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    William Henry Scott A Critical Study of The PreHispanic Source Materials For The Study of Philippine History PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mara Jon Ocden Casiben

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    | ST \ CRITICAL STUDY OF THE PREHISPAN} URCE MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE, HISTORY Conyine. 968 3F 3 ist Sant Somes A cas caer | j | | WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT te sé SouMany ‘The earliest positive reference to the Philippines appears to be a Chinese notice of A.D, 882, and the only description ‘Setore the T6th century is contained in tea Chinese works of the 13th and 1ith centuries, Here the Piipines are described fs having simple customa and material clture with traces of Chinese and Hindu influence; socal organizations ranging from outright savagery to literate, slave-holding lneal_ government with wel developed domestic trade and rematibiy weil deve fed foreign trade, Thev oat yams. taro. ree and come suveli houses. They batter Wax, cotton, fiber cloth, betelnuts, oconats, coral, tortoiseshel, musk, animal-ides, sandaltvood an 3 300 allver, tn, Yad, rine snd textile, cceeee ee e emensnanenc v THE MARAGTAS ico sans inet Harel, or Filo #f Pee ase cman oa aa vane congres Fa acer tao ofa fom eh he Bement a cre ea eee (ade Se eee ee in a a Te Oe ito anh eee nes pat oes See a ae en ied by ar Cr ee cated een I by 8 Gre et eer ee Oe es car ee ae na ae cogil serine the ie? Ruma ects cuneeaias = Oe A aca Camps ie oe Sr eee ere ee a cams in EAE oe be See accy as sates on os cae Senna eee eee arterreeon ta i Seat eg Oe heise santos of eee oa Sa ee ore ee a a ae ie ae see a on acacia ie eee ‘St San fro fn sn ee ts moet eee A ae i survived, He died on April 13, 1909, and is memorialized in the name of the local Philippine Constabulary base, Camp Montero, at whose gate iis statue stands." ‘The word maragtas is explained by the author as the eaui- valent of the Spanish histor, although whether as a common br proper noun is not clear, while Guillermo Santiago-Cuino Considered it a corruption of Sansixit term meaning “great people” or “great country.” Present-lay esrover, now the ward only as th document, either this one or some other of orehispanic or and it ie in consideration of om and provenanee of this Maragtas must be examined Contentst ‘The Maragtas consists of a publisher's introduction by Salvador Laguda, the author's “Foreword to the Readers." six ‘chapters, and an epilogue entitled, “Author's coneluding state. ments to his countrymen in the island of Panay.” ‘The first chapter of the aragies is a kind of antaropolo« 1 ereatize on he foctwer cestoms, clothes, dialect, Eeredty. organization, etc, of the Aetas (ie, Negritos) of Panay, with special mention of the heroic Mariktido, son of old Chief Poipu lan. The second chapter bogins the narrative of the coming of the ten datus from Borneo. fleeing the tyranny of Dati Makatunave. and their purchase of the Island of Panay from Marikudo. The price agreed upon is a solid gold hat and Fi anibor ig indeted for these Siographiea deals to Mes. Ti sua Huge aceon ie Mantel" peanadateer, ad ‘amines Newson, muniifat scary of Mtraperr te Ma Mioteciav, ae which time he Interviewed: Montes Soanger bother atthe Cae ef Masa ets ts de = aera toe See ea i, Sec Pa Screen gall wa ieee IG oir at pata ‘ : ae % sn, unit the Negrto chitai's wife, anivantinan, 80 Somands an anke‘angth Sukie from the wife of che of the Serkess Siaan in consideration of whieh the natives od@. BRST tive craber a longtused boar, and a follntered ste dot ‘The nares of fhe datas are aven a £08: Pati ener of the expeition and aaa of Maka saw band ha ife Pnanghang, who reten to Borne, Waving ge af the Dooay setiemont; Sumakwel and Sangityas ier sarong, Kapina Baas date ho Saungsange SEP detnance te sound ceamamitng thi speech delet presenta Paiburoug 5} he Bornean tent fa sevege: Padshinon ade wile lbomapaw's Dumangsl and his wife Kablling; Dunalogsog Rett both basen, nd Daleauela sna Dumangsi 9 Sate in Tale Chapter ii tells the romance of Sumake war iar Se " 3 are of the tates te Orfeneal Iterative. Given a hint of what's going on by his slaves, the euckolded husband hides in the attic above the room in which the iliit affair