Inductive and Deductive resoning

Inductive reasoning(ISG) Deductive reasoning(DGS)

Specific to general(generalization process) General to specific (specialization process)

Bottom up approach Top down approach

Based on observation & patterns. Start Based on facts, start with premises. (truth
with conclusion. (truth are probable) are guarantee)
Observation –pattern-tentative hypothesis- Theory-hypothesis- observation-
theory (known to unknown) conformation. (unknown to known)
Arguments- strong's & weak. Arguments- valid (sound & unsound) and
Invalid (unsound)
Use some example as a tools. Use syllogism as tools.
**Basically in inductive reasoning: fact to **Basically in deductive reasoning: theory
law or theory. to fact or figure.
 **Valid Argument:
1. If all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.
2. If all the premises are true, then the conclusion can’t be false.
3. If premises of a valid argument entail the conclusion.
4. If it has no counter example(true premises+false conclusion)
5. If it’s conclusion follows with certainty its premises.
 **Invalid Argument:
1. If premises are true, but conclusion is false then the argument
defiantly invalid.
2. If all the premises and conclusion are true. Then the argument
defiantly valid and here invalid probable.
3. If all premises are false and conclusion are true then the argument
probable.
4. If one premises are false and conclusion are false then the
argument probable.
 **Inductive argument:
• Strong argument: it is impossible that the promises are true &the
conclusion false.
• Weak argument: the conclusion probably does not follow from
the argument.
A deductive argument is valid if
a. Premises are false and conclusion is true.
b. Premises are false and conclusion is also
false.
c. Premises are true and conclusion is false.
d. Premises are true and conclusion is also true.