University of Zimbabwe BSc. (Hons) Mechanical Engineering Thermo-Fluids ME204 Examination Paper May/June 2012 3 hours Dat Instructions: | Answer any TWO (2) questions from section A and any TWO (2) questions from section B. Al questions carry equal marks Section A 1(a) Determine the gauge pressure and the absolute pressure of salt water at a depth of 25m below sea level given that the density of the salt water is 1003 kg/m? and that atmospheric pressure is 101 kN/m? [6 marks] (b) — Acclosed tank contains mercury (0,9m) water (3m) and oil (3,5m). The specific gravities of mercury and oil are 13,6 and 0,6 respectively. There is an air space above the oil. If the gauge pressure at the bottom of the tank is 250 kN/m?, what is the pressure of the air at the top of the tank? [8 marks} (©) Determine the position of the centre of pressure of a vertical semi-circular plane submerged in a homogenous liquid with its diameter © at the free surface. [6 marks] (@ — Auniform wooden cylinder of density 600 kg/m is placed in water. Determine the ratio of diameter to length which will make it just float in water. [5 marks]2(a) (b) (o) 3.(a) (b) (c) Describe the momentum equation for flowing water clearly defining all symbols. _| [6 marks] Define the Bernoulli Equation from momentum concepts, clearly stating any assumptions made and the meaning of all symbols. [10 marks] ‘Water is flowing in a pipeline 4 m above datum level and has a velocity of 10 mis and a gauge pressure of 36 kN/m. If the mass density of the water is 998 kg/m®, calculate the total energy per unit weight of the water at this point measuring pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. [9 marks] Define Reynolds Number (Smarks] With the aid of sketch diagrams explain how you would demonstrate (Reynold's experiment) different kinds of flow of fluids. [10 marks] An incompressible liquid of density 91 is flowing, with laminar flow, through a tube at a volume rate of R. The tube consists of two parts; the first part has. cross-section area A; and the second Az. The two sections are connected by a U-tube as shown below. The U-tube is partially filled with a fluid of density 2 (p2 > p1) which does not mix with the flowing liquid. The difference in height of the boundary between the two fluids on two sides of the U-tube is h. Derive an expression for h in terms of R, As, Aa, pr, p2 and g [10 marks]~ Section B. 4. (a) Briefly explain the physical significant of each of the three laws of thermodynamics and how they are interrelated. [12 marks} a) With the aid of a P-V diagram derive the polytrope law PV"=C. [8 marks] b) 0.014 m’ gas at a pressure of 2070kN/m? expands to a pressure of 207kN/m? according to the law PV'** = C, Determine the work done by the gas during expansion. (5 marks] 5. (a) With the aid of a T-S diagram explain the enthalpy changes that take place during the formation of dry superheated steam. [10 marks] (b) Determine the value of specific entropy of wet at a pressure of 2MN/m? and 0.8 dry i) bycalculation [8 marks] ji) byusing values of entropy from steam tables. (7marks] 6. Compare and contrast the Camot and the Rankine Cycles [5 marks] a) A steam turbine plant operates on the Rankine cycle. Steam is delivered from the boiler to the turbine at a pressure of 3.5 MN/m? and with a temperature of 350°C. The steam from the turbine is exhausts into a condenser at a pressure of 10 kN/m?. Condensate from the condenser is returned to the boiler by means ofa feed pump. Neglecting losses, determine: i, The energy supplied in the boiler per kg of steam generated. [6 marks] ii, The dryness fraction of the steam entering the condenser [6 marks} li, The Rankine efficiency. [8 marks] END OF EXAMINATION PAPER 3