SKILLS%Project%%

DESIGN%OF%STEEL%STRUCTURE%
STRUCTURAL%FIRE%DESIGN%
LEARNING%OUTCOMES%

!  To% provide% clients,% designers,% contractors% and% relevant%

authoriDes% with% the% knowledge% about% the% structural% fire%
design%of%steel%structures%
!

3"
LIST%OF%CONTENTS%
!  IntroducDon%
!  Basis%of%fire%design%
"  Verifica)on!methods!
"  Ac)ons!(thermal!&!mechanical)!
"  Design!values!of!material!proper)es!
!  Material%properDes%
!  Assessment%of%fire%resistance%
"  General!
"  Simplified!rules!
"  Advanced!calcula)on!models!
!  Worked%examples%
"  Overview!
"  Column!with!axial!loads!
"  Beam!with!bending!and!compression!loads!
"  Beam!made!of!a!hollow!sec)on!
!  Conclusion% 4"
INTRODUCTION%
INTRODUCTION%–%ESSENTIAL%SAFETY%REQUIREMENTS%%

!  The! construc)on! works! must! be! designed! and! built! in! such! a! way!
that!in!the!event!of!an!outbreak!of!fire:!
"  The! Load! bearing! capacity! of! the! construc)on! is! ensured! for! a!
specific!period!of!)me!
"  The!genera)on!and!spread!of!fire!and!smoke!within!the!works!is!
limited!
"  The!spread!of!fire!to!neighbouring!construc)on!works!is!limited!
"  The! occupants! can! leave! the! works! or! be! rescued! by! other!
means!
"  The!safety!of!rescue!teams!is!taken!into!considera)on!

6"
INTRODUCTION%%–%%FIRE%RESISTANCE%

!  Fire!resistance!is!defined!in!terms!of!)me!as!follows:!
• Relevant!)me!of!fire!exposure!during!which!the!corresponding!
fire!resistance!func)on!of!a!structure!is!maintained!despite!fire!
ac)ons!
! !According!to!European!standard,!3!criteria!to!define!the!fire!resistance:!
"  %R% !–!!load!bearing!func)on!
"  !E !–!!integrity!separa)ng!func)on!
"  !%I% !–!!thermal!insula)ng!separa)on!func)on!
! !Above!criteria!may!be!required!individually!or!in!combina)on:!
•  separa)ng!only:!integrity!(criterion!E)!and,!when!requested,!insula)on!
(criterion!I)!
•  load!bearing!only:!mechanical!resistance!(criterion!R)!
•  separa)ng!and!load!bearing:!criteria!R,!E!and,!when!requested!I!
7"
INTRODUCTION%–%FIRE%RESISTANCE%

Mechanical!loading!
!  R!–!load!bearing!func)on!
Capacity! of! a! structure! to! maintain! its!
required! mechanical! resistance! in! case! of!
fire!
!

!  E!–!integrity!separa)ng!func)on!
Hot%gas%
! Capacity! of! a! structure! to! maintain! its!
required! integrity! separa)ng! func)on! to! heat%

hot!gases!in!case!of!fire!
!

!  I%–!thermal!insula)on!separa)ng!func)on!
Capacity! of! a! structure! to! maintain! its! Hot%gas%

required! thermal! insula)on! separa)ng!

heat%
func)on!in!case!of!fire! Average!temperature!rise!!
≤140!K!(under!standard!fire)!!
Maximum!temperature!rise!!
≤!180!K!(under!standard!fire)!

8"
INTRODUCTION%–%SCOPE%OF%FIRE%PART%OF%EUROCODE%3%%

!  Covering!by!design!rules!only!the!load!bearing!func)on!R!of!steel!
structures!!
!  Applying!to!structures,!or!parts!of!structures,!that!are!designed!
at!ambient!temperature!according!to!Eurocode!3.!
!  Used!in!conjunc)on!with!EN1991^1^2!
!
!  Applicable!Materials:!
"  Structural!steel!:!S235,!S275,!S355,!S420!&!S460!of!EN!10025!
&!all!grades!of!EN!10210!and!EN!10219!
"  Cold^formed!steel!:!Members!&!shee)ng!in!accordance!with!
EN!1993^1^3!
"  Stainless!Steel!:!Members!&!shee)ng!in!accordance!with!EN!
1993^1^4!
9"
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%T%VERIFICATION%METHODS%

!  Basic!principle!
Verifica)on!of!the!load^bearing!func)on!of!a!structure!for!the!
relevant!dura)on!of!fire!exposure!t:!!
" " """""""Efi,d!≤!Rfi,d,t"
Efi,d!:!!Design!ac)ons!for!the!fire!situa)on!(EN1991^1^2)!
Rfi,d,t!:!Design!resistance!in!the!fire!situa)on!(EN1993^1^2)!!
!  Different!types!of!structural!analysis!
"  Global!structural!analysis!
"  Sub^structural!analysis!
"  Member!analysis

11"
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%T%VERIFICATION%METHODS%
!
!  Member!analysis!
"  independent!structural!analysis!
"  simple!to!apply!!
"  generally!for!nominal!fire!condi)on!
!

!  Sub^structural!or!global!structural!analysis!
"  interac)on! effects! between! the!
different!parts!of!the!structure!
"  role!of!compartment!
"  global!stability!

12"
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%–%ACTIONS%%

!  Thermal!ac)ons! EN!1991^1^2!§!3!
!

"  Nominal!fire!exposure! Gas#Temperature#(°C)#

1200#
Hydrocarbon!Fire!
"  Natural!fire!exposure!!
1000#

800# Standard!Fire!
!
600# External!Fire!

