authority having jurisdiction:
a) The conductor identification within the enclosure need not correspond to conductor identification
outside the enclosure.
b) Within an enclosure, the identifier need not be marked along the entire length of the conductor.
c) Electronic racks are not considered “enclosures” for purposes of wire marking. Nevertheless, all
wiring should be traceable using equipment drawings, and the application of some wire markers is
consistent with good wiring practice.
Individual conductors of multi-conductor cables shall additionally be identifiable by means of a color code
or equivalent means. Shields of multi-conductor cables need not be individually marked if their identities are
evident from their association with marked conductors.
The wire markers shall have a consistent character height at least 3 mm high and shall be read from left to right.
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The letters “I,” “O,” and “Q” should be avoided. In the absence of agreement between the supplier and the
authority having jurisdiction, wire markers shall use black text on a light colored background with characters
in a sans serif font.
Wire marking shall meet the durability requirements of MIL-M-81531, paragraph 3.6, when tested according
to the procedure defined in MIL-M-81531, paragraph 4.6.2.
NOTE—For optimum durability, the use of a clear protective overlay or a marking technique that intelligibly deforms the
surface to which the marking is applied is recommended, provided that the integrity of the wire insulation is not affected.
Wire markers shall be non-conductive.
23
IEEE Std 16-2020
4.9 Bus bar application

Bus bars shall be fabricated from copper per UNS C10100 or UNS C1100021, except that by agreement
between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, bus bars may be fabricated from other copper
alloys, aluminum, or composites of copper and aluminum. Bus bar electrical connections shall be silver- or
tin-plated. Refer to Table 3 and Table 4 for bus bar temperature rise limits.
NOTE 1—It is not uncommon to see current density requirements for busbars. This standard, however, only places
requirements on temperature rise, allowing designers to consider the busbar material, shape, thermal conductivity,
convection and radiation. This standard retains current density requirements for joints, as listed in this clause.
NOTE 2—If tin plating is used, it should be correctly alloyed to reduce as far as possible the probability that the transition
from white tin to gray tin, commonly known as “tin pest” or “tin disease,” might occur within either the operating
temperature range or the storage temperature range.
For circuits operating at greater than 50 V, bus bars shall be arranged to avoid accidental contact by
maintenance or other personnel working in the area of the bus bars. This requirement shall be met using a
method appropriate for the voltage level. Typical methods include insulating coatings on the bus bars and bus
bar area covers.
Where bolted connections are used, the following shall be used to control the temperature rise at the joint:
— There shall be a flat washer on each side of the bus bar assembly for load distribution and a Belleville
washer on one side for constant load.
— The conducting area shall be considered to be the annular ring of the flat washer, since this is the area of
consistent known pressure.
— The pressure in the conducting area shall be at least 10 MPa for copper and 7.5 MPa for aluminum, but
no greater than that which would cause cold flow of the bus bar material.
— For copper bus bars, the current density in the conducting area shall not exceed 0.75 A/mm2, except
that by agreement between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction the current density shall
not exceed 1.4 A/mm2.
NOTE 3—It is common to use standard design tables that specify torque levels and maximum currents as a function of
bolt size and material. Where supporting calculations show that such design tables are consistent with the pressure, current
density and/or temperature rise requirements of this standard for the maximum continuous current level of the connection,
these design tables may be used.
4.10 Printed circuit board design and construction

Printed circuit boards shall be designed to IPC-2220 Design Standards Series, Printed Boards, Class 2 or
better.
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Printed circuit board material shall be NEMA LI 1-1998, Type FR4 or better.
Printed circuit board assemblies shall be constructed and inspected to IPC-A-610–2001, Class 2 or better.
All board-mounted components shall be soldered to the board, including connectors.
The Unified Numbering System (UNS—for metals and alloys) is managed jointly by the ASTM, Inc. and the Society of Automotive
21
Engineers (SAE).
24
IEEE Std 16-2020
Printed circuit board connectors shall be two-part type meeting the environmental requirements of
IEEE Std 1478-2013 and specifically designed to be inserted and removed many times.
NOTE 1—Connectors meeting EN 60303 Quality Level 2 are representative of connectors meeting the intent of this
standard. “Edge” connectors do not meet the intent of this standard.
The design of printed circuit board assemblies shall inherently protect against insertion into the wrong socket
by “keying,” physical pin arrangement, or other means.
The supplier shall, as a minimum, provide test points as needed to maintain the board according to the supplier’s
maintenance procedures, including both fault isolation and troubleshooting, and should also provide a means
for monitoring signals of interest for the interface of the printed circuit board with other printed circuit boards,
modules, and systems.
Both sides of the assembled printed circuit board shall be coated with an insulating and protecting conformal
coating that can be removed with a brush applied solvent when required or penetrated by a hot soldering iron
when it is necessary that a component shall be unsoldered. The coating solvent shall not adversely affect
board- mounted components. Conformal coating shall be in accordance with IPC-CC-830B-2002, Class 2 or
better, except that all coatings shall include fluorescent indicators.
Boards that are deemed non-repairable shall be coated with an insulating and protecting conformal coating as
required above, except that the conformal coating need not be removable or penetrable.
NOTE 2—Conformal coatings meeting the requirements of MIL-I-46058C are considered to meet the requirements of
IPC-CC-830B-2002 plus fluorescent indicators.
4.11 Protective functions

All systems shall incorporate protective functions to avoid damage to apparatus resulting from the
imposition of abnormal service conditions. Examples include, but are not limited to, temperature extremes,
voltages, currents, or duty cycles, which are beyond the operational design limits of the apparatus. A list of
representative protective functions is given in Annex C. The use of fuses or so-called “crowbar circuits” for
overload or overcurrent protection is not recommended except where it can be demonstrated that there is no
other practicable means to provide the required protection.
Protective functions for supply overvoltage or supply undervoltage conditions shall automatically reset and
restore normal operation when the supply voltage comes within specified limits. All other protective functions
shall automatically reset unless to do so would result in damage to the apparatus. If necessary, a limit to the
number of automatic resets within a given time period may be imposed.
Overload and fault protective devices within a system or subsystem shall be selective in their operation to
localize isolation of the faulted equipment. The devices shall be coordinated to allow the device nearest the
fault on its source side to operate first and shall be coordinated to reduce as far as practicable nuisance fault
indications but still avoid damage to equipment. The protection coordination shall be done as part of the
overall vehicle system protection.
The design of protective functions shall include:
— Identification of the fault parameter for which a protective function is required, including where and
how it is measured
— Threshold level for declaring a fault
— Time duration in excess of the threshold level before activating the protective function
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IEEE Std 16-2020
— Time duration at acceptable level after a fault before an automatic reset can occur
— Number of fault protective function reset(s) allowed before corrective action
— System response to the fault occurrence
— Annunciation of the fault event and how the annunciation is reset
— Inclusion into a group error message, if appropriate
— Operator or maintenance response to the fault occurrence
Where protective functions are logged and reported to a vehicle level event recorder, the system shall be
consistent with the requirements of IEEE Std 1482.1™-2013.
NOTE—There are related protective function and annunciation requirements in IEEE Std 1475™-2012 and
IEEE Std C37.2™.
4.12 Grounding and bonding

