worked hard, and brough t u p my fath er to do the same.
B u t my g randfather is
RALPH ELLISON (1914-1994)
Born in Oklah o m a and edu­
cated at the Tuske g ee Insti tute
in Alabama, where he studied
music, Ral ph Ellison gai ned his
reputation as a writer on the
stren g th of his only p ublished
novel, Invisible Man (1952 ) . He
also published some scattered
s hort sto ries and two collections
L;b,a,y ofCongres;, p,;nc, and Phot:og,ap hs D;vi,;on.
of essay s, Shadow and Act (1964)
and Going to the Territory (1986) .
Al thou g h h is writing was n o t ex tensive, it is i m p o rtant because Ellison
wrote about race relations in the context o f universal human co ncerns .
Invisible Man is the s tory of a young black man who moves from t h e
So uth t o the North a n d discovers what it m ean s to be black in America.
" B a t tle Ro yal," p ublished i n 1947 as a s h o r t stor y, be came th e first
cha p ter of Invisible Man. It concerns the be g i nnin g of the p rotag o n is t ' s
long stru ggle for a n adult identity in a wo rld made corru p t by racial
prejudice.
Battle Royal I947
It goes a lon g way back, some twenty years. All my lif e I had been lookin g fo r
somethin g , and everywhere I turned someone tried t o tell me what it was. I ac­
cepted their answers coo, thou gh they were often in con tradiction an d even
self-contradictory. I was naive. I was looking for myself and asking ever yone ex­
cept myself q uestions which I, and only I, could answer. It took me a long time
and much p ainful boomeran g ing of my expectations ro achieve a realization
everyone else app ears to have been born with: That I am nobody but myself .
Bue firs t I had to discover chat I am an invisible man !
. And yet I am no freak of natu re, nor of hisro ry. I was in the cards, other
thm gs having been equal (or une qual) eighty-five years ago . I am not ashamed
of my grand p arents for havin g been slaves. I an, only ashamed of myself for
h avin g at one time been ashamed. About eighty-five years ago they were told
th at they were free, united with others of our country in eve rythin g p ertaining
to the co mmon good, and, in everything social, se p arate like the fin gers of the
hand. And they bel ieved it. They exulted in it. They stayed in their p lace,
the one. He was an odd old guy, my grandfather, and I am cold I cake after him.
It was he who caused the trouble. On his deathbed h e called my father to him
and said, "Son, after I'm gone I want you to keep u p the good fi g ht. I never told
you, bur our life is a war and I have been a trai tor all m y b o rn days, a spy in the
enemy's country ever since I g ave u p my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live
with your head in the lion's mouth. I wan t you to overcome 'em with yeses, un­
d.ennine 'em with g ri ns_, ag ree 'em to death an d destruction, let 'em swoll.er you
till they vomit o r bust wide open . " They rhought the old man had gone out of
his mind. He had been the meekest of men. The younger children were r ushed
from the roo m , the shades drawn an d the fl ame of the lam p turned so low that
it sputtered on the wick like t h e old man 's breachin g . "Learn it to the youn g ­
uns," he whispered fiercely; then he died.
But my folks were m o re alarmed over his last words than over b is dyi n g .
I t was a.s though he had no c d ied ar all , his words caused so much anxiety. I
was warned em p hatically to fo rger wha t he had said and, indeed, this is the
first rim e i t has been men tion ed omside the family circle. It had a tremen­
dous e ffect u p on me, however. I could never be sure of what he meant.