400#
Parametric!
Fire!curve!
200#

0# 1200# 2400# 3600#

Time#(sec)#

13"
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%–%ACTIONS%
%
EN!1991^1^2!§!3.1!
% !  Heat!Flux!on!fire!exposed!members!
Convective flux
. . .
hnet,d = h net,c + hnet,r

Net heat flux Radiative flux

"  Convec)ve!flux:!

hnet ,c = α c (θ g − θ m ) ε m = 0.7 for!carbon!steel!

ε m = 0.4 for!stainless!steel!
"  Radia)ve!flux:!
!
(
hnet .r = 5.67 x10 −8 Φε mε f (θ r + 273) − (θ m + 273)
4 4
)
14"
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%–%ACTIONS%
%
!  Mechanical!ac)ons! EN!1991^1^2!§!4.3.1!
"  Using!accidental!load!combina)on!(EN!1990)!

Efi,d,t = ∑Gk,j!+!(Ψ1,1!or!Ψ2,1)!Qk,1!+!∑!Ψ2,i!Qk,i!!
j!≥!1! i!≥!2!

Gk,j!: !characteris)c!values!of!permanent!ac)ons!
Qk,1!: !characteris)c!leading!variable!ac)on!!
Qk,i!: !characteris)c!values!of!accompanying!variable!ac)ons!
ψ1,1!: !factor!for!frequent!value!of!a!leading!variable!ac)on!!
ψ2,i!: !factor!for!quasi^permanent!values!of!accompaning!!
! !variable!ac)ons!

15"
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%–%ACTIONS%
%
Mechanical%acDon% ψ1! ψ2!
%
Imposed!loads!in!buildings,!category!(see!EN!1991^1.1)! ! !
Category!A!:!domes)c,!residen)al!areas! 0.5! 0.3!
Category!B!:!office!areas! 0.5! 0.3!
Category!C!:!congrega)on!areas! 0.7! 0.6!
Category!D!:!shopping!areas! 0.7! 0.6!
Category!E!:!storage!areas! 0.9! 0.8!
Category!F!:!traffic!area! 0.7! 0.6!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!vehicle!weight!≤!30kN! ! !
Category!G!:!traffic!area,! 0.5! 0.3!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!30!kN!<!vehicle!weight!≤!160kN! ! !
Category!H!:!roofs! 0.0! 0.0!
Snow!loads!on!buildings!(see!EN1991^1.3)! ! !
!!!!Finland,!Iceland,!Norway,!Sweden! 0.50! 0.20!
!!!!Remainder!of!CEN!Member!States,!for!sites!located!at!al)tude! 0.50! 0.20!
!!!!H!>!1000!m!a.s.l.! ! !
!!!!Remainder!of!CEN!Member!States,!for!sites!located!at!al)tude! 0.2!0! 0.!0!
!!!!H!≤!1000!m!a.s.l.!
Wind!loads!on!buildings!(see!EN1991^1.4)! 0.2! 0.0!
Temperature!(non^fire)!in!buildings!(see!EN1991^1.5)! 0.5! 0.0!
16"
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%–%ACTIONS%%
%
!  Mechanical!ac)ons!! EN!1991^1^2!§!4.3.2!
"  For!more!simplicity,!using!reduc)on!factor!ηfi!

E fi .d .t = η fi Ed

Ed":!Design!effect!of!ac)ons!for!normal!temperature!design!(EN!1990)!
Efi,d,t!:!Design!effect!of!ac)ons!for!the!fire!situa)on!(EN1991^1^2)!

17"
BASIS%OF%FIRE%DESIGN%–%ACTIONS%
%
!  Example!for!reduc)on!factor!ηfi!
%
! 0.80
For: &γG=1.35! ηfi!=!(1!+ψ1,1!ξ)/(γG!+!γQξ)!
0.75 !γQ=1.50!
0.70
Ψ1,1 = 0.9
0.65 CATEGORY!E!:!
ηfi storage!areas
0.60
Ψ1,1 = 0.7
0.55
CATEGORY!C!or!D!:!
congrega)on!or!
0.50 Ψ1,1 = 0.5
shopping!areas
0.45
!CATEGORY!A!or!B!:!
0.40 !office!areas
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
ξ!=!Qk1!/!Gk! variable!ac)on!
Permanent!ac)on!
18"
BASIS%OF%DESIGN%T%DESIGN%VALUES%OF%MATERIAL%PROPERTIES%
%
%
!  Mechanical!proper)es!(strength!&!deforma)on):!
X d , fi = Kθ X K / γ M , fi EN!1991^1^2!§!2.3!(1)!
"  Xk! :! characteris)c! value! of! mechanical! property! for! normal! temperature!
design!to!EN1993^1^1!
"  Kθ!!:!reduc)on!factor!for!mechanical!property!dependent!on!temperature!
"  γM,fi!:!par)al!safety!factor!for!the!fire!situa)on!

!  Thermal!proper)es! EN!1991^1^2!§!2.3!(2)!

If!an!increase!of!the!property!is!favorable!for!safety:!! X d , fi = X Kθ / γ M , fi
If!an!increase!of!the!property!is!unfavorable!for!safety:! X
d , fi = γ M , fi X Kθ

"  Xk,θ!:!value!of!a!material!property!in!fire!design!
"  γM,fi!:!par)al!safety!factor!for!the!relevant!material!property,!for!the!fire!
!!!!!!!!!!situa)on!
19"
BASIS%OF%DESIGN%T%DESIGN%VALUES%OF%MATERIAL%PROPERTIES%
%
%
!  Par)al!safety!factor!