All electrical equipment or enclosures shall be grounded using a ground cable or strap, or by a bond between
a vehicle body grounding surface and the equipment’s grounding surface. An acceptable grounding surface
is a ground pad in accordance with 4.12.1 or a prepared surface that meets the functional requirements of
this subclause. All shock-mounted electrical equipment shall be grounded using ground cables or straps. The
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ground termination method shall allow the connection to carry the maximum fault current of the application
without damage or degradation over time.
Interior-mounted, low-voltage equipment shall be grounded according to the needs of the design.
All circuits shall be electrically isolated from the mechanical structure of the equipment except for power
returns where permitted by the authority having jurisdiction, and circuit to structure components for the
purpose of transient absorption and EMI protection where applicable.
All grounding connections shall be visible and accessible for inspection and troubleshooting. The bonding
method employed shall not produce a dc resistance in excess of 0.0025 Ω across any bond, or more than 0.025
Ω at 150 kHz for any applied ac voltage.
WARNING
Equipment grounding and bonding designed to this standard shall be done as part of an overall vehicle
grounding system wherein ground paths, including vehicle-body-to-rail-ground, are defined. This overall
system shall be designed with personnel safety and equipment protection considered, including avoiding
current flow through bearings.
CAUTION
Where running rails are used for return current, the vehicle structure can be a parallel path for return
current, resulting in a voltage drop along the vehicle/train length, additional current in ground cables and
connections, and potential control malfunctions.
NOTE—The bonding requirements for apparatus covers vary greatly and are not addressed in this standard. Designers
should consider exposure, failure modes, and EMI in determining whether covers should be bonded to enclosures.
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IEEE Std 16-2020
4.12.1 Grounding pads
Grounding pads shall be made of copper or copper alloys, sized for the application, and brazed to the
respective vehicle body and piece of equipment. The use of nickel or tin plating is recommended to improve
the probability that the bonding requirements are maintained over time. Transition (base) plates, if used, shall
be made from the same alloy group as the respective vehicle body or equipment. The transition plate shall
be welded to the vehicle body or equipment. By agreement between the supplier and the authority having
jurisdiction, welded steel grounding pads may be used. If so used, steel pads shall be either nickel- or tin-
plated carbon steel, or stainless steel.
NOTE 1—This standard does not address variations in ground pad arrangements that may be required for aluminum
enclosures. It is noted that zinc-plated steel studs, with anti-corrosive paste, have been used in the industry for attachment
to aluminum enclosures.
Truck ground pads shall be applied in low stress areas and in a manner to preclude base metal hardening.
Pads shall include one or more tapped holes for securing connections. Pads using a stud arrangement may be
used by agreement between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction. Anti-corrosive paste may be
applied over connections.
NOTE 2—The supplier should specify the kind of anti-corrosive/anti-oxidant paste to be used for connections, if needed.
The use of such paste is not a requirement of this standard.
4.12.2 Grounding connections
All grounding connections shall be sized to handle the available fault current without failure. Ground brush
and truck grounding jumpers shall be sized to handle lightning discharge current according to IEC 61024-1-
1:1993, for all but the worst 5% strikes repeatedly and the worst strike once, without failure. Where applicable,
stranding should be according to ASTM B174–2002 for wire sizes 14 AWG and smaller, and according to
ASTM B172–2001A for wire sizes larger than 14 AWG.
4.12.3 Convenience receptacles
On new or rebuilt equipment, each convenience receptacle supplying 60 Hz type power shall be on a circuit
supplied through a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) labeled 5 mA rated ground fault circuit
interrupter (GFCI) as specified in UL 943-2018. Test and reset functions of the GFCI shall not be accessible to
vehicle passengers.
Each receptacle shall be NRTL labeled as conforming to Federal Specification W-C-596G-2001 and shall be
of the suitable NEMA WD 6-2016 configuration for the circuit’s voltage and ampere rating, along with the
correct number of insulated/grounded current carrying and equipment grounding conductors/poles/contacts.
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Each 15A or 20A 120 V single-phase straight blade convenience receptacle accessible to vehicle passengers
shall be of the following:
— NRTL labeled “Hospital Grade” and “Tamper Resistant” construction as specified in UL 498-2018
— Respective NEMA WD 6-2016 5–1 5R or 5–20R configuration
Each convenience receptacle shall have its wiring device strap and equipment grounding contact bonded to the
vehicle body. Convenience receptacles shall be mounted so that fluids do not drain into the receptacle.
NOTE—Subclause 4.3.2 of IEEE Std 1476-2000 requires systems supplying convenience receptacles to be galvanically

isolated from the line-side power source.
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IEEE Std 16-2020
4.13 Electro-pneumatic devices

The following requirements apply to electro-pneumatic devices. Air supply sources are not addressed in these
requirements.
The characteristics of pneumatic power used for operating electro-pneumatic devices shall be specified as
nominal, minimum, and maximum air pressure values by the authority having jurisdiction. In the absence of
specified values, the ratio of maximum to minimum pressure shall be 1.8 or greater and the maximum pressure
shall not exceed 1.04 MPa.
Maximum test pressure and duration values that do not result in loss of functionality at specified operating
pressures shall be as mutually agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
Maximum test pressure and duration values that do not result in failure of the device when applied at specified
operating pressures shall be as mutually agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
Pressures shall be specified as gage values rather than absolute.
Devices shall function with compressed air quality in accordance with APTA PR-M-S-011–99, Rev. 2.
NOTE—Durability of the device may be specified by number of operations, duty cycle, or other relevant parameters.
4.14 Electro-hydraulic devices

The following requirements apply to electro-hydraulic devices. Hydraulic power sources are not addressed in
these requirements.
The characteristics of hydraulic power used for operating electro hydraulic devices shall be specified as
nominal, minimum, and maximum fluid pressure values by the authority having jurisdiction. In the absence
of requirements from the authority having jurisdiction, the maximum pressure shall not exceed 16.0 MPa.
Maximum test pressure and duration values that shall not result in loss of functionality at specified operating
pressures shall be as mutually agreed to by the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
Maximum test pressure and duration values that shall not result in failure of the device when applied at specified
operating pressures shall be as mutually agreed to by the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
Pressures shall be specified as gage values rather than absolute.
The hydraulic fluid specifications shall be mutually agreed by the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
The cleanliness of the fluid shall be in accordance with ISO 4406:2017 or SAE AS4059 APR01. The supplier
shall establish or specify the filtering required for a hydraulic system by maximum particle size allowed and
efficiency. The supplier shall also specify the requirements for storing, handling, and filling hydraulic fluid to
eliminate as far as possible contamination, including but not limited to, moisture and air.
NOTE—Durability of the device may be specified by number of operations, duty cycle, or other relevant parameters.
4.15 Protective devices

Unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, all such apparatus,
components or circuits shall operate with the following tolerance on their nominal setting:
— ± 3% for protective functions utilizing solid state sensors, active electronic circuitry or microprocessor
computation
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IEEE Std 16-2020
— ± 5% for passive electronic circuitry or electromechanical components not equipped with mechanical
latches
— ± 7.5% for components with mechanical latches
For apparatus having a time delay feature, the tolerance on the operating time shall be fixed by agreement
between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction. In the absence of such agreement, for apparatus,
components or circuits having a specified value of time delay, the following tolerance of this value shall be
accepted:
— ± 5% for protective functions utilizing solid state sensors, active electronic circuitry or microprocessor
computation
— ± 10% for all other protective functions
Any calibration markings on protective apparatus and components shall be correct to ±5%, this tolerance
being added to the setting tolerance previously mentioned.
4.16 Fiber optics

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This standard does not cite specific standards for fiber optic applications. When incorporating fiber optics, the
design should consider the following:
— Practices that decrease transmission efficiency (e.g., short bend radius and tight wire ties)
— Proper crimping method, including issues of core retreat
— Immunity to incident light
— Reparability by the authority having jurisdiction
NOTE—Some standards for fiber optic design include IPC-A-640, MIL-STD-1678-6, NFPA-130-2017, and
NASA-STD-8739.5.
4.17 Material requirements

Smoke, flame, and toxicity of all materials associated with this standard shall conform to NFPA-130-2017,
including the NFPA process for non-conforming materials.
5. Testing requirements

5.1 General test requirements
Type and routine tests shall be performed on all equipment.
NOTE 1—“Type tests” as used in this standard and defined in the IEEE Standards Dictionary Online, shall be considered
synonymous with the term “qualification tests” as defined in the IEEE Standards Dictionary Online.
NOTE 2—“Routine tests” as used in this standard and defined in the IEEE Standards Dictionary Online, shall be
considered synonymous with the terms “acceptance tests” and “production tests” as they are defined in the IEEE Standards
Dictionary Online.
Type tests shall be performed on at least one system or apparatus, in its production configuration, to demonstrate
that the design is qualified for use in the intended application. The supplier shall perform type tests listed in
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IEEE Std 16-2020
Table 7. If design changes occur subsequent to type test, elements of the type test shall be repeated as agreed
between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
NOTE 3—The authority having jurisdiction may accept prior type test results or service history for the same or similar
devices.
Routine tests shall be performed on each production system or apparatus to verify that the system or apparatus
has been manufactured such that it is equivalent to the particular system or apparatus that underwent type
testing. The supplier shall perform routine tests listed in Table 7 on all systems or apparatus.
Tests required by this standard are listed in Table 7, but may not necessarily include all tests that may be
appropriate for a particular system or apparatus. Where the tests in Table 7 are not sufficient for particular
equipment or applications, the supplier shall identify and perform additional tests as necessary for type and
routine testing. By agreement between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, additional tests may
be defined by the authority having jurisdiction.
NOTE 4—It is neither the intent of this standard nor generally necessary that any given test be repeated in the manufacturing
sequence; rather, the intent is that the tests reflect the functionality to be proven or demonstrated. For example, design
capability and proper manufacture of a component utilized in a system would not be re-verified in a system test, only that
the system functionality—including that of the component—is as specified.
Table 7—Outline of test requirements

Description of test Corresponding design Applicable test section
requirements subclause Type test Routine test
Operational — 5.2.1 5.2.2
Environmental conditions 4.1 5.3.1 5.3.2
Supply voltage variation 4.2 5.4.1 5.4.2
Transient voltage 4.3 5.5.1 —
and interruption
Electromagnetic
4.4 5.6 —
compatibility
Breaking and
4.5 5.7 —
making capacity
Temperature rise 4.6 5.8 —
Insulation 4.7 5.9 5.9
Environmental stress — — 5.10
Protective devices 4.11 — 5.11
Air tightness 4.13 5.12.1 5.12.3
Pneumatic overpressure 4.13 5.12.2 —
Pneumatic device
4.13 5.12.4 5.12.4
functionality
Hydraulic 4.14 5.13.1 5.13.2
Resistance and impedance — 5.14 5.14
5.2 Operational test

5.2.1 Operational type testing
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The system or apparatus under test shall be tested for conformance to all aspects of the required functionality.
All input/output relationships and internal diagnostic functions shall be included as part of the operational
test. In addition to tests under nominal operating conditions, tests shall be conducted at the minimum and
30
IEEE Std 16-2020
maximum temperature, voltages, and pressure, as well as the combination of those parameters that subject the
system or apparatus to the greatest stress. Functions that are independent of temperature, voltage, and pressure
are not required to be tested under more than one condition. In the event that other environmental parameters
affect the operation of the system or apparatus, tests shall include the full range of those parameters, both
individually and in concert with other environmental parameters.
5.2.2 Operational routine testing
The system or apparatus under test shall be tested to verify that the system or apparatus has been manufactured
such that it is equivalent to the particular system or apparatus that underwent type testing. This test includes
verification that each input and output is functional, at minimum, nominal, and maximum voltage and pressure
for the application.
5.3 Environmental conditions testing

5.3.1 Environmental conditions type test
The system or apparatus under test shall be tested for conformance with IEEE Std 1478-2013.
5.3.2 Environmental routine test
If exterior mounted, the system or apparatus under test shall be tested for water-tightness in accordance with
IEEE Std 1478-2013.
NOTE—Water-tightness tests conducted as part of a vehicle level water-tightness test meet the intent of this
requirement.
5.4 Supply voltage testing
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5.4.1 Type tests over the range of supply voltage variations
The system or apparatus under test shall be tested for conformance to the required functionality over the
specified range of input voltages and frequencies. Under the declared or specified rating conditions of input or
output voltage, a test for conformance to the declared or specified rating capability shall be performed. This
may be a continuous or duty cycle test as agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
5.4.2 Routine tests over the range of supply voltage variations
The system or apparatus under test shall be tested for conformance to the required functionality in accordance
with 5.2.2. Where supplied by an ac voltage, the system or apparatus under test may be tested at a single
frequency in the allowable frequency range.
For devices where operation is also affected by temperature, routine tests shall include modifications to the
supply voltage to simulate the simultaneous effects of voltage and temperature variations.
NOTE—An example is the impact of coil temperature rise (and thus coil resistance) on electro-mechanical devices. The
“minimum voltage” test should be performed at a test voltage lower than the actual minimum operating voltage, calculated
as follows:
a) Determine or calculate the coil resistance under maximum ambient conditions when energized at
maximum continuous operating voltage.
b) Determine the coil resistance under test conditions (typically at room temperature).
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IEEE Std 16-2020
c) Calculate the coil current that would flow under such maximum ambient/maximum operating voltage
conditions.
d) Reduce the test voltage to a level that results in the calculated coil current.
5.5 Electrical transient test