Grandfathe r had been a q uiet old ma.n who never made any trouble, yet on
his deathbed he had called himself a traitor and a spy, and he had s p oken of
his meekness as a dange rous activi ty. It became a constant p uzzle which lay
unanswered in the back of my mind. And wheneve 1- thin g s went well for me I
remembered my grandfather and felt g uilty and uncomfortable. It was as
though I was carrying out his advice i n sp ire of myself And to make i t wo rse.,
everyone loved me for i t. I was p raised b y the most lily -white men o f the
town. I was considered. an exam p le of desirable conduce - just as my grand­
father had been. And. what p uzzled me was that the old man had defined it
as treachery. When I was p raised for my conduct I fel t a g uil e that in some way
I was doing som.ething that was really a g ainst the wishes of the white folks,
that if they b ad understood the}' would h ave des i red me to act just the o p po­
site, that I should h ave been sulky and mean, and that that really would have
been what the y wanted, even tho ugh they were fooled and thou g h t they
wanted me co act as I did. Ir made me afraid char some day the y wo uld look
u p on me as a traito r and I wo ul d be lost. S till I was more afraid co act any
ocher way because they didn't like that at all. The old man 's words were like a
curse. On m.y graduation day I delivered an o ration in which I showed chat
h umility was the secret, indeed, the ver y essence of p ro g res s . (Not chat I be­
lieved chis -- how could I, remembering my g randfather? - I only believed
that it worked.) It was a g reat success. Everyone p raised me and I was invited
to g ive the s p eech at a gatherin g of the town's leadin g white citizens. It was a
trium p h for our whole comm unity.
It was i n the main ballroom of the leading hotel. When I g ot there I
discovered that ic was on the occasion of a s rnoker, and I was told chat since
I was to be there anyway I mi g ht as well cake p art in the battle royal to be
fou ght by some of my schoolmates as p art of che entertainment. The battle
roval came first.
' All of rhe town 's bi g shots were there in their ruxedoes, wolfing down the
buffet foods, drinkin g beer and whiskey and smokin g black ci g ars. Ir was a
larg e room with a hi g h ceilin g . Chairs were arran g ed in near rows around three
sides of a portable boxing ring. The fourth side was clear, revealing a gleaming
space of polished floor. I had some misgivings over the battle royal, by the way.
Nor from a distaste for fighting, but because I didn't care too much for the
ocher fellows who were to t.ake part. They were tough guys who seemed to have
no grandfather's curse worrying their minds. No one could mistake their
coughness. And besides, I suspected that fighting a battle royal might detract
from rhe dignity of my speech. In those pre-invisible d ays I visualized myself as
a potential Booker T. Washington. Bue the other fellows didn't care coo much
for me either, and there were nine of them. I fel t superior co them in 1ny way,
and I didn't like the manner in which we were all crowded together into the
servants' elevator. Nor did they like my being there. In fact, as the warmly
lighted floors flashed past the elevator we had words over the fact that I, by
raking. part in the fight, had knocked one of their friends out of a night's work.
We were led out of the elevator through a rococo hall into an anteroom
and told to get into our fighting togs. Each of us was issued a pair of boxing
gloves and ushered out into the big mirrored hall, which we e ntered looking
cautiously about us and whispering, lest we might acci dentally be heard above
the noise of the room. It was foggy with cigar smoke. And already the whiskey
was taking e ffect. I was shocked to see some of the most important men of the
cown quite ti psy. They were all there - bankers, lawyers, judges, doctors, fire
chiefs, te achers, merchants. Even one of the more fashionable pastors. Some­
thing we could not see was going on up front. A clarinet was vibrating sensu­
ously and the men were standing up and moving eagerly forward. We were a
small tight group, clustered together, our bare upper bodies couching and
shining with anticipatory sweat; while up front the big shoes were becoming
increasingly excited over somethi ng we still could not see. Suddenly I heard the
school superintendent, who had told me to come, yell, "Brin g up the shines,
gen tlemen! Bring up the little shines ! "
We were rushed u p to the fron r o f rhe ballroom, where i t smelled. even more
strongl y of tobacco and whiskey. Then we were p ushed into p lace. I almost wet
my pants. A sea of faces, some hostile, some amused, ringed around us, and in
the center, facing us, stood a magnificent blonde - stark naked. There was dead
silence. I felt a blast of cold air chill me. I tried to back away, but they were behind
me and around me. Some of the boys stood with lowered heads, trembling. I felt
a wave of irrational g uilt and fear. M y teeth chattered, my skin turned to goose
flesh, my knees knocked. Yer I was strongly attracted and looked in spite of my­
self Had the price of looking been blindness, I would have looked. The hair was
yellow like char of a circus kewpie doll, the face heavily powdered and rouged, as
thou gh to form an abstract mask, the eyes hollow and smeared a cool blue, the
color of a baboon's butt. I felt a desire co spic upon her as my eyes b rushed slowly
over her body. Her breasts were firm and round as rhe domes of East Indian tem­
ples, �nd I stood so close as to see che fine skin texture and beads of p early per­
sptranon glistenin g like dew around the pink and erected buds of her nipples. I
wanted at one and the same time co run from the room, to sink through the
floor, or g o to her and cover her from my eyes and the eyes of the others with my
body; to feel che soft thighs, to caress her and destroy her, to love her and murder
her, to hide from her, and yet to stroke where below the small American flag tat­
tooed upon her belly her thighs formed a capital V. I had a notion chat of all in
the room she saw only me with her impersonal eyes.