Material% Fire%design% Cold%design%

Structural%steel%
γ%M,fi%=%1,0% γ%M,0%=%1,1%ou%1,0%
members%

Steel%joints% γ%M,fi%=%1,0% γ%M,0%=%1,25%

20"
MATERIALS%PROPERTIES%
MATERIALS%PROPERTIES%
%
!  Available!data!:!
"  Thermal!proper)es!
#  Thermal!elonga)on!
#  Specific!Heat!
#  Thermal!conduc)vity!

"  Mechanical!proper)es!
#  Stress^strain!rela)onship!
#  Elas)c!modulus!
#  Yield!Strength!

!  Covered!material:!
"  Carbon!steel! EN!1993^1^2!§!3.4!
"  Stainless!steel! EN!1993^1^2!!!Annex!C!

22"
MATERIALS%PROPERTIES%T%CARBON%STEEL%
%
%
!  Thermal!proper)es!at!elevated!temperatures! EN!1993^1^2!§!3.4.1!

Thermal!conduc)vity! Specific!heat!(J/kg
60!
(W/m°K)! 5000! °K)!
50! 4000!
40! 3000!
30!
2000!
20!
1000!
10!

0! 200! 400! 600! 800! 1000! 1200! 0! 200! 400! 600! 800! 1000! 1200!
Temperature!(°C)! Temperature!(°C)!
23"
MATERIALS%PROPERTIES%T%CARBON%STEEL%
%
%
!  Unit!mass!7850!kg/m3! EN!1993^1^2!§!3.2.2!
!  Thermal!elonga)on! EN!1993^1^2!§!3.4.1.1!

20! ΔL/L!(x103)!

15!

10!

5!

0!
0! 200! 400! 600! 800! 1000! 1200!
Temperature!(°C)!
24"
MATERIALS%PROPERTIES%T%CARBON%STEEL%
%
!  Mechanical!proper)es!at!elevated!temperatures! EN!1993^1^2!§!3.2.1!
!Strength!
%!of!normal!value! Normalised!stress*!
20°C! 200°C! 400°C!
100! Effec)ve!yield! 1!
strength! 0.8! 500°C!
80!
60! 0.6! 600°C%
40! 0.4!
Elas)c! 700°C!
20! modulus! 0.2! 800°C!
0!
0! 300! 600! 900! 1200! 0! 5! 10! 15! 20!
Temperature!(°C)! Strain!(%)!
*Strain!hardening!in!Annex!A.!
!Reduc)on!factors:!!
#  Effec)ve!yield!strength: !ky,θ"="fy,θ"/"fy"
#  Elas)c!modulus: ! !kE,θ"="Ea,θ"/"Ea"""""
25"
ASSESSMENT%OF%FIRE%RESISTANCE%
ASSESSMENT%OF%FIRE%RESISTANCET%GENERAL%

!  Two!type!of!structural!fire!design!methods!:!
"  Simplified!Calcula)on!Rules!(SCR)!
#  Individual!members!(tension!members,!columns,!beams)!
#  Cri)cal!temperature!/!Load!bearing!resistance!!
#  Steel!temperature!development!

"  Advanced!Calcula)on!Models!(ACM)!
#  All!types!of!structures!
#  Models!for!thermal!response!and!mechanical!response!
#  Models!based!on!the!Finite!Element!or!Finite!Difference!Method!

27"
ASSESSMENT%OF%FIRE%RESISTANCE%T%%GENERAL%

!  Applica)on!domain!of!structural!fire!design!methods!
! !
Thermal!
Natural!Fire! Nominal!Fire!
Ac)ons!
Type!of!analysis! SCR! ACM! SCR! ACM!
! ! ! !
Member! Yes! Yes! Yes! Yes!
analysis! (if!available)!
!
! ! !
Analysis!of!a! Not! Yes!!
!

Yes! Yes!
part!of!the! applicable! (if!available)!
structure!
! !
! !
Global! Not!
!

Not!
!

structural! Yes! Yes!

applicable! applicable!
analysis!
28"
ASSESSMENT%OF%FIRE%RESISTANCE%T%GENERAL%
%
!  Classifica)on!of!steel!members!in!fire!!
"  According!to! EN! 1993^1^1! but! using! a! reduced! factor!
considering!influences!of!temperature:!
0.5
ε =0,85&$ 235 / f #! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.2!
% y"

1!!M = Mpl !!!!φ > φreq

2!!M = Mpl !!!!φ < φreq !
3!!M = Mel !!
4!!M = Meff !!

29"
ASSESSMENT%OF%FIRE%RESISTANCE%T%GENERAL%

!  Design!recommenda)ons!for!bolted!or!the!welded!joints*!
"  Check!of!the!thermal!resistance! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.1!(6)!
& df # & df #
$ ! !of!the!joint!!!!the!minimum!value!of!!
≥ $ !
!
$λ ! $λ !
% f "c % f "m
!!!applied!to!any!of!the!jointed!members.!
!
"  Check!of!the!load!level!
η c , fi ηm, fi
!!!!!!!!!of!the!joint!!!!the!maximum!value!of!!!!!!!!!!!applied!to!any!of!
≤
the!jointed!members.!

*!An!alterna)ve!method!is!given!in!annex!D.!

30"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Field!of!applica)on:!
"  Tension!members,!columns,!beams!
"  Class!1,!2!and!3!cross^sec)ons!
"  Protected!&!unprotected!steelwork!

"  Class!4!cross^sec)on!?!
!