is taking piace and spears his vival flagrant deicto, moving his wife to sigh, “AR. how many times have I told Sumakwel not to leave that spear up there where it might fail down and hurt somebody’ Kapi- angen then cuts up Gurung-guring’s body to bury it piece ‘meal, and for her pains is taken to sea on Sumalwel's orders to be drowned in a weighted jar. The slaves charged with the execution, however, take pity on her and put her ashare on an unknown island where, in dus time, Sumakvwel happens to go ashore. ‘There he sees a beautiful girl in a house window and Sumalceel in cava avd his wife ‘Kapinangan and Eee Been tans om eeee Fl Ee RPGS Phan a SE Panga eda Se Gabe Bvoytepedia of he 2 TE VLR, p00 Eon eatin staat ioe : oat learns that she is Aloyon. a goddesswnueen served by the loa! Negritos, and, his ardor fanned oy the fluteplaying of one of his faithful slaves. he: falls in Tove and suarries her, never realizing she is his former wife (On their way home, Sumakvtel's brother-in-iaw, Bangkaya, saves a woman ftom a cnesarian operation by massage and is Fewarded ‘wth different Kinds of seed3 WHIGh he and Sumalewel then plant all around the island. ates, sting abot ‘their political arrangements snd thelr circomnavigation of the indy and chapter © fs ameter anrienpningteal sort of tearise Geseribing language, commerce, clothes, customs, macriages, funerals, mourning habits, cockfichting. #ime-keeping techniques tnd calendars, and personal character‘cties, The final chapter irives a list of Castilian officials between 1637 and 1808. ant the epilogue contains a few 18th century dates rom Miag-20 hig "Fore nathay's on statement Wword to the Readers.” which is here quoted in ful I wrotg this Maragtag. a history of the first in- habitants of the island of Panay, with great reluctance for fear I might be considered too presumptuoes. 1 ould therefore fave refrained from writing it but fon my burning dese fo rovel tothe ue te many — ‘lata which I gathered from records about the ISDN ap He land of Bana the areal of the Dats from Borneo, thelr possession and settlement of our land, zhsir spread to different pasts of, the Island, ‘heir spread th different past of the Teland, and their Customs and habits untl the Spaniards came and ruled the Philippines. tn order that th radars of this Marsa shoal ele na compaced this sation, wie to eton Oro anne sugn, who had been the frat teasher of the town and io sid it nd oe aiven hie by ia father who Sn, oui rom (us father, the old sun's geen hme ears though which thy manure dave pated wore att fe paper so mt it was almest npeshibeto"handie. Worse fet (eas only written itunes mare wis sap wilh bart nist aselsa The other a fugcrpt I found 3 bamboo tube where. my gran Dapers. The manuscript , (00, thai tae autaer says the earliest inention of the ‘sland ‘a by Loarea 64 1586 Coy Ja “the isi seeount of tne Island of Negros.” In marked contrast to the superficiality of the text are the copious footnotes by Manuel Artigas y Cuerva, head of the Filipiniana section of the Philippine Library. Under “Primi: five government of the inhabitaats,” for example, the author writes: ‘The Island of Negros, like the rest of the Philiogine ‘Archipelago, lacked any organized form of govera- imc nd rever sured ier ME go rs a fongest and most powerful governing. Crimes ‘were not punished and injustices remained unredressed, the inhabitants enjoying a life of complete indepen- dence and liberty. Tee ae ee ‘To this, the annotator appends « three-nage footnote beginning, "This may be said in general, Dut chere ore authors, such 28 Morga and many others who can be cited. who make it clear that there were leaders ‘eth theit followers...” Te is wort noting, too. thet one of these footnotes ventions an oxtinet “Austral alaye-indian continent called “Lemuria” and that mother gives the 1578 Rinuel list of encom visros Zeom Colin s labor roangalen which names Diogo Loper Povwlauo and Zar- tolome Madrigal. Artigee sigo supplied “wo stustratcne the work from fhe + Prey o 2 Tndion se Bisnyas of Beaneieeo lzina The Tuner CARs Decowewrs in 1942 José E, Marco sent the Philippine Librar sul Museum three one-sheyt ‘ccuments written in old FU feript om bark in what.» aresumally were fying it ag the work of the “Snvineible encomendero” Diegvs Lope Pouedano in 1572." Robertson and Parker were