5.5.1 Type tests under transient voltage and interruption conditions
The system or apparatus under test shall be tested for conformance to the required functionality under the
transient input voltage conditions of 4.3. If a precise duplication of the specified transient voltage conditions
is not practicable, the test procedure representative of the specified conditions shall be as agreed to by the
supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
5.6 Electromagnetic compatibility test

5.6.1 Train-wayside electromagnetic compatibility type tests
The system or apparatus under test shall be tested for conformance to the requirements developed in the EMC
Plan of 4.4 and the requirements of 4.4.1.
5.6.2 On-board electromagnetic compatibility type tests
The system or apparatus under test shall be tested for conformance to the requirements developed in the EMC
Plan of 4.4 and the requirements of 4.4.2.
5.7 Breaking and making capacity tests

If the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction have agreed to apply the apparatus outside of its published
ratings, or have agreed to apply the apparatus subject to additional performance requirements not contemplated
in the published ratings, per 4.5, the apparatus shall be tested at the agreed application rating.
5.8 Temperature rise tests

5.8.1 General
The following components shall be type-tested for temperature rise, either individually or as part of a larger
assembly:
— Buses and connections

— Insulated windings
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— Main power switches

— Accelerating and braking resistors
— Heat sinks
— Devices or assemblies whose life is a function of operating temperature
— Other heat sensitive devices or assemblies
5.8.2 Temperature measurement
Temperature measurements shall be taken during the operational portion of the test if practicable. If not
practical, temperatures shall be measured beginning as soon after the completion of the test as practicable,
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IEEE Std 16-2020
using measurements to project the temperature at the time of the conclusion of the test using a method such as
6.4 of IEEE Std 11™-2000. When the temperature of a part is measured during the test, the temperature shall
also be measured immediately after the completion of the test and the highest measurement shall be adopted.
Temperature sensors shall be placed near cooling air inlets and outlets. Measurements shall also be taken at
intermediate locations and those considered worst case based on equipment orientation.
NOTE—Users are reminded that it is total temperature that affects service life. For convenience, temperature measurements
are made of rise over the ambient temperature existing under test conditions. When combined with any correction factors
from 5.8.4.4, a value for the maximum expected total temperature under limiting application conditions is derived.
5.8.2.1 Acceptable methods of measurement
Temperatures shall be estimated and/or measured using one of the five fundamental methods described in Part
III, Clause 3 of IEEE 1-2000:
— Thermometers
— Applied thermocouple
— Contact thermocouple
— Resistance
— Embedded detector
For the resistance method, the experimentally determined relation between temperature and resistance is
given by:
R C +T
= (3)
r C +t
then,
R (C + t )
T= − C (4)
r
where
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r is the resistance at the reference temperature
t is the reference temperature in °C
R is the measured resistance
T is the temperature sought in °C
C is the experimentally determined coefficient relating resistance to temperature for
the metal (e.g., C = 234.5 for copper)
NOTE 1—These equations do not apply for alloys that are nonlinear with temperature.
NOTE 2—Resistance measurements and improper location of temperature measuring devices can mask hot-spot
temperatures.
33
IEEE Std 16-2020
5.8.2.2 Determination of ambient temperature
As a guideline, cooling air temperature shall be measured as close as possible to air intake, but protected
from radiated or conducted heat. The value to be adopted for cooling air temperature shall be the mean of
measurements taken at equal intervals during the last quarter of the duration of the test.
5.8.3 Test duration
The temperature rise limits of 4.6.1 shall not be exceeded when tested according to any of the tests of this
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subclause
5.8.3.1 Apparatus with continuous rating
For apparatus with continuous rating, the temperature test shall be continued until the temperature rises
observed during the test have attained a steady state value. If this is not practical, testing shall continue until
sufficient evidence is available to show that the temperature rises would not exceed the requirements of this
standard, should the test be prolonged until the attainment of steady state values.
5.8.3.2 Apparatus with short-time rating
For apparatus with short-time rating, the duration of the temperature test shall be the time required by the
rating. The test shall commence only when the windings or other parts of the apparatus are within 2 °C of the
cooling medium temperature at the time of starting the test or 1% of expected equipment temperature rise,
whichever is greater.
5.8.3.3 Apparatus with duty cycle rating
For apparatus with duty cycle rating, the duration of the temperature test shall be for the times of load and rest
specified by the rating and shall continue for the total time required by the rating or until temperature rises
have leveled. The test shall end at a temperature rise peak, if appreciable. Alternatively, the temperature test
may be performed at the calculated rms current levels, until the temperature rises observed during the test
have attained a final steady state value. The test shall commence only when the windings or other parts of the
apparatus are within 2 °C of the cooling medium temperature at the time of starting the test or one percent of
expected equipment temperature rise, whichever is greater.
5.8.3.4 Short-term overload rating
Tests for short-term overload shall be conducted after the apparatus reaches temperature stabilization by either
method in 5.8.3.3.
5.8.4 Test conditions
5.8.4.1 Mounting
The apparatus shall be mounted to accurately reproduce the normal service conditions on the vehicle.
5.8.4.2 Ventilation
Ventilation shall reproduce conditions similar to that encountered in service, including but not limited to, the
effects of filtration devices, air ducting, and car motion.
5.8.4.3 Enclosed apparatus
Temperature tests shall be made with enclosures in position and simulating mounting on the vehicle, if
enclosures are provided as part of the apparatus.
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IEEE Std 16-2020
If the enclosure is not provided by the supplier, a simulated enclosure as close as possible to the actual
enclosure shall be used. By agreement between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, an upward
adjustment to temperature measurements without an enclosure may be used. Adjusted temperatures should be
substantiated by actual tests on similar equipment with and without enclosure.
5.8.4.4 Air temperature
The test may be made at any cooling air temperature, but preferably not below 10 °C. It shall be assumed that
the temperature rise is the same for all cooling air temperatures between 10 °C and 40 °C. Outside these limits,
a correction applied to the maximum temperature rises observed shall be decided by agreement between the
5.8.4.5 Effect of altitude
For apparatus to be operated at an altitude of 1000m or less, a test at any altitude within this range is suitable,
and the anticipated increase in temperature rise with altitude neglected. For equipment operating above 1000
m, test results shall be de-rated as discussed in Part III, Clause 4 of IEEE Std 1-2000.
5.8.4.6 Effect of heating by adjacent apparatus
If considered necessary by agreement between supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, tests shall be
made considering the effect of heating by adjacent apparatus. Effects due to any combination of convection,
induction, or radiation shall be replicated based on agreement between supplier and the authority having
jurisdiction.
5.8.5 Insulated windings
Temperature tests on windings (e.g., circuit breaker holding coils, magnet valve coils, electro-magnetic
contactor operating coils, relay coils, transformers, etc.) shall be made at the voltage that produces the
maximum continuous losses in the winding. If this voltage cannot be determined, tests shall be made at a
voltage equal to the upper limit of voltage in the circuit in which the windings are to be connected.
For windings fed through additional resistances, the voltage to be applied to the terminals of the windings shall
be equal to the actual voltage at the terminals when the voltage applied to the winding-resistance assembly is
equal to the maximum rated continuous circuit voltage.
For apparatus or devices operating from a source that includes harmonic currents, temperature rise testing
shall be conducted with the actual waveform or test conditions that result in equivalent heating.
For wound components operating in conjunction with regulated constant power converters, tests shall be done
at the voltage that results in the highest continuous current in the wound component.
For special items operating infrequently, enabling cool-down between two successive operations, the
temperature rise shall be agreed upon between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
The temperature rise shall not exceed the limiting values given in Table 3.
5.8.6 Bus bars
Temperature tests shall be carried out with continuous rated current. If this cannot be determined, they are to
be carried out at the rated current of the apparatus.
The temperature rise for bus bars shall not exceed the limiting values given in Table 4.
35
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IEEE Std 16-2020
5.8.7 Accelerating and braking resistors
Temperature rise tests shall be based on the material employed. The temperature rise shall not exceed the
limiting values given in Table 5.
NOTE—As a result of the variation in thermal time constants and local hot spots, duty cycle is the recommended method
of testing.
5.8.8 Electronic assemblies
Temperature tests on electronic assemblies (e.g., circuit boards, modules, etc.) shall be made at the supply
voltage that results in the maximum temperature rise. Tests shall also include dissipative loads, along with
their respective duty cycles (see 5.8.3.3), as seen by the electronic assembly.
Test conditions shall comply with those specified in 5.8.4.
Unless otherwise agreed upon between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, temperature tests
shall be continued until the temperature rises observed during the test have attained a steady state value. If this
is not practical, testing shall continue until sufficient evidence is available to show that the temperature rises
would not exceed the maximum component rating.
In no case shall the temperature rise over the limits of IEEE Std 1478-2013 or exceed the limiting values
imposed by suppliers of any components on the electronic assembly, including potential effects on adjacent
components. For electronic assemblies operating infrequently, enabling cool-down between two successive
operations, the temperature rise shall be agreed upon between supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
5.8.9 Electro-pneumatic devices
Temperature tests on electro-pneumatic devices shall be performed in accordance with test conditions specified
in 5.8.4 and air quality conditions in 4.13. Electrical portions of the electro-pneumatic device assembly (e.g.,
insulated windings, contacts in air, and flexible connections) shall be tested in accordance with the appropriate
sections in this standard.
5.8.10 Electro-hydraulic devices
Temperature tests on electro-hydraulic devices shall be performed in accordance with test conditions specified
in 5.8.4 and hydraulic fluid quality conditions in 4.14. Electrical portions of the electro-hydraulic device
assembly shall be tested in accordance with the appropriate subclauses in this standard.
5.9 Insulation testing
WARNING
High potential testing involves potentially lethal voltages and shall be done in strict accordance with all
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applicable safety precautions
Insulation tests are both type tests and routine tests, with differing requirements as indicted herein.
5.9.1 Insulation test purposes
Insulation testing is conducted to validate the design, application and installation of wire insulation components
and assemblies packaging for electrical integrity.
36
IEEE Std 16-2020
5.9.2 Insulation test sequences
After all cable, wiring and equipment installation on the vehicle, with the allowable exception of electrical
connection of previously tested equipment, the insulation integrity of all vehicle circuits shall be tested
according to 5.9.3 and 5.9.4, at the full test voltage. On items with double insulation, such as grid resistors
mounted by insulators to a frame insulated from vehicle body, each set of insulation shall be individually
tested (i.e., resistors to frame and frame to vehicle body connection points) to the values in Table 8 and Table 9.
Where assemblies have been previously tested for insulation integrity and are not connected during the vehicle
tests, additional vehicle tests shall be conducted after all equipment has been connected, as follows:
— An insulation resistance test shall be conducted according to 5.9.3.