31"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Tension!members!! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.1!
"  Uniform!temperature!θa"

N fi ,θ ,Rd = A ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi
"
"  Non^uniform!temperature!
Design! resistance! can! be! also! calculated! assuming! non^uniform!
temperature!distribu)on!across!the!member!cross^sec)on!
!

!  Axially!loaded!columns!! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.2!
"  Only!uniform!temperature!θa!

Nb , fi ,t ,Rd = χ fi ⋅ A ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi
χ fi
Where!!!!!!!!is!the!reduc)on!factor!for!flexural!buckling.!

32"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

"  Reduc)on!factor!for!flexural!buckling:!! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.2!

1
χ fi =
ϕ + ϕ 2 −λ θ 2
with
1
ϕ = [1+α ⋅ λθ +λθ 2 ] α =0,65 235 / f
2 y

where

λθ =λ 20°C k y ,θ / kE ,θ λ 20°C = Af y / N cr
2
N cr = π 2 ( EI ) / L fi

33"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%
%
!  Buckling!lengths!of!fire!exposed!columns!
"  Braced!frame!
"  Columns!con)nued!or!maintained!at!both!ends!
"  Same!degree!of!fire!resistance!as!the!building!components!

lfi=0,7L

Bracing!system

lfi=0,5L

34"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Laterally!restrained!beams!with!Class!1!or!2!cross^sec)ons!
"  Uniform!temperature!θa! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3(1)!

M fi ,θ ,Rd =ky ,θ MRd [γ M ,0 /γ M , fi ]

MRd!:!plas)c!moment!!of!the!gross!cross^sec)on!or!reduced!moment!
resistance!allowing!for!shear!effects,!for!normal!temperature!design!
according!to!EN!1993^1^1!
"  Non^uniform!temperature*! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3!(3)!

M fi ,t ,Rd =M fi ,θ ,Rd /(κ1 ⋅ κ 2 )

*! Moment! resistance! can! be! also! calculated! with! a! more!

accurate! non^uniform! temperature! distribu)on! across! the!
cross^sec)on!
35"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

#  Tabulated!datas!for!adapta)on!factors!κ1"et"κ2"

Sec)on! κ1"
Unprotected! 4!sides!exposed! 1.00!
beams! 3!sides!exposed! 0.70!
Protected! 4!sides!exposed! 1.00!
beams! 3!sides!exposed! 0.85!
Along!the!beam! κ2"
Con)nuous! Sec)on!at!the!mid^span! 1.00!
beams! Sec)on!at!the!supports! 0.85!

36"
SIMPLIFIED%RULEST%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Laterally!unrestrained!beams!with!Class!1!or!2!cross^sec)ons!

! Mb , fi ,t ,Rd = χLT , fi ⋅Wpl,y ⋅ ky ,θ ,com ⋅ fy /γ M , fi EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3(4)!

! χ :!Reduc)on!factors!for!lateral^torsional!buckling!
LT,fi"
!
ky,θ,com:!Reduc)on!factors!for!the!yield!strength!of!steel!at!the!
!
maximum!temperature!in!the!compression!flange!

37"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Laterally!restrained!beams!with!Class!3!cross^sec)ons!
"  Uniform!temperature!θa!
[
M fi,t , Rd =k y ,θ M Rd γ M ,0 /γ M , fi ] EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.4(1)!
"  Non^uniform!temperature!

[ ]
M fi,t , Rd =k y ,θ ,max M Rd γ M ,0 /γ M , fi /κ1κ 2 EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.4(2)!

M! Rd = Wel! ⋅ fy / γ M!!!!:!Elas)c!moment!resistance!
,0

!  Laterally!unrestrained!beams!with!Class!3!cross^sec)ons!
! Mb , fi ,t ,Rd = χLT , fi ⋅Wel ,y ⋅ ky ,θ ,com ⋅ fy /γ M , fi EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.4(3)!
!

38"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%
%
!  Reduc)on!factors!for!lateral^torsional!buckling!!
1
χ LT , fi = EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3(5)!
φLT ,θ ,com + φLT ,θ ,com2 − λLT ,θ ,com2
1
φLT ,θ ,com =
2
[
1 + α .λLT ,θ ,com + λLT ,θ ,com
2
] α = 0,65 235 / f y

λLT ,θ = λLT k y ,θ ,com / kE ,θ ,com

!Where!

λLT = Wpl f y / M cr with!Class!1!or!2!cross^sec)ons!

λLT = Wel f y / M cr with!Class!3!cross^sec)ons!

Mcr:!Elas)c!cri)cal!moment!for!lateral^torsional!buckling!

Conservately,!θa,com!can!be!taken!equal!to!the!uniform!temperature!θa,max.!
39"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Check!of!the!shear!resistance:!

EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3(6)!
[
V fi,t , Rd = k y ,θ ,web ⋅VRd ⋅ γ M ,0 / γ M , fi ] EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.4(4)!
Where!!
VRd:!Shear!resistance!for!normal!temperature!design,!
according!to!EN!1993^1^1!
Ky,θ,web:!Reduc)on!factor!for!the!yield!strength!of!steel!at!
the!maximum!temperature!in!the!web!

40"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Members! with! Class! 1! or! 2! cross^sec)ons! subjected! to!

combined!bending!and!axial!compression! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.5!
"  Design! buckling! resistance! Rfi,t,d! at! )me! t! without! lateral!
torsional!buckling:!
N fi, Ed k y ⋅ M y , fi, Ed k z ⋅ M z , fi , Ed
+ + ≤1
χ min, fi ⋅ A ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi W pl , y ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi W pl , z ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi

"  With!lateral!torsional!buckling!