And then she began to dance, a slow sensuous movement; the smoke of a
hundred cigars dinging tO her like the thinnest of veils. She seemed like a fair
bird•girl girdled in veils calling to me from the an g ry surface of some gray and
threatening sea. I was trans p orted. Then I became aware of the clarinet playin g
and the big shots yelling at us. Some threatened us if we looked and ochers if
we did not. On my right I saw one boy faint. And now a man grabbed a silver
pi tcher from a table and ste p ped close as he dashed ice water upon him and
stood him up and forced two of us to sup port him as his head hung and
moans issued from his thick bluish lips. Another boy began to plead to go
home. He was the largest of the g roup , wearin g dark red fighting trunks much
too small co conceal the e rection which p rojected from him as though in an­
swer to the insinuating low-registered moaning of the clarinet. He tried to hide
himself with his boxing gloves.
And all the while the blonde continued dancing, smiling faintly at the big
shots who watched her with fascination, and faintly smiling at our fear. I no­
ticed a certain merchant who followed her hungrily, his lips loose and drool­
ing. He was a large man who wore diamond studs in a shirtfront which swelled
with the ample paunch underneath, and each time the blonde swayed her un­
dulating hips he ran his hand throu gh the chin hair of his bald head and, with
his arms upheld, his p osture clumsy like that of an intoxicated panda, wound
his belly in a slow and obscene grind. This creature was completely hypnotized.
The music had quickened. As the dancer flung herself about with a detached
expression on her face, the men began reaching out to touch her. I could see
their beefy fingers sink in co the soft flesh. Some of the ochers tried to stop
them as she began to move around the floo r in graceful circles, as they gave
chase, slipping and sliding over the polished floor. It was mad. Chairs went
crashing, drinks were spilt, as they ran laughin g and howling after her. They
caught her just as she reached a door, raised her from the floor, and tossed her
as college b oys are tossed at a hazing, and above her red, fixed-smiling li p s I saw
the terror and di sgust in her eyes, almost like my own terror and that which l
saw in some of the ocher boys. As I watched, they tossed her twice and her soft
breasts seemed to flatten against the air and her legs flun g wildly as she spun.
Some of the more sober ones hel p ed her to escap e. And I started off the floor,
headin g for the an teroom with the rest of rhe boys.
Some were still crying in hysteria. But as we tried to leave we were sto pp ed ro
and ordered to get into the ring. There was nothin g to do bur what we were
told. All ten of us climbed under the ropes and all owed o urselves to be blind­
folded with broad bands of white cloth. One of the men seemed to feel a bit
symp athetic and tried to cheer us u p as we stood with our backs against the
ropes. Some ofus tried to grin. "See that boy over there?" one of the men said.
"I want you to run across at the bell and g ive it co him righ t in the belly. If you
don't get him, I'm going to get you. I don't like his loo ks." Each of us was told
rhe same. The blindfolds were put on. Yet even then I had been goin g over my
s p eech. In my mind each word was as b right as flame. I fel t the cloth p ressed
into p lace, and frowned so that it would be loosened when I relaxed.
But now I felt a s udden fit of blind terror. I was unused to darkness. It was
as though I h ad suddenly found myself in a dark roo m filled with p oisonous
cottonmouths. I could hear the bleary voices yellin g insistently for the battle
royal to be gin.
"Get goin g in there ! "
 "Let me ac chat big nigger! "
I strained to pick up the school superin tendent's voice, as though ro
squeeze some security out of that slightly more familiar sound.
"Let me at chose black sonsabitches ! " someone yelled.
"No, Jackson, no ! " another voice yelled. ''Here, somebody, help me hold
Jack."