— For circuits with a nominal voltage above 300, a dielectric test shall be conducted according to 5.9.4,
using the re-test voltage.
Where assemblies are being tested for insulation integrity prior to installation on the vehicle, the interface
circuits of each separately assembled and wired package shall be tested for insulation integrity, according to
5.9.3 and 5.9.4, including individual tests of double insulation.
All circuits of each separately assembled and wired package shall be tested for insulation integrity, according
to 5.9.3 and 5.9.4, except that the test shall be considered only a type test, unless otherwise agreed between the
Replacement apparatus, equipment, cables and wiring shall be tested for insulation integrity. A final insulation
resistance test should be conducted after all replacement equipment has been connected.
5.9.3 Insulation resistance test
Wiring continuity tests should be performed prior to conducting insulation resistance tests. Insulation
resistance tests shall be performed using a dc insulation resistance tester, consisting of a generator producing
either 500 V or 1000 V and an ammeter scaled in megohms. Any batteries shall be isolated during this test.
Insulation resistance tests shall be conducted on all circuits within a device, system, or vehicle. Tests shall
be conducted to verify the state of insulation on all circuits of each voltage class to the following, where
applicable:
— The equipment case

— Wiring of different voltage classes
— Input and output circuit of high-voltage line switches and circuit breakers
— Vehicle chassis
Semiconductor devices may be protected against electrical stress if the circuit in which they are used does
not inherently protect them. Such protection may include short-circuiting or disconnecting some parts of the
equipment, as agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
The vehicle-level insulation resistance limits of Table 8 shall apply when all circuits on the vehicle of a given
voltage class are connected in parallel under all environmental conditions including non-condensing high
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humidity, for new equipment:
37
IEEE Std 16-2020
Table 8—Vehicle–level insulation resistance limits

Nominal circuit voltage (volts dc or ac rms) Minimum insulation resistance
Below 90 V 2 MΩ at 500 Vdc
90 V to 300 V 4 MΩ at 1000 Vdc
Above 300 V 5 MΩ at 1000 Vdc
The test limits for individual devices or apparatus shall be higher than those of Table 8, as is appropriate for
that hardware, so that the limits for the completed vehicle can be met.
Insulation resistance tests on equipment in service shall not be expected to exhibit the same insulation
resistance as new equipment. (One megohm, under all humidity conditions, is the recommended minimum.)
The nature of the equipment that is connected during the test and the humidity can be expected to cause
variations in the readings.
5.9.4 Dielectric test
5.9.4.1 Basic dielectric testing
The dielectric test shall be conducted after the insulation resistance test is completed and passed. Tests shall be
conducted to verify the state of the insulation to the case or vehicle body, between wiring of different voltage
classes, and between the input and output circuit of traction high-voltage line switches and circuit breakers.
Semiconductor devices may be protected against electrical stress if the circuit in which they are used does
not inherently protect them. Such protection may include short-circuiting or disconnecting some parts of the
equipment, as agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction. The various wires in a system
shall be shorted so that all parts of a system are tested, and to avoid capacitive or fault currents from passing
through and damaging low voltage devices.
The test shall be conducted by applying the test voltage, as listed in Table 9, for a period of 1 min, across the
insulation being tested. The test is passed if there is no insulation breakdown. The test voltage shall be at a
frequency of 50/60 Hz with a sinusoidal waveform. V, in the equations in Table 9, shall be the nominal system
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voltage for a circuit.
Table 9—Dielectric test voltage