N fi, Ed k LT ⋅ M y , fi, Ed k z ⋅ M z , fi, Ed

+ + ≤1
χ z , fi ⋅ A ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi χ LT , fi ⋅W pl , y ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi W pl , z ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi
!

41"
SIMPLIFIED%RULEST%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Members! with! Class! 3! cross^sec)on! subjected! to! combined!

bending!and!axial!compression! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.5!
"  Design! buckling! resistance! Rfi,t,d! at! )me! t! without! lateral!
torsional!buckling:!
N fi ,Ed ky ⋅ My , fi ,Ed kz ⋅ Mz , fi ,Ed
+ + ≤1
χmin ⋅ A ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi Wel ,y ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi Wel ,z ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi

"  with!lateral!torsional!buckling!

N fi, Ed k LT ⋅ M y , fi, Ed k z ⋅ M z , fi, Ed

+ + ≤1
χ z , fi ⋅ A ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi χ LT , fi ⋅Wel , y ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi Wel , z ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y / γ M , fi
!

42"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%RESISTANCE%METHODS%

!  Design!rules!for!class!4!members! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.6!
"  Except!for!tensions!members,!

" " ""if"""θa!≤!θcr!(=350°C) ! !Efi,d!≤!Rfi,d,t"

!!
"  More!detailed!rules!in!Annex!E!

43"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%CRITICAL%TEMPERATURE%METHOD%%

!  Field!of!applica)on:!
"  Tension!members,!!
"  Class!1,!2!or!3!cross^sec)ons!
"  Beams!and!short!columns!
"  Carbon!steel!

44"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%T%CRITICAL%TEMPERATURE%METHOD%

!  Cri)cal!temperature!θcr"!of!steel!members!

1!!!
θcr"=!39.19!ln!!! ^!1!!+482!
0.9674µ0 3.833 !!!
µ0":!!Degree!of!u)lisa)on!

Type!of!members!!! µ0!

Tension!and!compression!members! Efi,d,t" γ "

without!instability!risk!! µ0"=""""""""""""="ηfi,t" M,fi
!! Rfi,d,0" γM0"
!!
Efi,d,t" γM,fi"
Members!subjected!to!bending!!! µ0"="""""""""""=ηfi,t" κκ
Rfi,d,0" γM0" 1 2"
"
!!
45"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%
%
!  Internal!steelwork!
"  Unprotected!steelwork!
"  Protected!steelwork!

!  External!steelwork!

46"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%

!  Sec)on!Factor:!ra)o!between!surface%area%through!which!heat!
is!transferred!to!steel!and!steel%volume.!

Unprotected!internal!steelwork! Insulated!internal!steelwork!

47"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%

!  Unprotected!internal!steelwork!!
"  Sec)on!Factor=>!Am/V! b!

h!

perimeter! perimeter!exposed! 2(b+h)!

c/s!area! c/s!area! c/s!area!

48"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%

!  Temperature!rise!of!bare!steelwork:! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.5.1!
k sh Am  Δt!<!5!sec!
Δθ a.t = hnet ,d Δt
ca ρ a V
fire!
Steel!
where! temperature!θg%
temperature!
θm%
Ksh:!Correc)on!factor!for!the!shadow!effect!
!!!!!!!!!:!Sec)on!factor![1/m]!
Am V Steel!
Ca:!Specific!heat!of!steel![J/kgK]!
hnet ,d
!!!!!!!!:!Design!value!of!the!net!heat!flux!per!unit!area![W/m2]!

ρa:!Unit!mass!of!steel![kg/m3].!

49"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%

!  Correc)on!factor!for!the!shadow!effect!Ksh"
Shadow! effect! is! caused! by! local! shielding! of! radia)ve! heat!
transfer,!due!to!the!shape!of!steel!profile:!
" for!open!profiles!(I!or!H)!=>!shadow!effect%
&A # Am EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.5.1(2)!
ksh = 0,9 $ m !
% V "b V
" for!closed!profiles!(hollow!sec)on)!=>!no!shadow!effect!
Ksh!=1!
!

!
50"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%

!  Example!of!temperature!of!unprotected!steel!members!as!
func)on!of!Sec)on!factor:!
Temperature![°C]!

800!
30!minutes!

600!
15!minutes!

400!

200!

0!

0! 50! 100! 150! 200! 250! 300! 350!

KshAm/V"(mP1)!
51"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%

!  Insulated!internal!steelwork!
"  Sec)on!Factor!=>!Ap/V!
b!

h!

inner!perimeter!of! 2(b+h)!
steel!perimeter! the!encasement! steel!c/s!area!
steel!c/s!area! steel!c/s!area!

52"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%

fire
!  Insula)ng!materials!can!be!in! temperature
the!form!of!profiled!or!boxed! steel
temperature
systems!

steel
!  Heat!stored!in!the!fire!
protec)on:! insulation
cp ρ p Ap c p ρ p :!Thermal!capacity!of!steel! dp"
φ= dp
ca ρa V ca ρa :!Thermal!capacity!of!insulate!
!  Temperature!rise!of!insulated!steelwork!during!Δt:!
λp / d p Ap , 1 )
Δθ a.t = ** ''(θ g.t − θ a.t )Δt − (eφ / 10 − 1)Δθ g.t
ca ρ a V + 1 + φ / 3 (
Δt!≤!30!sec! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.5.2!