meanwhile communicating with ‘Marco about these discoveries; in a letter dated November 18, 1913, Marco told Parker, “Doctur Robertson is also interested in this map,” and“ do not think it is easy to get that wooden Teg He eri EM ar anireary la 81%» 1. calendar Father Pavén apeaks of." The final result of shis Correspondence was the acquisition the next year of the famous Aocuments which Robertson announced in his anmual report 10 the Philippine Library Board for the year ending December St, 1914, In the folowing terms: Several very important additions tothe manyscrn wealth of the Library were received ftom Str. Jose E. Maree, hn has proven a goa frend to "his attation fim many detasions. ‘These consist af the following 1. Historia de la Isla de Negros by the Eneomen jero Diego Lope ‘Povedano, Sve, written om paren iment. Tis san exceedingly valuable manueeript for the pre-Spanish history of the Philippines, for besides Re at nistorical and. eUmmological interest, it cone ‘Anta ev fo the teanserintion of the ol Pagan har {ters use at the Ume of the Spanish discover. 2 Stop of Negens (1513) by Povedano, on parcliient. 2, Lge antiguas leyendas de la Isla de Negina. by Fr. Tose Maria Pavon, who wae stationed at Mamamaylan, in Gcelental Neon 15361809, int eather and Solumes 181 Lem, of 267 and 204 pages respertvely. ‘These cokes are most valuable for the early history imequt Segru Paver comet have nad ace a" phvedano's work abee mentioned oF to tae Scovieof another author who had access to it. "The fist fe containe the only ancient-criminal. eae of the Filipinos which has vet come to light ani i eaimed that thig Was taken from an ol Biaayan me. of TH, 4. Brujerias, y los cuentos. de fantasmas. By avon, 187. A fragment of six faves, 22 x 18cm, |__5._ Los cusntos de fos indios de esta isla de Negros by Pavon 1888. Leather hound book of 108 poges. 18 X11 em.” Containe a transcription and translation of fn old Bigayan Jotament satd to date from the 13th cantury. Very valuable." Whatever reticence Robertson may have had about the authenticity of the prehispanic portions of these accessions he had evidently overcome by 1917 when he published his “The SQpfeh in Fred Eaean and ED, Hose, “The Prelao manus ot ah Phtipe cd, ol Mi, No 3s) | soci structure of, and ideals cf Jaw among, carly Philippine oples... “wich 4 gracious 0ce of praie for Marco's "eal and enthusiasm. The same “ear Jose Soneuya devoted. sit pters of ie Historia prehsstna e Fitypinas i Ila de Panay 16 1 discussion of “he Calant'ao “ode, with an expression of protoura samiration for his fellow countryman who had. £0 senerously donated it 29 Thus one veho had made wich an Tauspieious -¢°-r “ai0 “he Seid of Philipine seholat- hia only ave heard himerif auded in reine 7 ‘sof the old Centra aeolar lg “stgerness ang interest. worthy of all eneomium. in hela ‘elope ‘Apenetraie shadows ofthe pat, by his lisintereted Yehore fai? ty ely sompatronad™ THe Povenano 1572 EAP oF NecKos A.27 ms sud o.oo ohetograph exists in the Robertson. ols @EMGMD (Philippine Seadies Program Transcript enn Chiea- 0. 1954), Provenance. — The provenance of the original map is indi- cated in s-signed testimons “which ‘as presumably on the back the map although Robertson does not mention it nor is there 8 photograpn of tated stating thae shen the wails of the old prison There was Zound a small leaden 00x in good condition cotaining thee things Tg ony doublons of Shares Fy optical eitdened”docoment of 24 sere cre he nd te en ten, and other buildings, 2 lack pices to mack the ays, ‘ears, and month which the Indians say are ealen: PSone, om it uo dara, These wore given to the Reverend Parish Priest to be destroyed ta they wera considered pagan. omarms. 