"I wane to get at chat ginge r-col01·ed nigger. Tear him limb from Limb," the
first voice yelled.
I stood against the ropes trembling. For in those days I was what they
called ginger-colored, and he sounded as though he might crunch me between
his teeth like a crisp ginger cookie.
Quite a struggle was going on. Chairs were being kicked abou t and I could
hear v.oices grunting as with a terrific effort. I wanted to see, to see more des­
perately than ever before. But the blindfold was tight as a thick skin-puckering
scab and when I raised my gloved h ands to push the layers of white aside a
voice yelled, "Oh, no you don't, black b astard! Leave that alone ! "
"Ring the bell before Jackson kills him a coon ! " someone boomed i n the 20
sudden silence. And I heard the bell dang and the sound of the feec scuffling
forward.
A glove sm acked against my head. I pivoted, striking out stiffly as someone
went past, and felt the jar ripple along the length of my arm to my shoulder.
Then it seemed as though all nine of the boys had turned upon me at once.
Blows pounded me from all sides while I struck out as best I could. So many
blows landed upon me that I wondered if I were noc che only blindfolded
figh ter in the ring, or if the man called Jackson hadn't succeeded in getting me
afcer all.
Blindfol de d, I c o uld no longer control. my mo t ion s . I had no di gnity. I
stum ble d about 1ike a baby or a drunken m an . The smoke had become thicker
an d w ith each new blow it seeme d co sear an d fu r ther restrict my lungs. My
saliva be came like hoc bitter glue. A glove connected wit h my head, fi lling my
m o u t h wic h w arm blood. It was e veryw here. I coul d not cell if the m oisture I
felt u po n my body was sweat or blood . A b lo w lande d h ar d against the nape of
my n eck . I felt myself going over, my head hitting the floor. Streaks of bl ue
l i gh t fi lled t h e black wo rld behind the blin d fold. I lay p r o ne, preten d ing char I
was k nock e d ouc, b u t felt myself s eiz e d by hands and yanked co my feet. "G ee
go ing, b lack b oy ! Mix it up ! " My ar ms were like lead, my head smarting from
blows. I m anaged to feel my way to the ropes and held on, t ryi n g to catch my
breach . A glove landed in my mid-sec tion and I went ove r again, fe eling as
tho ugh the smoke had become a knife jabbe d i nt o my guts . Pushed thi s way
and that by the legs milling around me, I fi nally pulled erect and discover e d
that I coul d s ee the black, s weat-washed fo rms weaving in che smoky-blue
atm osph ere like drunken dancers weaving co t h e rapid dru m like thuds of
blows.
Everyone fought hysterically. It was complete anarchy. Everybody fought
everybody else. No group fought together for long. Two, three, four, fought
one, then turned to fight each ocher, were themselves attacked. Blows landed
below the belt and in the kidney, with the gloves open as well as closed, and
with my eye partly opened now there was not so much terror. I moved carefully,
avoiding blows, although not too many to attract atten tion, figh ting from
group to group. The boys g roped abou t like blind, caucious crabs crouching to
protect their mid-sections, their heads pulled in short against their sho ulders,
their arms screeched nervously before them, with their fists testing the smoke­
filled air like the knobbed feelers of hypersensitive snails. In one corner I
15 glimpsed a boy violently punching the air and heard him scream in pain as he
smashed his hand against a ring post. For a second I saw him bent over hold­
ing his hand, then going down as a blow caught his unprotected head. I played
one group against che ocher, slipping in and throwing a punch then stepping
our of range while pushing the others into the melee to take the blows blindly
aimed ac me. The smoke was agonizing and there were no rounds, no bells at
three minute intervals co relieve our exhaustion. The room spun round me, a
swirl of ligh ts, smoke, sweating bodies surrounded by tense white faces. I bled
from both nose and mouth, the blood spattering upon my chest.
The men kept yelling, "Slug him, black boy! Knock h is guts out! "
"Uppercut him! Kill him ! Kill that big boy ! " '-5
Taking a fake fall, I saw a boy going down heavily beside me as though we
were felled by a single blow, saw a sneaker-clad foot shoot in to his groin as the
two who had knocked him down stumbled upon him. I rolled out of range,
feeling a twinge of nausea.