53"
SIMPLIFIED%RULES%%–%STEEL%TEMPERATURE%DEVELOPMENT%
%
Design!rules!for!external!steel!work!(only!for!carbon!steel)!
!  Calcula)on!of!temperature!rise!shall!consider:!
"  Radia)ve/convec)ve!heat!flux!from!external!flame!!
"  Radia)ve! heat! flux! received! through! openings! from! fire! inside!
compartment!
"  !Radia)ve/convec)ve!heat!flux!loss!to!ambient!!
column!
"  Members!sizes!and!loca)ons! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!

"  Compartment!geometry! beam!

floor! !!!!!!

#  Thermal!ac)on:!!Annex!B!of!EC1!
#  Hea)ng!of!steel:!!Annex!C!of!EC3! flame!
!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

54"
ADVANCED%CALCULATION%MODEL%S%

! !Applica)on!example!of!advanced!thermal!analysis!
•  Hea)ng!of!fire!insulated!steel!joint!for!R90!!!

Numerical!model!of!fire! Temperature!field!of!fire! Temperature!field!of!steel!

insulated!joint! insulated!joint! parts!of!the!joint!
55"
ADVANCED%CALCULATION%MODEL%S%

! !Applica)on!example!of!advanced!structural!analysis!
•  failure!mode!of!bare!steel!structures!exposed!to!fire!!!

Fire
wall
56"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%
WORKED%EXAMPLES%T%OVERVIEW%

Examples!to!EN!1993!Part!1^2:!
!  Column!with!axial!loads!
!  Beam!with!bending!and!compression!loads!
!  Beam!made!of!a!hollow!sec)on!

58"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%COLUMN%WITH%AXIAL%LOADS%
%
Task:!Determina)on!of!the!design!axial!resistance!
"  Simple!calcula)on!model!for!compression!members!!!!!!
!
Bracing!system!

Column!!
exposed!to!fire!

59"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%COLUMN%WITH%AXIAL%LOADS%
%
"  Building:!Department!store!
"  Fire!resistance!class:!R!90!
"  Loads:!
#  Gk!=!1200!kN! Encasement!
#  Pk!=!600!kN!
HE!300!B!
"  Profile:!
#  Rolled!sec)on!
#  HE!300!B!
"  Fire! protec)on:! Hollow! encasement! of! gypsum! board! (dp! =! 3!
cm)!
"  Steel!grade:!S!235!
"  Uniform!temperature!hea)ng!θa!=!445!°C!

! 60"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%COLUMN%WITH%AXIAL%LOADS%
%
!  Ac)ons!
"  Mechanical!ac)ons!during!fire!exposure!
#  Accidental!situa)on:! EN!1991^1^2!§!4.3!
! E = G +ψ Q + ∑ψ .Q
! fi , d 1 1 i >1 2, i i
! ψ Combina)on!factor!for!
E = G + 0.6Q 2
! fi , d
shopping!areas!=!0.6!
!
!
⇒! N fi ,d = 1560!kN!
!

61"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%COLUMN%WITH%AXIAL%LOADS%
%
!  Reduc)on!factors"ky,θ!and!kE,θ!! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.2!

θa"=!445!°C!=> !ky,θ!=!0.901!
" "kE,θ!=!0.655!
!  Reduc)on!factor!χfi!
λ θ =λ ky ,θ / kE ,θ = 0.25 ⋅ 0.901 / 0.655 = 0.29
!
where:! λ = LKz /(i z ⋅ λa ) = 300 /(13.0 ⋅ 93.9) = 0.25
! 1 1
χ fi = = = 0.83
2 2 2
ϕ + ϕ 2 − λθ 0.64 + 0.64 − 0.29
! 2 2
where:!ϕ =0.5 ⋅[1+α ⋅ λθ +λθ ] = 0.5[1+0.65 ⋅ 0.29+0.29 ] = 0.83
and! α =0.65 ⋅ 235 / fy = 0.65 ⋅ 235 / 235 = 0.65
62"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%COLUMN%WITH%AXIAL%LOADS%
%
!  Flexural!buckling:! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.2!
23.5
Nb , fi ,t ,Rd = χ fi ⋅ A ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi = 0.83 ⋅ 149 ⋅ 0.901 ⋅ = 2606 kN
1.0
!  Verifica)on:!

N fi ,d / Nb , fi ,t ,Rd = 1560 / 2606 = 0.60 < 1

63"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%
%
Task:% Verifica)on! of! a! steel! beam! subjected! to! bending! and!
compression!
"  Simple! calcula)on! model! for! members! subjected! to!
bending!and!compression!loads!
!

64"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%

"  Building:!Office!building!
"  Fire!resistance!class:!R!90!
"  Loads:!
#  Gk!=!96.3!kN!
#  gk!=!1.5!kN!
Slab!
#  pk!=!1.5!kN! HE!200!B!
"  Profile:! Gypsum!
#  Rolled!sec)on! board!
#  HE!200!B!

"  Fire! protec)on:! Hollow! encasement! of! gypsum! board! (dp! =! 2!

cm)!
"  Steel!grade:!S!235!
"  Uniform!temperature!θa!=!540!°C!
65"

!
!
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%
%
!  Ac)ons!
"  Mechanical!ac)ons!during!fire!exposure!
#  Accidental!situa)on:!
EN!1991^1^2!§!4.3!
!
E = G +ψ Q + ∑ψ .Q
! fi , d 1 1 i >1 2, i i
!
E = G + 0.3Q ψ Combina)on!factor!for!
! fi , d 2
! office!areas!=!0.3!
!
⇒! N fi ,d = 1560!kN!
!
M fi ,d =24.38!kN.m!