1 books nf vehat Tadane called anting-antings 2 iron Jermetal tube whiek coneained sar ud map of "Me iilandof Bugiag (ce, Negros]. All toms were lt ‘ith Don, 3. Morqueena, Licentiate and Civ Bag. heer, and it way ordered that all this be set forth on the back ofthe map, ae it was made Of strong leaner Acrording to Mateo, the map came into ‘he “acy of an oid Servant of Governor Valleviezy by Morquechos ho stole ‘luring a Moro raid, gave it to a German oamed C. Zoveee. and stole it back again a 7398. Un siovemoer 9, ish. cvidently still in this old man’s handa, vu: 3farco ay olan. sing to buy it.” fe orovanance af the suppated only three days after the above statement of Mares’s vas made is ies clear. in the lower left-hand corner appears the same “Suan Camunhing Rigay,” atrangely similar to Domingo Rigas ‘and Canuahing who are mentioned in a Pavin document tated 1888." The surviving photograph of the orignal, unfortun- ately, shoves oes sees! al wher» chat It 8 no: poss ble to aay originaliy appeared there or not ‘The Robertson photograph shows the original map to have ‘been folded ance in each tlirection. This poses a certain prot lem about folding and unfolding so old a piece of parchment — that in. it had been folded Defore being rolled up to insert ia the metal cube, ie Would aueely have cracked upon unroding fn vnfokling centuries later; or if it were folded after having been rolled up in the tube that length of time, it would probably have’ sutfered similar damage. Indeed, it'is remarkable w hex he ns “SE, D, Heater, The Robertrn text and tranlalio of the Paced memo a. (Chea 8, ene 'S Egan and esc’ Tho Roto it oud roalation of the Pin Beene Re eae ink such a sheet of parchment could have survived so well in dn unventlated box inside a limestone wall inthe humid Philip: Sine climate in the {rst place. considering the notorious damp- bess of she Spanish colonial buildings which even today quickly Teoiors or rejects fresh coats of paint Conten‘s. — The map's Latin cartouche says, “Geographical snap describing the vovage which he the iustrious @ROmeAGaEDS Of the 25 places we, Himamasian, Bi wgan, Hinigaran and Marayo (Pontevedra) on the northwe oast, with little standing crosses drawn in in the general areas dinamavlan, Pentacerica and Racolnd, (What these crosse represent 's not clear since there were only ten priests in the Philippines in 1572 and none of them were stationed in Negros.) fe Hp of Cebu and the Island of Siquihor (with its name Gntered in parentheses Yelow the older name, Anunipay), and Mount Canlaon are also shown. Decorations inelude a compass seged animal, wo aida, (we fis» ard ore mermaid, sng sven httle ships vith the unsual rigging of to masts each carrying one square sail circummavigating the isiand on a dotted line, carious Zeature of the map is its seale — “Leven Linea — according to which the Island of Negros is approximately 230 ‘eveas from north to south, If lewca is meant 0 be the nish ‘egua of Povedano’s day, this is a spectacular error, for {ing of sailing directions in the Visayas recorded in accounts of "Relation of the western islands called Filipinas,” in The colonize ton snd qaguet othe Piper y Spain (Ppa Bek Gol "A Absence voyage of dicovery and the congutst ofthe Philipines,” ne ‘phe Phtipine Inland, Vol, 1, . 21. ee the 1510's gives an average of 56hms:* Or if ‘old Gallic fuga from swhich the medieval British mile was 3 tived, it would be the squivalent of 207 kms, in actual “ach the Inland of Negros is almuat exactly 220 islometers Is hard to understand how Povedano coud have ‘asus istand in 1872 by anits equivalent 9 those kilometers his to bo devised arbitrarily sic., 8 meter ‘3 1/10.000.600 ‘Bstanee from the Equator to ‘he North Beate iar rommitton ofthe Hench zovernment otiv > °798. ‘THE Povepano Manuscrr oF 25% ‘The parchment original of Diego Lupe Povelaas's + . Heswer's The" eserto0n tex? cu cracls : manuscr ot of 15 2c, SSA “ee reese a8 accompany vedano map which in November of 2940 vas io the ¢ of the former servant of Governor Yalivie, out sss fine ay to where it was between Povedano’s “axrand the century thefts which finally brought it into his hands” 7 iz was not included in the lead box with the map is matie cieat by the inventory of the contents of “aldivieso ‘and fvo witnesses: the box contained of Which could have bean the elary titled Le lta de Negros y te Costumbres de lov Visayos y Negritos — eight ‘were ‘books of anting-antings and the ninth was an “official witnessed Ep, Panay to Cobo 40 leans, Banay to Shuran 1 Wee. sg eee Bt as mann ae ‘REewan and Hester 1960, op. city». 529. us Viocument of 24 leaves concerning the founding of the town, the prison, and other buildings."