The harder we fought the more threatening the men became. And yet, I
had begun to won-y about my speech again. How would it go? Would they rec­
ognize my ability? What would they give me?
I was fighting automatically when suddenly I noticed chat one after
another of the boys was leaving the ring. I was surprised, filled wi th panic, as
rhough I had been left alone wi th an unknown danger. Then l understood..
The boys had arranged it among themselves. It was che custom for che two
men left in che ring co slug it ouc for th e winner's prize. I discovered this coo
late. When the bell sounded two men in cuxedoes leaped into the ring and re­
moved the blindfold. I found myself facing Tatlock, the biggest of the gang. I
felt sick at rny stomach. Hardly had the bell stopped ringing in my ears than it
clanged again and I saw him moving swiftly coward me. Thin.king of nothing
else co do I hit him smash on the nose. He kep t coming, bringing the rank
sharp violence of scale sweat. His face was a black blank of a face, only his eyes
alive - with hate of me and aglow with a feverish terror from what had hap­
pened co us all. I became anxious. I wan ted to deliver my speech and he came at
me as though he meant to bear it out of me. I smashed him again and again,
taking his blows as they came. Then on a sudden impulse I struck him lightly
and as we clinched, I whispered, "Fake like I knocked you out, you can have the
prize. "
''I'll break your behind," he whispered hoarsely.
"For them ?" 30
"For me, sonofabitch ! "
They were yelling fo r us co break i t u p and Tatlock spun me half around
wi th a blow, and as a joggled camera sweeps in a reeling scene, I saw the howl­
ing red faces crouching tense beneath the cloud of blue-gray smoke. For a mo­
ment the world wavered, unraveled, flowed, then my head cleared and Tatlock
bounced before me. That flmtering shadow before my eyes was his jabbing left
hand. Then falling forward, my head against his damp shoulder, I whispered,
"I'll make it five dollars more. "
"Go co hell ! "
 Bu.r his muscles relaxed a trifle beneath my pressure and I breathed, 35
"Seven?"
"Give it to your ma," he said, ripping me beneath che heart.
And while I still held him I butted him and moved away. I felt myself bom­
barded with punches. I fought back with hopeless desperation. I wanted co de­
liver my speech more than anything else in the world, because I felt rhac only
these men could judge truly my ability, and now this stupid clown was ruining
my chances. I began figh ting carefully now, moving in to punch hirn and out
again with my greater speed . A lucky blow co his chin and I had him going
coo - until I heard a loud voice yell, "I got my money on the big boy. "
Hearing this, I almost dropped my guard. I was confused: Should I try to
win against the voice out there? Would not this go against my speech, and was
not this a moment for humili ty, for nonresistance? A blow to my head as I
danced about sent my right eye popping like a jack-in-the-box and seeded my
dilemma. The roo m went red as I fell. It was a dream fall, my body languid and
fastidious as to where to land, until the floor became impatient and smashed up
co meet me. A moment later I came to. An hypnotic voice said FIVE emphatically.
And I lay there, hazily watching a dark red spot of my own blood shaping itself
into a butterfly, glistening and soaking into the soiled gray world of the canvas.
When the voice drawl.ed TEN I was lifted up and dragged to a chair. I sac
dazed. My eye pained and swelled with each throb of my pounding heart and I
wonde red if now I would be allowed to speak I was wringing wet, my m o uth
still bleeding. We were grouped along the wall now. The other boys ign ored me
as they con gratulated Tatlock and speculated as co how much they would be
paid. One boy whimpered over his smashed hand. Looking up front, I saw at­
tendants in white jackers rolling the portable ring away and placing a small
square rug in che vacant space s urrounded by chairs. Perhaps, I thought, I will
stand on the rug ro deliver my speech.
Then the M.C. called to us, "Come on up here boys and get your mon ey." 40
We ran forward co where the men laughed and talked in their chairs, waiting.
Everyone seemed friendly now.
"There it is on the rug," the man said. I saw the rug covered with coins of
all dimensions and a few crurnpled bills. But what excited me, scattered here
and there, were the gold pieces.
"Boys, it's all yours, " the man said. "You get all you grab ."
"That's righ t, Samba," a blond rnan said, winking at me confidentially.