66"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%
%
!  Reduc)on!factors"ky,θ!and!kE,θ!:!
θa!=!540!°C!=> !ky,θ!=!0.656!
" "kE,θ!=!0.484!
!  Laterally!restrained!beam:!!
"  Reduc)on!factor!χmin,fi"!

! λ y = Lcr /(iy ⋅ λa ) = 1000 /(8.54 × 93.9) = 1.25 EN!1993^1^1!§!6.3.1.3!

λ z = Lcr /(iy ⋅ λa ) = 1000 /(5.07 × 93.9) = 2.10

!
ky ,θ 0.656
! λ y ,θ = λ y = 1.25 = 1.46 EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.5!
! kE ,θ 0.484
! ky ,θ 0.656
λ z ,θ = λ z = 2.1 = 2.44
! kE ,θ 0.484
67"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%
%
"  Reduc)on!factor!χmin,fi""(cont’d):! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.5!
!
ϕ y ,θ =0.5 ⋅[1+α ⋅ λy ,θ +λy ,θ 2 ] = 0.5[1+0.65 ⋅ 1.46 +1.462 ] = 2.04
ϕ y ,θ =0.5 ⋅[1+α ⋅ λz ,θ +λz ,θ 2 ] = 0.5[1+0.65 ⋅ 2.44 +2.442 ] = 4.27
! where:! α =0.65 ⋅ 235 / fy = 0.65 ⋅ 235 / 235 = 0.65
!
1 1
! χ y , fi = 2 2
=
2 2
= 0.29
! ϕ y ,θ + ϕ y ,θ − λ y ,θ 2.04 + 2.04 − 1.46
!
χ z , fi =
1
=
1
= 0.13
2 2 2 2
ϕ z ,θ + ϕ z ,θ − λ z ,θ 4.27 + 4.27 − 2.44

⇒! χmin, fi = χ z , fi = 0.13

68"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%
%
!  Laterally!restrained!beam:!! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.5!
"  Verifica)on:!
N fi ,Ed ky ⋅ My , fi ,Ed
+ ≤1
! χ min ⋅ A ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi Wpl ,y ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi
! 96.3 1.33 × 2438
+ = 0.94 ≤ 1
! 0.13 × 78.1 × 0.656 × 23.5 642.5 × 0.656 × 23.5
! where:!
!
µ y = (1.2 × β M ,y − 3)⋅ λ y ,θ + 0.44 ⋅ β M ,y − 0.29
= (1.2 × 1.3 − 3) ⋅ 1.46 + 0.44 ⋅ 1.3 − 0.29 = −1.82
µ y ⋅ N fi .d − 1.82 × 96.3
ky = 1 − =1− = 1.33
χ y , fi ⋅ Aa ⋅ fy / γ m , fi 0.29 × 78.1 × 23.5 / 1.0
69"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%
%
!  Laterally!unrestrained!beam:!
"  Calcula)on!of!!λ LT EN!1993^1^1!§!6.3.1.3!
! Wpl ,y ⋅ fy 642.5 × 23.5
λ LT = = = 1.05
! Mcr 14420.4
! & 2 #
π ² ⋅ E ⋅ I . k + Iw (k.L )2 ⋅ G ⋅ It
where:! M! cr = C1 ⋅ z $
,, )) + 2 + (C 2 .z g )2 − C 2 .z g !
(k ⋅ L)2 $ - kw * Iz π ⋅ E ⋅ Iz !
% "
π ² × 21000 × 2000
= 1.12
(1.0 × 1000)2
& . 1.0 +2 171100 (1.0 × 1000)2 × 8100 × 59.3 . 20 +
2
20 #
$ , ) + 2
+ , 0.45 × ) − 0.45 × !
$% - 1.0 * 2000 π × 21000 × 2000 - 2 * 2!
"
= 14420.4 kN.cm!
70"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%
%
!  Laterally!unrestrained!beam!(cont’d):!
"  Calcula)on!of!!λ LT ,θ EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3!
ky ,θ 0.656
λ LT ,θ = λ LT = 1.02 × = 1.19
kE ,θ 0.484
"  Calcula)on!of!!χ LT , fi EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3!

! 1 1
χ LT , fi = = = 0.38
! 2
ϕLT ,θ + ϕLT ,θ − λ LT ,θ 2 2
1.59 + 1.59 − 1.19 2

!
where:!
!
ϕ LT ,θ =0.5 ⋅[1+α ⋅ λLT ,θ +λLT ,θ 2 ] = 0.5[1+0.65 × 1.19 +1.192 ] = 1.59

71"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(N%+%M)%
%
!  Laterally!unrestrained!beam!(cont’d):!
"  Verifica)on!! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.5!
! N fi ,d kLT ⋅ My , fi ,d
! + ≤1
χ z , fi ⋅ A ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi χ LT , fi ⋅Wpl ,y ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ M , fi
!
93.3 0.20 × 2438
! +
0.13 × 78.1 × 0.656 × 23.5 / 1.0 0.38 × 642.5 × 0.656 × 23.5 / 1.0
= 0.60 + 0.13 = 0.73 ≤ 1
where:!
µLT = 0.15 ⋅ λ z ,θ ⋅ β M ,LT − 0.15 = 0.15 × 2.44 × 1.3 − 0.15 = 0.33 < 0.9
µLT ⋅ N fi .d 0.33 × 93.3
kLT = = = 0.20
χ z , fi ⋅ A ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ fy / γ m , fi 0.13 × 78.1 × 0.656 × 23.5 / 1.0
72"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(HOLLOW%SECTION)%
%
Task:! Determina)on! of! the! design! bending! resistance! for! the!
steel!beam!
"  Simple!calcula)on!model:!
#  !for!members!subjected!with!bending!loads!
#  !without!stability!problems!