= Forty sears later, Mare was tell a different story — that the manuseript had come from 2n old convent cook ‘ho had looted the Himamaylan parish in 1899, the manuscript having been found among Father Pavgn's ‘papers, having been given him by the family of the “mendicant Fr. Ramon Andres” who had them from Povedano's own, hand™ >ges of \egends about the origin of the world and lcal olacenames, 14 of marziage customs, religion and calendars, and 1 te-page descrition of the Bisayan alphabet, both of the latter ‘tems being sllustrated. ‘The reference in the section called (On how they worshipped their false gods" to an allnowertul ‘siy called Sapumian, otherwise known only among the pagan ountaincers of Northern Luzon, is go starting as to have occa sioned a special “Note on Povedano's reference to Kadunion™ ly Fred Eggan in Philippine Studies Program publication of the weenie a in et of such cousisieney and inventive nature they can hardly be accounted for asthe carelessness of an uncultured conguiste. dor or imitative attempts by a native Filipino. Lourdes Dias. Trechueio of the Escuela de Estudios Hispenoamericanos ir ville has commented of it, “T hava consulted with various specialists and archivists, and they all feel as I do that the let. ters present features strange and uncommon in documents of mere d ek trian cg Cater ar 3 ke ‘The orthography of the document is sather more incon= sistent than in typical of documents eters 1580. and 1600, int the period ‘aa one of coniderabe confusion “Spanish Spelling. ‘Povedane's speling in his eserotion of che Philip- pine ulphabeto, nowever, suggests an amestal ‘ingustic erud tion — es the RUMIBnsend of the ¢ and 7 employed in other tary Spanish. secounts, and an atimiraole lack of Spanish Sthocentrcity exprestedin the statement, “The eter they frrte thos. but pronounce ie ike she j of our eters." The {6th century was a time of perhaps the af introduce Greek spellings ay ace ‘ifabeto th spinstend of aan his woe GMehough he nimsel calls ths letter che “vunie Srdscentury German script) and seems 60 chink Runes are a ind of people (zy “letra de os runos"), Sut strangely eavugh tmploys it only once himself 'n transeribing aative terms (0 Kabunian),otherwice using @ and (ea qui, enmaygon) Povedano’s statement about i and j is difficult ro interpret, with» ov ga a ind oh anu i a ony in Pvelano’s ‘own lifetime that the modern, ough-breathing, “aspirated” sound (Ge, English #) developed. Povedano's orthography makes a surprisingly modern use of these co lettars (64, Jueves and jovenes, hacia and hechos, with expected variants Ike ‘nugeres/museres and abajo/abazo) and ‘neludes enough slips like abla and ije for habla and hijo to show that he himself pro- nounced the f silent, One does not understand, therefore, has sound he intends in auch native terms as degancaiuy or muca- laubug, oF what he means oy saying the Filipinos have an i ove Dronounce it ike a 3. Pein 20. Referee brat ae to the pina of Phiipine Stiles’ Fiogram Transcript No. 2 information op Istheentury. Spanish ertography is taken from Robert Ke Spuuiing’s Hew Sponh grew (California, 943) nd core: [onltnce wih Dr. Syouling thou the Poreans blogaphs eters dated ‘Kon ian May 17, 1007, Povedano’s description of the Philippine script and the amples he gives involve precisely the same errors already pointed out by Norberto Romudlder in the three bark documents Jos6 E. Marco presented to the Philippine Library the year be. fore he presented the Povedano documents. The University f Chicago has appended a special article as a “Note on the Negros-Bisayan syllabary recorded by Povedano” to its publics liom of the document, in which Robert Fox says, “Povedano's ‘fanscriptions are improbable for they are alphabetic, not aylla. "Yet this imprebability cannot be the mere error of an Ynfamiligr foreigner for :t occurs in the native calendar af viuieh Zovedano writes, “I copied it with great exactness and it is thus." ‘The calendar is aiftionlt <0 read because of the crudeness fof the characters and because they are squeezed together and ‘he words contracted — eg, agynan for daganenan.” They show the same want of cortits as the bark documents, and con. tain such hispanizations as the use of » (actually ») for u and 6 (e9., vlalyn, cavay) and y instead of e or i, andthe placing 2 (to peoucunce se with ‘eater strows." Pevudans cays, to taake ago? te (eg. vighym {or ciquitin). Indeed, this same elquilin Povedano gives as an example in his section on the alphabet but there he renders it

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