I trembled with excitement, forgetting my pain. I would gee the gold and
the bills, I thought. I would use both hands. I would throw my body against
the boys nearest me co block them from the gold.
"Get down around the rug now," che man commanded, "and doR't anyone 45
touch it until I give the signal."
"This ought to be good," I heard.
. As told, we got around che square rug on our knees. Slowly the man raised
h1s freckle d hand as we followed it upward with our eyes.
I heard, "These niggers look like they're about to pray ! "
Then, "Ready," the man said. "Go ! "
. I lunged for a yellow coin lying on che blue design of rhe carpet, touching 50
L t and sen ding a surprised shriek to join those rising around me. I cried franti­
ca lly to remove my hand but could not let go. A hot, violent force to re through
my body, shaking me like a wet rat. The rug was electrified. The hair bristled up
on my head as I shook myself free. My muscles jumped, my nerves jangled,
writhed. But I saw that this was not stopping the other boys. Laughing in fear
and embarrassment, some were holding back and scooping up the coins
knocked off by the painful contortions of the others. The men roared above us
as we struggled.
"Pick it up, goddamnit, pick it up ! " someone called like a bass-voiced par­
rot. "Go on, get i t ! "
I crawled rapidly around the floor, picking u p the coins, trying to avoid
the coppers and co get greenbacks and che gold. Ignoring the shock by laugh­
ing, as I brushed the coins off quickly, I discovered chat I could contain the
electricity - a contradiction, but it works. Then the men began co push us
onto the rug. Laughing embarrassedly, we struggled out of their hands and
kept after the coins. We were all wet and slippery and hard to hold. Suddenly
I saw a boy lifted into the air, glistening with sweat like a circus seal, and
dropped, his wee back landing flush upon the charged rug, beard him yell and
saw him literally dance upon his back, his elbows beating a frenzied tattoo
upon the floor, his muscles twitching like the flesh of a horse stung by rnany
flies. When he finally rolled off, his face was gray and no one stopped him
when he ran from the floor amid booming laughter.
"Get the money," che M. C. called. "That's good hard American cas h ! "
And we snatched and grabbed, snatched and grabbed. I was careful not to
come coo close to the rug now, and when I felt the hot whiskey breath descend
upon me like a cloud of foul air I reached out and grabbed the leg of a chair. It
was occupied and I held on desperately.
"Leggo, nigger ! Leggo ! " s5
The huge face wavered down to mine as he tried to push me free. But my
body was slippery an d he was coo drunk. It was Mr. Colcord, who owned a
chain of movie houses and "entertainment palaces. " Each time he grabbed me
I sli pp ed out of his hands. It becarne a real stru ggle. I feared the rug more than
I did che drunk, so I held on, surprising myself for a momen t by crying to
topple him upon the rug. It was such an enorm ous id.ea chat I found. myself ac•
tually carryin g it out. I tried not co be obvious, yet when I grabbed his leg, cr y­
ing to tumble him out of the chair, he rai sed u p roarin g wi th lau g hter, and,
lookin g at me with soberness dead in the eye, kicked me viciously in the chest.
The chair leg flew out of my hand and I felt myself going and rolled. It was as
thoug h I had rolled through a bed of hot coals. It seemed a whole century
would pass before I would roll free, a centur y in which I was seared through
the deepest levels of my body to the fearful breath within me an d the breath
seared and heated to the point of explosion. It'll all be over in a flash, I thou g ht
as I rolled clear. It'll all be over in a flash.
But not yet, the men on the other side were waitin g , red faces swollen as
though from ap o p lexy as they bent forward in their chairs. Seeing their fin gers
comin g toward me I rolled away as a fumbled football rolls off the receiver's
fingertips, back into the coals. That time I luckily sent the rug sliding our of
place and heard the coins ringing against the floor and rhe boys scuffling co
p ick them up and the M.C. callin g, "All right, boys, that's all. Go gee dressed
and gee your money. "
I was lim p as a dish rag. M y back felt as though i t had been beaten with
wires.