Nominal circuit voltage (volts dc or ac rms) Test voltage, ac rms
Below 300 V 2V + 1000 Vac
Above 300 V 2.25V + 2000 Vac
Repeated high potential dielectric tests should be avoided. For repeated tests, the test voltage may be 0.85
times the value defined in Table 9.
NOTE 1—11.5.1 of the AREMA 2005 Communications and Signals Manual of Recommended Practices recommends
higher dielectric test voltages for signal equipment. This recommendation should be considered in each application of
signals equipment, based on the wire insulation used.
NOTE 2—The method or methods used to determine insulation breakdown may need to be adapted to the equipment
under test. Methods include disruptive discharge (visual by flashover and acoustic by arcing), leakage current (absolute
limit and/or stabilization) and change in insulation resistance after dielectric testing.
38
IEEE Std 16-2020
5.9.4.2 Variations in dielectric testing
Standard apparatus may be production tested for one second at a test voltage 20% higher than the above
listed one-minute test voltage. Pass/fail criteria shall be determined by agreement between the supplier and the
authority having jurisdiction.
High potential test using a dc voltage shall only be used by agreement between the supplier and the authority
having jurisdiction. A design incorporating capacitance to ground is an example of a case where dc dielectric
testing is appropriate. Where a dc test voltage is used, the voltage shall be equal to the peak of the corresponding
required ac test voltage.
WARNING
Any dc dielectric test procedure shall conclude with the discharging of capacitance of the equipment under
test.
NOTE—For sensor circuits and for electronic racks with electrical connections that are galvanically isolated from the
vehicle power sources, routine dielectric testing at 500 V dc may be considered.
5.10 Environmental stress screening

Environmental stress screening is not a mandatory requirement of this standard. Where agreed between
the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction, all electronic assemblies shall undergo temperature
environmental stress screening as part of routine testing. Unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and the
authority having jurisdiction, the following stress screen regimen shall be used:
a) The test shall be performed with the equipment operational, powered, and oriented as per the specified
application. Input signals and output loads to simulate the maximum power dissipating condition in
the equipment shall be applied during rising temperature and maximum temperature portions of the
temperature cycle.
b) Test ambient temperature shall be repetitively cycled between –25 °C and +70 °C. The rate of change
of temperature shall be no less than 5 °C per min. Temperature shall be maintained at the temperature
extremes for at least 5 min or until the unit under test reaches temperature stability. There shall be a
minimum of 20 complete temperature cycles.
c) The unit under test shall be given a full functional test before and after the stress screening, and shall
be monitored for failure throughout the stress screening.
In the event of failure, the repaired assembly shall be given another stress screen, completing the unfinished
temperature cycles, but no less than two complete temperature cycles.
NOTE—Bibliographical references [B33] and [B34] provide additional references to environmental stress screening
processes.
5.11 Settings and operation of protective apparatus, relays, and static circuits
Routine tests shall be performed on protective apparatus, relays, and static circuits to verify that they operate
within their tolerances. Where protective devices are preset by a component supplier and incorporated into a
larger assembly, the supplier may consider the use of sampling tests.
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39
IEEE Std 16-2020
5.12 Tests for pneumatically-operated equipment

5.12.1 Air tightness type test
The device shall be tested at its maximum or minimum operating pressure, whichever is more severe. The test
air supply shall conform to the requirements of 4.13.
The device shall be connected to an air reservoir of at least 1 L.
If the device tested includes a magnet valve and it is checked with the valve energized, the coil shall be
energized with a current equal to that obtained with the winding hot at the minimum allowed operating voltage.
Unless otherwise specified, air tightness is acceptable if the pressure decrease is less than 3% of the test
pressure after 10 min.
5.12.2 Over-pressure type test
The over-pressure test shall be made at the pressure and for the duration agreed upon between the supplier and
the authority having jurisdiction. If functionality is required after the test, it may be demonstrated by repeating
the routine test for the tested device. If functionality is not required after the test, verify that no disruptive air
leaks or discharges occurred during the test.
5.12.3 Air tightness routine test
The leak test shall be performed using a method as agreed between the supplier and the authority having
jurisdiction.
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Acceptance criteria shall be not more than 10 percent of the maximum pressure loss over a 10 min duration.
5.12.4 Functional type and routine test
The device shall be functionally tested at either the maximum or minimum rated pressure for the device,
whichever is more severe.
Devices with set points shall verify that the switch point is within ±0.21 kg/cm2 or ±5%, whichever is less, of
the specified value.
Requirements to verify calibration of the device with proportional electrical or pneumatic functions shall be as
agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
5.13 Tests for hydraulically operated equipment

5.13.1 Leakage type tests for hydraulically operated equipment
These tests apply to electromagnetic valves, pressure switches, and transducers, hereafter referred to as
electrohydraulic devices, in which hydraulic pressure is to be maintained. These tests shall be performed by
the supplier.
An endurance test of three months duration shall be made on a complete hydraulic apparatus operating on a
load cycle agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction to verify that no leaks exist that
would either jeopardize the functioning of the apparatus or necessitate replenishing the hydraulic fluid. There
shall be no loss of fluid from the system as a whole.
The duration of the test may be established for a period other than three months by mutual agreement between
the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
40
IEEE Std 16-2020
5.13.2 Leakage routine tests for hydraulically operated equipment
Each device to be delivered shall be tested, unless sample tests are mutually agreed with the authority having
jurisdiction.
With pistons having packing, rings, or gaskets, there shall be no significant leakage from cylinders with the
maximum or minimum load applied externally to the piston rod, whichever is more severe. Allowable leakage
shall be as agreed between the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction.
Valves shall be tested at the maximum flow rate and maximum rated pressure. The leakage under these
conditions shall not exceed 0.35% per minute of the maximum rated flow per 10MPa.
Pressure switches and pressure transducers shall be tested at maximum rated pressure. There shall be no visible
fluid after 2 min at the test pressure.
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5.14 Measurement of resistance and impedance