!
!

73"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(HOLLOW%SECTION)%

!  Building:!Hall!roof!structure!
!  Fire!resistance!class:!R!30!
!  Loads:!
"  gk!=!9.32!kN!
"  pk!=!11.25!kN!
!  Profile:!
"  Welded!sec)on!
"  h!/!b!=!70!cm!/!45!cm!
Fire!protec)on:!none!
Steel!grade:!S!355!
!

74"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(HOLLOW%SECTION)%
%
!  Ac)ons!
"  Mechanical!ac)ons!during!fire!exposure!
#  Accidental!situa)on:!
EN!1991^1^2!§!4.3!
!
E = G +ψ Q + ∑ψ .Q
! fi , d 1 1 i >1 2, i i
!
E = G + 0.3Q ψ Combina)on!factor!for!
! fi , d 2
! snow!loads!=!0.3!
!
!⇒! M fi ,d = 1427.1!kN.m!

75"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(HOLLOW%SECTION)%
%
"  Maximum!steel!temperature! EN!1991^1^2!§!3.2.!1!
#  Standard!temperature!–!)me!curve:!
θ = 20 + 354 ⋅ log 10 (8 ⋅ t + 1)
!
g
#  Steel!temperature!–!)me!curve:! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.5.1!
! Am / V  40
Δθ =K sh⋅ ⋅ hnet ,d ⋅ Δt = 1.0 × × 5 × hnet ,d
! a,t ca ⋅ ρ a 600 × 7850
= 4.25 10 −5 ⋅ hnet ,d
where!sec)on!factor!with!equal!thickness!
Am 1
of!flanges!and!web!is:! = = 40 m^1!
and! V t
Δt = 5 sec
K sh = 1.0
76"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(HOLLOW%SECTION)%
%
"  Maximum!steel!temperature!(cont’d)!
! EN!1991^1^2!§!3.!1!
hnet! = α c ⋅ (θ g − θ m ) + Φ ⋅ ε m ⋅ ε r ⋅ σ ⋅ (θ g + 273)4 − (θ m + 273)4
( )
(
= 25 ⋅ (θ g − θ m ) + 3.969 10 −8 ⋅ (θ g + 273)4 − (θ m + 273)4 )

Temperature!(°C)!
1000! gas!temperature!
!

750!
θ a ,max,30= 646°C 500!
!

steel!temperature!
!

250!
!

0!
0!!!!!!!!!!!!!15!!!!!!!!!!!!30!!!!!!!!!!!!45!!!!!!!!!!!!60!
Time!(min)!

77"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(HOLLOW%SECTION)%
%
!  Verifica)on!in!the!temperature!domain:! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3!

3 1.0 −6
! M fi ,Rd , 0 = Wpl ⋅ fy ⋅ k y ,θ ,max / γ M , fi = 12875 10 × 355 × × 10
1.0
= 4570.6 kNm!
!
where!
! ky ,θ ,max = 1.0
! γ M , fi = 1.0
! & 2 ⋅ Aw hw h − tw # & 650 700 − 25 #
W!pl = 2 ⋅ $ ⋅ + Af ⋅ ! = 2$ 16250 × + 11250 × !
% 2 4 2 " % 4 2 "
!
= 12875 103 mm3!

78"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(HOLLOW%SECTION)%
%
!  Verifica)on!in!the!temperature!domain!(cont’d):!
µ 0 = E fi ,d / R fi ,d ,0 = M fi ,d / M fi ,Rd ,0 = 1427.1 / 4570.6 = 0.31
!
⇒ θ a ,cr = 659°C EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3!

!
! θ a ,max,30 646
= = 0.98 < 1
! θ a ,cr 659
!
!

79"
WORKED%EXAMPLES%–%STEEL%BEAM%(HOLLOW%SECTION)%
%
!  Verifica)on!in!the!strength!domain:! EN!1993^1^2!§!4.2.3.3!
γ M ,0 1
M fi ,t ,Rd = Mpl ,Rd ,20°C ⋅ ky ,θ ⋅ ⋅
γ M , fi κ 1 ⋅ κ 2
! 1.1 1.0
! (
= 12875 103 × 355 / 1.1 × 0.36 × ) ×
1.0 1.0 × 1.0
⋅ 10 −6
!
! = 1645.4 kNm
!
where!
"""""ky,θ !!=!0.360! M fi ,d 1427.1
!!!!!κ1 !!=!1.0! = = 0.87 < 1
M fi ,t ,Rd 1645.4
!!!!!κ2 !!=!1.0!

80"
CONCLUSION%

!  EN%1993T1T2%gives%design%methods%to%check%%the%load%bearing%
funcDon%of%steel%structures%exposed%to%fire.%%

!  The%fire%resistance%of%steel%structure%can%be%easily% %assessed%
from%simplified%calculaDon%methods.%

!  Design%methods%cover%internal%and%external%steel%structures.%

81"
REFERENCES%
REFERENCES%
!  EN!1993^1^1!–!Eurocode!3!Design!of!steel!structures!Part!1^2:!
General!rules!^!Structural!fire!design!!

!  EN! 1991^1^2! –! Eurocode! 1! Ac)ons! on! structures! –! Part! 1^2:!

General!ac)ons!–!Ac)ons!on!structures!exposed!to!fire.!!
%

83"