 When we had dressed the M.C. came in and g ave us each five dollars, ex- ,
cept Tatlock, who got ten for being last in the ring. Then he cold us to leave. I
was no t to get a chance to deliver my speech, I thou ght. I was g oing out into
the dim alley in des p air when I was sto pp ed and told to go back. I returned to
che ballroom, where the men were pushing back their chairs and gatherin g in
groups co talk.
The M.C. knocked on a table for qui et. "Gentlemen," he said, "we almost 60
forgot an important part of the prograrn. A most serious p art, gen tlemen. This
boy was brought here to deliver a speech which he made at his graduation
yes terday . . . "
"Bravo ! "
"I'm cold that he i s the smartest boy we've got out there i n G reenwood. I'm
cold cha\ he knows more big words than a p ocket-sized dictionar y."
Much applause and laug hter.
"So now, gentlemen, I want you to give him your attention. "
There was still laughter as I faced chem, my mouth dry, my eye throbbing. 65
I be gan slowly, but evidently my throat was tense, because they began shout­
ing, "Louder! Loude r ! "
"We of t h e younger generation extol t h e wisdom of that great leader and
educato r," I shouted, "who first spoke these flaming words of wisdom: 'A ship
lost at sea for many days sudden ly sighted a friendly vessel. From the mast of
the unfortunate vessel was seen a si gnal: "Water, water; we die of thirst! " The
answer from the friendly vessel came back: "Cast down your bucker where you
are." The captain of the distressed vessel, at last heeding the injunction, cast
down his bucket, and it came up full o f fresh sparkling water from the rnouth
of the Amazon River.' And like him I say, and in his words, 'To chose of my race
who de p end up on betterin g their condition in a forei gn land, or who underes•
timate the im p ortance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white
man, who is his next-door neighbor, I would say : "Cast down your bucket
where you are" - cast it down in makin g friends in every manly way of the
people of all races by whom we are surrounded . . . "'
I s p oke automatically and with such fervor that I did not realize that the
men were still talkin g and laughing until my dry mouth, fillin g u p with blood
from the cut, almost stran gled me. I cou ghed, wanting to stop and go co one
of the tall brass, sand-filled s p ittoons to relieve myself, but a few of che men, es•
pecially the superintendent, were listenin g and I was afraid. So I gul p ed it
down, blood, saliva, and all, and continued. (What p owers of endurance I
had durin g those days ! What enth usias m! What a belief in the rightness of
things ! ) I spoke even louder in spite of the p ain. But still they talked and still
they lau ghed, as though deaf with cotton in dirty ears. So I s p oke with greater
emotional em p hasis. I closed my ears and swallowed blood until I was n ause­
ated. The speech seemed a hundred times as long as before, but I could not
leave out a sin gle word. All had to be said, each memorized nuance considered,
rendered. Nor was that all. Whenever I uttered a wo rd of three or more syl­
lables a g roup of voices would yell for me to repeat it. I used the p h rase "social
res p onsibili ty" and they yelled:
"What's that word you say, boy?"
"Social res p onsibility," I said.
"What?"
"Social . . . "
"Louder. "
" . . . res p onsibility. "
"More l "'
"Respon -" 75
"Repeat! "
" - sibili ty. "
Th e room filled wi th the u p roar of laugh ter uncil, no doubt, distracted b y
having ro g ulp down my blood, I made a mistake and yelled a phrase l had
often seen denounced in newspaper editorials, heard debated in private.
"Social . . . "
"What?" they yelled. Bo
" . . . equality -"
The laughter h ung smokelike in the sudden stillness. I o p ened my eyes,
puzzled. Sounds of dis p leasure filled the room. The M.C. rush ed forward.
They shouted hostile p h rases at me. Bur I did not understand.
A small dry mustached man in the front row blared out., "Say chat
slowly, son !"
"What, sir?"
"What you j ust said ! " 85
"Social responsibility, sir," I said.
"You weren't being smart, were you, boy?" he said, not unkindly.
''No, sir ! "
"You sure that about ' equali ty' was a mistake?"
"Oh, yes , sir," I said. "I was swallowing blood." 90
"Well, you had better speak more slowly so we can understand. We mean
to do ri ght by you, bur you've got co know your p lace ar all rimes. All ri ght,
now, go on with your speech ."
I was afraid. I wanted to leave but I wan ted also to s p eak and I was afraid
they'd snatch me down.
"Thank you, sir, " I said, beginning where I had left o ff, and havin g them
ignore me as before.
Yet when I finished there was a thunderous app lause. I was sur p rised to
see the su p erintendent come forth with a p ackage wra pp ed in white tissue
p ap er, and, g esturin g for q uiet, address the men.
"Gentlem en, you see char I did not over p raise this boy. He makes a good 95
s p eech and s ome day he'll lead his p eo p le in the p ro p er paths. And I don't have
to tell you that that is im p ortant in these days and ti mes. This is a good, smart
boy, and so to encourage him in the ri gh t direction, in the name of rhe Board
of Education I wish to present him a p rize in the form of this . . . "
He p aused, removin g the tissue p a p er and revealing a gleamin g calfskin
brief case.
" . . . in the form of this fi rst-class article from Shad Whitmore's shop."
" Bo y," he said, addressin g me, "take this p rize and kee p it well. Consider i t
a bad ge o f office. Prize it. Kee p develo p in g as yo u are and some day i t will be
filled with im p o rtant papers that will hel p shape the destiny of your people."
I was so moved that I could hardly ex p ress my thanks. A ro p e of bloody
saliva formin g a shap e like an undiscovered continent drooled u p on the
leather and I wi p ed it q uickly away. I felt an irn p ortance that I had never
70 dreamed.
"O p en ic and see what's inside," I was told. r.oo
 My fingers a-tremble, I complied, smelling the fresh leather and finding an
o fficial-lookin g document inside. It was a scholarship to the state college for
Negroes. My eyes filled with tears and I ran awkwardly off the floor.
I was overjoyed; I did not even mind when I discovered that the gold pieces
I had scrambled for were brass p ocket tokens advertising a certain make of au­
tomobile.
When I reached home ever yone was excited. Next day the nei ghbors came
ro congratulate me. I even felt safe from g randfather, whose deathbed curse
usually spoiled my triumphs. I stood beneath his photograph with my brief
case in hand and smiled trium p hantly into his stolid black peasant's face. Ir
was a face that fascinated me. The eyes seemed to follow everywhere I went.
That night I dreamed I was at a circus with him and that he refused to
laugh at t.he clowns no matter what they did. Then later he told me co o p en my
brief case and read what was inside and I did, findin g an official envelope
scam p ed with the state seal; and inside the envelo p e I found another and an­
other, endlessl y, and I thought I would fall of weariness. "Them's years," he
said. "Now open that one." And I did and in it I found an engraved document
containin g a short message in letters of gold. "Read it," my grandfather said.
"Out loud ! "
"To Whom It May Concern," I intoned. "Keep This Ni gger-Bo y Running.'' ro5
I awoke with rhe old man's lau g hter ringin g in my ears.
(It was a dream I was to remember and dream ag ain for many years
after. But at that time I had no insight into its meaning. First I had to attend
coUege.)

CONSIDERATIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING

r. FIRST RESPONSE. Discuss how the protagonist's exp ectations are similar
to what has come co be known as the American dream - the assumption
that ambition, hard work, perseverance, in telligence, and virtue always
lead co success. Do you believe in the American dream?
2. How does the first p arag rap h of the stor y sum up the conflict that the
narrator confronts? In what sense is he "invisible"?
3. Why do bis grandfather's last words cause so much anxiety in the fam­
ily ? What does his grandfather mean when he says, "I want you to over­
come 'em with yeses, undermine 'e1n with grins, agree 'en1 to death"
(para. 2)?
4. What is the symbolic significance of the naked blonde? What details re­
veal that she represents more than a sexual tease in the story?
5. How does the battle in the boxing ring and the scramble for money after­
ward suggest the kind of control whites have over blacks in the srory?
6. Why is it significant chat the town is named Greenwood and that the
briefcase award comes from Shad Whitrnore's shop? Can you find any
other details that serve co reinforce the meaning of the srory?
7. What is the narraror's p erspective as an educated adult telling the story,
in contrast to his assump tions and beliefs as a recent high school g radu­
ate? How is this contrast especially evident in the speech before the "lead­
in g whice citizens" of the town?
8. How can the dream at the end of the story be related to the major inci­
dents chat precede it?