Routine tests of measurements of resistance shall be made on all electromagnetic control or other devices that
include windings, the resistance of which may affect operation of the device.
The measurement obtained for any given winding, when corrected to a temperature of 20 °C, shall not vary
by more than plus/minus 10 percent from the specified value or, alternatively, from the mean of the values
measured on at least the first 10 units which successfully pass the operational test of 5.2.1.
If the ac resistance is specified to account for skin effect, the required value shall be corrected to an equivalent
dc resistance value for test purposes.
For apparatus in ac circuits, or in dc circuits where correct operation depends on the impedance, measurements
of resistance shall be accompanied by measurements of impedance carried out with ac at the specified
frequency, superimposed on dc as required for the application. For other than air core devices, the test shall
specify the current levels at which the impedance test is to be performed.
If the tested device contains multiple windings and coupling between the various windings may affect
operation of the device, measurement of the winding coupling shall be performed.
41
IEEE Std 16-2020
Annex A
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.
[B1] APTA PR-E-RP-009-98, Recommended Practice for Wire Used on Passenger Rolling Stock.22
[B2] APTA PR-ES-010-98, Standard for the Development of an Electromagnetic Compatibility Plan.
[B3] APTA SS-E-001–98, Standard for Insulation Integrity.
[B4] APTA SS-E-005–98, Standard for Grounding and Bonding.
[B5] AREMA 2005 Communications and Signals Manual of Recommended Practices.23
[B6] EN 50124-1, Railway Applications—Insulation Coordination Part 1: Basic Requirements—Clearances

and Creepage Distances for All Electrical and Electronic Equipment.24
[B7] EN 50163:2004+A1:2007 Railway Applications Supply Voltages of Traction Systems.
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[B8] EN 60303:1998, Two-Part Connectors for Printed Board, Grid 2.54 mm.
[B9] EN 175301-803:2000, Plug Connectors, Square Type.
[B10] IEC 60077:1968, Railway Applications—Electric Equipment for Rolling Stock.25
[B11] IEC 61024-1-1:1993, Protection of structures against lightning—Part 1: General principles—Section 1:

Guide A: Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems.
[B12] IEEE Std 1™-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice: General Principles for Temperature Limits in the
Rating of Electric Equipment and for the Evaluation of Electrical Insulation.26,27
[B13] IEEE Std 16™-1955, IEEE Standard for Electric Control Apparatus for Land Transportation Vehicles.
[B14] IEEE Std 16-2004, IEEE Standard for Electrical and Electronic Control Apparatus on Rail Vehicles.
[B15] IEEE Std 524™, IEEE Guide for the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors.
[B16] IEEE Std 525™, IEEE Guide for the Design and Installation of Cable Systems in Substations.
22
APTA publications are available from the American Public Transportation Association, (http://www.apta.com/).
23
AREMA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents, (http:// global.ihs.com/).
24
EN publications are available from the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) (http://www.cen.eu/).
25
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
26
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).
27
The IEEE standards or products referred to in Annex A are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
42
IEEE Std 16-2020
[B17] IEEE Std 1138™, IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) for
Use on Electric Utility Power Lines.
[B18] IEEE Std 1222™, IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting
(ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines.
[B19] IEEE Std 1475™-2012, IEEE Standard for the Functioning of and Interfaces Among Propulsion,
Friction Brake and Train-borne Master Control on Rail Rapid Transit Vehicles.
[B20] IEEE Std 1591.1™, IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance of Hardware for Optical Ground Wire
(OPGW).
[B21] IEEE Std 1591.2™, IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance of Hardware for All-Dielectric Self-
Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable.
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[B22] IEEE Std 1591.3™, IEEE Standard for Qualifying Hardware for Helically-Applied Fiber Optic Cable
Systems (WRAP Cable).
[B23] IEEE Std 1594™, IEEE Standard for Helically Applied Fiber Optic Cable Systems (Wrap Cable) for
Use on Overhead Utility Lines.
[B24] IEEE Std 1692™-2011, IEEE Guide for the Protection of Communication Installations from Lightning
Effects.
[B25] IEEE Std C37.20.1™-2015, IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage (1000 Vdc and below,
3200 Vdc and below) Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear.
[B26] IEEE Std C37.20.2™-2015, IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear and Station-Type Cubicle.
[B27] IEEE Std C37.23™-2003, IEEE Guide for Metal-Enclosed Bus.
[B28] IEEE Std C62.34-2017, IEEE Standard for Test Methods and Performance of Low-Voltage (1000 V rms
or Less) Surge Protective Devices Used on Secondary Distribution Systems (Between the Transformer Low-
Voltage Terminals and the Line Side of the Service Equipment).
[B29] IEEE Std C62.43-2005, IEEE Guide for the Application of Surge Protectors Used in Low-Voltage
(Equal to or Less than 1000 Vrms or 1200 Vdc) Data, Communications, and Signaling Circuits.
[B30] IEEE Std C62.44-2016, IEEE Guide for the Application of Low-Voltage (1000 V rms or Less) Surge
Protective Devices Used on Secondary Distribution Systems (Between the Transformer Low-Voltage
Terminals and the Line Side of the Service Equipment)
[B31] IEEE Std C62.72-2016, IEEE Guide for the Application of Surge-Protective Devices for Use on the
Load Side of Service Equipment in Low-Voltage (1000 V or Less, 50 Hz or 60 Hz) AC Power Circuits.
[B32] IES RP DTE001. 1, Management and Technical Guidelines for the ESS Process.
[B33] IPC/WHMA-A-620, Requirements and Acceptance for Cable/Wire Harness Assemblies.28
[B34] MacDiarmid, P.R. and J.J. Bart, Reliability Toolkit: Commercial Practices Edition—A Practical Guide
for Commercial Products and Military Systems Under Acquisition Reform. New York: Reliability Analysis
Center, 1988.
28
IPC publications are available from IPC (http://www.ipc.org/).
43
IEEE Std 16-2020
[B35] MIL-DTL-5015H, General Specification for Connectors, Electrical, Circular Threaded, AN Type.29
[B36] MIL-I-46058C, Insulating Compound, Electrical (for Coating Printed Circuit Assemblies.
[B37] NEMA MGI-1998, Motors and Generators.30
[B38] NFPA 130-2003, Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems.31
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29
MIL publications are available from the U.S. Department of Defense (http://quicksearch.dla.mil/).
30
NEMA publications are available from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (http://www.nema.org/).
31
NFPA publications are published by the National Fire Protection Association (http://www.nfpa.org/).
44
IEEE Std 16-2020
Annex B
(normative)
Uses of “authority having jurisdiction”

At various points throughout this standard, the text refers to the authority having jurisdiction. There are three
distinct ways in which this phrase is used, as shown in the lists in this annex.
First, for certain default design requirements, this standard allows variation from the default requirements
if mutually agreed by the supplier and the authority having jurisdiction. In these cases, the language in the
standard typically uses the phrase, “unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and the authority having
jurisdiction.” Examples are as follows:
— 1.3, application
— 4.1, service conditions
— 4.2.1, performance at other than nominal voltage
— 4.2.1, short time duration of voltage excursions
— 4.2.3, voltage range and frequency for ac auxiliary apparatus
— 4.2.4, voltage range for nominal performance when powered from high voltage dc
— 4.3.1.1, input overvoltage and duration
— 4.3.1.2, auxiliary ac system input fluctuations
— 4.4, electromagnetic compatibility plan
— 4.6.1, special temperature requirements
— 4.8.2.2, wire splices
— 4.8.3, wire marking
— 4.9, bus bar material
— 4.9, bus bar current density
— 4.12, return current in the vehicle body
— 4.12.1, steel ground pads
— 4.12.1, ground pad connection
— 4.15, protective device time delays
— 5.8.4.3, temperature test without enclosure
— 5.8.4.4, test temperature range excursions
— 5.11, protective circuit tolerances (2 places)
— 5.12.1, allowable air leak
Second, for certain requirements the authority having jurisdiction, and sometimes the supplier, is the
appropriate entity to approve the design and/or test parameters. Examples are as follows:
— 4.5, breaking and making outside of published ratings

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45
IEEE Std 16-2020
— 4.7.2, special creepage distance

— 4.9, aluminum or composite bus bars
— 4.13, pneumatic test pressure and duration values for functionality and failure (2 places)
— 4.14, hydraulic test pressure and duration values for functionality and failure (2 places)
— 4.14, hydraulic fluid specifications
— 5.1, repeating type test when the design changes
— 5.4.1, supply voltage type tests for rating capability
— 5.5.1, transient conditions
— 5.8.4.6, effect of heating by adjacent apparatus
— 5.9.3, protecting components during insulation resistance test
— 5.9.4, protecting components during dielectric test
— 5.9.4.2, variations in dielectric testing (2 places)
— 5.10, environmental stress screening
— 5.12.2, 5.12.3, 5.12.4, pneumatic tests (3 places)
— 5.13.1, 5.13.2, hydraulic leakage (3 places)
Third, some parameters are not quantitatively defined in this standard. In those cases, the authority having
jurisdiction is given the responsibility of providing appropriate values, typically in the technical specification.
Examples are as follows:
— 4.2.1, nominal equipment performance

— 4.2.4, performance as a function of high voltage dc
— 4.2.5, performance as a function of high voltage ac
— 4.3.2, voltage interruptions
— 4.4.1, wayside signal and communication system parameters
— 4.4.2, special EMC requirements
— 4.5, making and breaking capacity of apparatus
— 4.8.1, special wiring current ratings
— 4.13, electropneumatic pressures
— 4.14, electrohydraulic pressures
— 5.1, additional tests to be performed
46
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IEEE Std 16-2020
Annex C
(informative)
Recommended protective functions

The following is a list of conditions for which it is recommended that protective functions be considered. This
list is neither mandatory nor exhaustive. It is the mutual responsibility of the supplier and the authority having
jurisdiction to determine the protective functions appropriate for the system and apparatus in question and the
application in which it is expected to perform reliably.
— Environmental:
— Over or under temperature (ambient or internal)
— Excessive sustained vibration
— Insufficient cooling medium flow
— Clogged filter or excessive pressure drops
— Electrical:
— Over or under voltage (supply or output)
— Overcurrent (input or output)
— Over or under frequency (supply or output)
— Excessive harmonic content
— Excessive phase imbalance
— Undercharged or depleted battery
— Overcharging battery
— Functional:
— Computer shutdown
— Misoperation
— Non-responsive human operator
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47
IEEE Std 16-2020
Annex D
(informative)
Classification of printed circuit boards

Some authorities having jurisdiction have historically maintained vehicle electronic equipment. Advances in
electronic design have resulted in the need for more sophisticated troubleshooting and repair equipment. The
definitions of the categories of printed circuit boards are given below to assist authorities having jurisdiction
in the development of contractual requirements. Typically, Category 1 boards are readily repairable, Category
2 boards are repairable only in sophisticated repair facilities (and unit replacement may be preferable), and
Category 3 boards are not repairable.
Printed circuit boards can be considered to belong to one of three categories:
— Category 1 boards are those that have a density of components, component types, and component
mounting, which allows manual probing of the board when troubleshooting to identify the defective
component (i.e., resistor, capacitor, integrated circuit, etc.).
— Category 2 boards are high-density boards that utilize multi-layer construction, surface mount
components, large integrated circuits (such as processor chips, programmable logic devices and other
custom components), which may preclude effective manual troubleshooting.
— Category 3 boards are commercial off-the-shelf printed circuit boards purchased from commercial
industrial equipment manufacturers, where these are non-repairable, or where the design information
is not available from the manufacturer to support troubleshooting and repair.
These categories are descriptive and are not prescriptive as to what is to be provided. These categories are used
to define the capability of test equipment and repair facilities with respect to each printed circuit board.
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48
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IEEE Standard for Electrical

IEEE Vehicular Technology Society

IEEE Std 16™-2020

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

IEEE Standard for Electrical

Rail Transportation Standards Committee

Approved 30 January 2020

IEEE SA Standards Board

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Keywords: apparatus, control, design, electrical, electro-hydraulic, electronic, electropneumatic,

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright © 2020 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-6468-0 STD24066

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Notice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Standards

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Laws and regulations

Brian Ley, Chair

Steven Bezner Piotr Karocki David R. Phelps

Gary Hoffman, Chair

Ted Burse Howard Li Dorothy Stanley

Annex B (normative) Uses of “authority having jurisdiction”����������������������������������������������������������������������� 45

Annex C (informative) Recommended protective functions�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47

Annex D (informative) Classification of printed circuit boards���������������������������������������������������������������������� 48

1.4 Word usage

2. Normative references

ANSI C84.1-1995, Electric Power Systems and Equipment—Voltage Ratings (60Hz).4

EN 50121-3-2:2016, Railway Applications—Electromagnetic Compatibility—Part 3–2: Rolling

IEC 62236-3-2 Ed2:​

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

IPC-2220, Design Standard Series, Printed Boards.12

IPC-A-610-2001, Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies.

MIL-M-81531, Notice 1, Marking of Electrical Insulating Materials.14

NEMA LI 1-1998, Industrial Laminated Thermosetting Products.15

NEMA WD 6-2016, Wiring Devices—Dimensional Requirements.

UL 498-2018, Standard for Attachment Plugs and Receptacles.17

UL 943-2018, Standard for Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters.

UL 1059-2017, UL Standard for Safety Terminal Blocks.

3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations

3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations

APTA American Public Transportation Association

4. Design requirements

4.2 Supply voltages

4.2.2 DC-powered low-voltage control equipment

4.2.3 AC auxiliary apparatus

4.2.4 High-voltage dc-powered traction and auxiliary apparatus

4.2.5 High-voltage single-phase ac systems

Supply voltages for high-voltage single-phase ac systems shall be as shown in Table 2:

Table 2—Standard voltages for high-voltage single-phase ac systems

voltage (V) frequency (Hz) Minimum Minimum Maximum Maximum

Table 2—Standard voltages for high-voltage single-phase ac systems (continued)

4.3 Electrical transient withstand capability

4.3.1.1 Supply system

— AC system, normal operation: Curve 1 of Figure 3—AC supply system overvoltage levels

4.3.1.2 Auxiliary ac systems

4.3.1.3 Low voltage system

4.3.1.4 Electrostatic discharge

4.4 Electromagnetic compatibility

4.4.1 Train-wayside system compatibility

— Variations in power feed and power return impedances

4.4.2 On-board equipment compatibility

Annex B (normative) Uses of “authority having jurisdiction”�� 45

Annex C (informative) Recommended protective functions�� 47

Annex D (informative) Classification of printed circuit boards�� 48

IEC 62236-3-2 Ed2: