DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8a. Techniques in modern biotechnology 現代生物工程的技術

i. Process of recombinant DNA technology 重組 DNA 技術的過程
ii. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶鏈反應
iii. DNA fingerprinting DNA 指紋分析
iv. Genetically modified organisms 基因改造生物
v. Cloning 克隆

8b. Applications in biotechnology 生物工程的應用

i. Production of pharmaceutical products 醫療藥品的生產
ii. Gene therapy 基因治療
iii. Stem cells therapy 幹細胞治療

8c. Bioethics 生物倫理學

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DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8ai. Process of recombinant DNA technology 重組 DNA 技術的過程

Bacterial plasmid 細菌質粒 :

- a plasmid is a small circular piece of extrachromosomal DNA in bacterial cells
質粒是細菌細胞內染色體以外的一小段環狀 DNA

Reason of plasmids are commonly used as vectors in recombinant DNA technology

重組 DNA 技術中常以質粒作為載體的原因
1. plasmids can be taken up by bacterial cells because of their small size -
2. plasmids contain selective markers e.g. antibiotic resistance gene(s)
which allow screening for the transformed bacterial cells
1. 由於細小，質粒能被細菌細胞攝取
2. 質粒包含選擇性標記，例如抗抗生素基因，容許篩選轉化了的細菌細胞

另一做法係 target gene (目標基因) 有 gene for Z resistance (Z 抗性基因)

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DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8ai. Process of recombinant DNA technology 重組 DNA 技術的過程

Steps to put the DNA fragment into the plasmid

DNA 片段插入質粒的步驟
1. cut / isolate the DNA containing the [target gene] and plasmid with the same
restriction enzyme to produce compatible sticky ends
2. join the [target gene] and plasmid together using DNA ligase
- use restriction enzyme to cut both the plasmid and DNA fragment
since same restriction site can be found at both ends of the DNA fragment
as a result, two sticky ends will be produced at the plasmid and on the DNA
fragment which are complementary for insertion of the DNA fragments
into the plasmid
1. 以相同的限制酶來把 [目標基因] 的 DNA 片段及質粒切開/限制，
以產生相容的黏端
2. 以 DNA 連接酶把 [目標基因] 和質粒連接起來
- 利用限制酶來切割質粒和 DNA 片段
因為 DNA 片段的兩末端有的相同限制位點
因此在質粒和 DNA 片段會產生兩個黏性末端
它們互補以使將 DNA 片段插入質粒
https://youtu.be/8rXizmLjegI

Some plasmid fail to incorporate with the DNA fragment

部分質粒未能具有該 DNA 片段
1. in constructing the plasmid, some cut plasmids joined by itself to restore the
original form without picking up the DNA fragment
2. in transferring the plasmid to plant cells, some bacteria did not pick up any
plasmid at all
3. the direction of putting the mutated gene into the plasmid is reversed, so the
gene cannot be expressed
4. the bacteria did not infect some of the crop cells
1. 在建構質粒時，部分切開的質粒重新自我黏合成原來的質粒，沒有帶有該
DNA 片段
2. 在轉移質料入植物細胞時，部分細胞未有取得任何質粒
3. 將突變基因插入質粒時，基因的方向調轉，因而不能表達該基因
4. 部份農作物細胞沒有被細菌感染

3 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8ai. Process of recombinant DNA technology 重組 DNA 技術的過程

How to confirm success or not? 如何判斷成功與否？

1. grow all the plant cells on an agar plate with the antibiotic X and Y
- if plant does not pick any plasmid cannot survive under antibiotic X and Y
- if plant pick plasmid without picking up the target gene can survive
under antibiotic X and Y
- if plant pick plasmid with picking up the target gene can survive in X but
not in Y
以含有抗生素 X 和 Y 的瓊脂培養基來培養所有植物細胞
- 若植物沒有取到質粒是不能生存在抗生素 X 或 Y 下
- 若植物取到 沒有攜帶目標基因的質粒 是可以生存於抗生素 X 和 Y 下
- 若植物取到 有攜帶目標基因的質粒 就只可以生存於抗生素 X，但不
能生存在抗生素和 Y 下
2. cut the DNA obtained from the plant cells with restriction enzymes
amplify the DNA fragment using PCR
run a DNA electrophoresis to check for the presence of the DNA fragment which
has been inserted into the plasmids
[if plasmid does not pick up the target gene will have only 1 band, or otherwise
2 bands]
以限制酶切開取自植物細胞的 DNA
利用 PCR 技術來增加 DNA 片段
進行 DNA 電泳來檢查插入在質粒的標示基因是否存在
[若質粒沒有攜帶目標基因會有 1 條帶，否則就 2 條帶]

4 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8ai. Process of recombinant DNA technology 重組 DNA 技術的過程

After obtaining the recombinant DNA, how to produce on a large scale

取得重組 DNA 後，如何大量製造
- introduce the recombinant plasmids into some bacterial cells / soil bacterium /
E.coli
- select the transformed bacteria by culturing the bacteria on nutrient agar
containing an antibiotic X
- mass culture the transformed bacterial cells in a nutrient medium containing
the antibiotic X
[soil bacterium can infect crop cells and transfer the genes of the plasmid to the
genome of the crop cells]
- 把重組質粒引入一些細菌細胞 / 土壤細菌 / 大腸桿菌
- 透過把細菌放在含有抗生素 X 的營養瓊脂上培養，篩選已轉化的細菌
- 在含有抗生素 X 的營養培養基內大量繁殖已轉化的細菌細胞
[土壤細菌可感染農作物細胞，把質粒的基因轉移到農作物細胞的基因組]

- Microinjection method 顯微注射技術

- microinjection of recombinant DNA into fertilized eggs
將重組 DNA 以顯微注射技術導入受精卵
- Advantages 好處 :
the recombinant DNA does not contain any viral materials which may
cause undesirable effects / immune response on humans / which may
regain the ability to cause disease
重組 DNA 不含任何來自病毒的物質，可在人體引起不良效應/免疫反
應的物質/病毒物質可能重獲致病能力
- Disadvantages 壞處 :
the insertion of the recombinant DNA into the genome of fertilized egg has
high failure rate / can cause damage of the fertilized egg / time consuming
as only one fertilized egg can be targeted at one time
把重組 DNA 插入受精卵基因體的失敗率率偏高 / 可破壞受精卵 / 需
長時間，因每次只能改造一粒受精卵

5 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8aii. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶鏈反應

Purpose of PCR PCR 的目的

- amplify the DNA for genetic testing such as parentage / forensic application /
detection of specific gene sequence (e.g. genes of genetic diseases, genetic
markers of GM food)
(複製 DNA)把相關的基因大量複製以供親子 / 科學鑑證之用 / 檢測某些基
因序列測定 (如遺傳病基因/GM 食物的遺傳標記)

3 principal steps in a cycle of PCR

1. DNA denaturation
At 95 C , the complementary strands of DNA are separated into two single DNA
strands. /
DNA molecules are denatured / separated / unwounded to form single strands
at the DNA denaturation stage
- denaturation : the temperature is high enough
to break the hydrogen bonds between the two strands of double helix DNA
2. Primer annealing
At 55 C , primers are annealed to the single stranded DNA templates by
complementary base pairing. /
primer with complementary bases anneals to the single-stranded DNA molecule
at primer annealing stage
3. Extension
At 72 C , DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers to synthesize the
new DNA /
complementary free nucleotides (dNTPs in PCR) join to the primer accordingly
to extend the DNA molecule at the extension stage

* dNTPs = deoxy-ribonucleoside triphosphates 去氧核苷酸三磷酸

https://youtu.be/2KoLnIwoZKU

6 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8aii. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶鏈反應

PCR 循環的三個主要步驟
1. DNA 變性
95 C 時，構成 DNA 的兩條互補的去氧核糖核苷酸鏈互相分離，成為兩條
DNA 單鏈。 /
在 DNA 變性階段，DNA 分子變性 / 分開 / 解開成單鏈 DNA 性
- 變性︰溫度夠高
足以打斷雙螺旋 / DNA 的兩條鏈之間的氫鍵
2. 引物連接
55 C 時，藉著鹼基互補配對原理，引物黏附到單鏈的模板 DNA。 /
於引物連接階段，具互補鹼基的引物與單鏈 DNA 連接
3. 延伸
72 C 時，DNA 聚合酶將核甘酸添接到引物上，合成新的 DNA。 /
在延伸階段，互補的游離鹼基 (PCR 使用的 dNTPs)與引物連接以延伸 DNA
分子

* dNTPs = deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates 去氧核苷酸三磷酸

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction

7 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8aii. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶鏈反應

Non-template DNA
(coding DNA) DNA template
非模板 DNA DNA 模板
(編碼 DNA)
A T
C G
G C
T A

If primers with fewer bases are used, PCR products of different sizes are obtained
若使用較少鹼基的引物，會產生不同大小的 PCR 產物
- shorter primers have fewer combinations of base sequences
there is a high chance of annealing primers to wrong positions of the DNA
strand so DNA strands of different sizes are amplified
再短的引物的鹼基序列組合較少
因此，有較大機會連接到 DNA 鏈上錯誤的位置
導致得出的 DNA 片段有不同的長度 / 大小不一

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DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8aiii. DNA fingerprinting DNA 指紋分析

Process 過程︰
- extract DNA sample from the individual
- use restriction enzyme to cut the sample into fragments
- separate the fragments of different sizes into bands according to their molecular
masses / sizes by using gel electrophoresis
(DNA fragment with shorter length will migrate faster and longer distance)
- the banding pattern produced after gel electrophoresis is the “DNA fingerprint”
- match the DNA fingerprint patterns between individuals under study
- 從個體提取 DNA 樣本
- 使用限制酶把樣本切成片段
- 以凝膠電泳把不同大小的片段分離，產物因具有不同的分子質量/大小而分
離成一系列的條帶。
(較短的 DNA 片段會移動較快及更長距離)
- 凝膠電泳產生的條帶模樣，便是「DNA 指紋」
- 配對鑑定中不同個體的 DNA 指紋

Band 帶

Source : https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/DNA-Fingerprinting

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DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8aiii. DNA fingerprinting DNA 指紋分析

Application of DNA fingerprinting DNA 指紋分析的應用

- parental testing
- as a forensic tool for identifying suspects / victims / human remains / missing
persons
- applications in paleontology
- applications in archaeology (e.g. matching fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls)
- applications in medical diagnostics (screening patients and fetuses for inherited
diseases)
- matching organ donors
- establishing the provenance / composition of foods
- analyzing patterns of human migration
- analyzing claims of ethnicity
- 親子鑑定
- 作為法證工具，辨認疑犯 / 受害者 / 人體殘骸 / 失蹤人士
- 應用於古生物學
- 應用於考古學 (配對死海古卷的片段)
- 應用於醫療診斷 (檢視病人和胎兒是否有遺傳病)
- 配對器官捐贈者
- 確認食物的產地 / 成分
- 分析人類遷徙的模式
- 分析所宣稱的種族

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DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8aiii. DNA fingerprinting DNA 指紋分析

How does DNA fingerprinting work? DNA 指紋分析如何有效？

- All human beings are 99.9% identical in their genetic makeup,
- but there is 0.1% different patterns shown in the DNA fingerprinting are due to
the presence of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) on human
chromosomes.
- VNTRs are short sequences of repeated DNA on the non-coding region of
chromosomes
- and the number of VNTRs varies greatly from person to person.
- 所有人類的基因組成有 99.9% 相同
- 但有 0.1% DNA 的指紋的差異是源於人類染色體中存在一些可變數目串聯重
複序列 (VNTRs)
- VNTRs 是位於染色體非編碼區上的重複 DNA 序列，
- 而這些序列重複的次數因人而異。
OR
- as the number of times the sequence repeats is highly variable / polymorphic /
different among individuals
- and a different number of repeats results in different lengths of DNA fragments
after cutting with suitable enzymes
- since different lengths of DNA fragments migrate with different speeds in gel
electrophoresis
- therefore, different bands of DNA fingerprinting, which is unique to individuals,
can be shown
- 不同人的重複片段 / 多態重複出現的次數差異很大
- 而不同次數的重複片段 / 多態重複在被適當的酶切割後會得出不同長度的
DNA 分段
- 在電泳中不同長度的 DNA 段會以不同速度移動
- 所以這類基因型可以轉化為 DNA 指紋，而每個個體的 DNA 指紋均是獨一
無二的

https://youtu.be/ijps41MkSzw

11 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8aiii. DNA fingerprinting DNA 指紋分析

DNA sample can be blood and sperm

DNA 樣本可以是血液和精液
Blood – have white blood cell which have nucleus
Sperm – many sperm cells in semen, and each receives chromosomes randomly
through meiosis from their diploid mother cells
thus the sperm cells lysate formed a collection of chromosomes containing
both sets of chromosomes from the diploid mother cells
血液 – 有白血球，而白紅球有細胞核
精液 – 精液內有很多精子細胞，每個都機由雙倍體的細胞以減數分裂得到
因此，這些精子細胞溶解所得的染色體，
已包含有雙倍體細胞的染色體

Explain why a large number of variations can exist in VNTRs but fewer variations are
found in functional genes.
解釋為什麼這些 VNTRs 可以有很多變異，而具功能的基因則變異較少。
- as VNTRs are located in the non-coding region of chromosomes, any mutations
do not affect the survival of the organisms
- and the mutations can pass on to the next generation
- mutations in functional genes, however, may lead to expression of non-
functional proteins / failure of expression of these genes
- which may affect the survival of the organisms
- therefore, variations of VNTRs pass on from generation to generation leading to
huge variations
- VNTRs 位於染色體的非編碼區，如有任何突變都不會影響生物的存活
- 因此這些突變可以傳遞至下一代
- 功能性基因的突變可能會引致表達出失去功能的蛋白 / 基因未能表達
這樣可能影響生物的存活
- 因此 VNTRs 的變異可以一代一代的遺傳下去，令變異增加

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DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8aiv. Genetically modified organisms 基因改造生物

Selective breeding 選擇育種

- animals with certain desirable traits were selected to breed for several
generations and the offspring produced would be domesticated
具有某些理想性狀的動物會被揀選進行交配，經過數代交配後所產生的後
代會被馴化

Transgenic technology 轉基因技術

- effect on the gene pool of a species
the desirable genes may be taken from a different species / may not naturally
occur in the organisms to be transformed
as a result, new genes will be added to the gene pool of a species
this may produce superior species and pose threats to other species / the long
term effect is not yet known / this may create new species artificially
- impacts on the ecosystem
The GM plants may disperse away from the farmland.
They may out-compete other native plants and upset the ecological balance.
- 對物種基因庫的影響
理想的基因可能來自另一物種 / 可能在待轉化的生物中並不存在
因此，該物種的基因庫便會有新的基因加入
這樣可能產生優秀的物種而對其他物種構成威脅 / 尚未知道長期效應 /
這可能人工創造新物種
- 對生態系產生的影響
植物可能由農地散播出去，將其他原生植物淘汰，破壞生態平衡。

Reason of soil bacterium is suitable for transferring the target gene into the crop
土壤桿菌適用於將目標基因轉移入農作物的原因
1. soil bacterium contains plasmids for target genes to be inserted
2. soil bacterium can infect crop cells and transfer the genes of the plasmid to the
genome of the crop cells
1. 土壤細菌具有質粒，可植入目標基因
2. 土壤細菌可感染農作物細胞，把質粒的基因轉移到農作物細胞的基因組

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DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8av. Cloning 克隆

Cloning vs. selective breeding 克隆 vs. 育種

- selective breeding involves sexual reproduction / fusion of gametes
- which produces offspring with genetic variations
- as a result, the desirable traits may be diluted / desirable traits may not appear /
undesirable traits may appear
- however, the organisms produced from cloning are developed from mitosis of
the cells from desired donor
- the organisms produced are genetically identical to the donors, so all the
desirable traits will be preserved
- 選擇育種涉及有性繁殖 / 配子融合
- 產生具遺傳變異的後代
- 因此可以稀釋理想 特徵 / 性狀 /
後代 未必具有理想特徵 / 性狀 /
可能出其他不理想特徵 / 性狀
- 然而，由克隆所產生的生物是由理想捐贈者細胞的有絲分裂發育而成
- 所產生的生物與捐贈者在遺傳上完全一樣，因此所有理想特徵 / 性狀都得
以保存

https://youtu.be/q0B9Bn1WW_4

14 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8av. Cloning 克隆

Animal cloning 動物克隆 :

Black face sheep X : cell
+ white face sheep Y : unfertilized egg and remove nucleus
= cell C develop into cell D by mitosis
Put into sheep Z to give birth to a baby sheep
黑面 X 羊 : 細胞
+ 白面 Y 羊 : 未受精卵及移除細胞核
= 細胞 C，再通過有絲分裂發展為細胞 D
將其放入 Z 羊，生出小羊

Plant cloning 植物克隆 :

For vegetative propagating plants in which a piece of the stem or root of the source
plant is placed in a suitable medium to develop a new plant independent of the
parent.
對於營養繁殖的植物中，將一塊從源頭植物中的莖或根放於合適的媒介中發展
出一株新的植物，而新的植物是獨立於母株。

15 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8bi. Production of pharmaceutical products 醫療藥品的生產

Insulin derived from genetically modified (GM) bacteria

用基因改造細菌來生產胰島素
1. Isolate the human insulin gene and amplify it by PCR
分離人類胰島素基因，並利用聚合酶鏈反應 (PCR) 將其複製
2. Insert the amplified gene into the bacterial plasmids which are then introduced
into bacteria
把經複製的基因插入細菌質粒，然後把質粒導入細菌
3. Screen and culture the GM bacteria that produce insulin
篩選和培養能產生人類胰島素的基因改造細菌

Concern on using GM plant to produce pharmaceutical products

利用基因改造農作物來生產醫療藥品的憂慮
- GM plants are often grown out in the open areas
thus pollen grains from GM plants may pollinate other non-GM crops and are
spread to other plants
GM 植物通常在空曠地方栽種
來自 GM 植物的花粉粒可令其他非 GM 植物受粉，然後傳播至其他植物

16 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8bi. Production of pharmaceutical products 醫療藥品的生產

Compare with extracting insulin from animal pancreas, GM method have the
following advantages
與從動物胰臟提取胰島素相比，基因改造方法有以下好處
1. insulin produced from GM bacteria has the same amino acid sequences as the
insulin produced by our body
so that the patient’s immune system does not normally produce antibodies
against the insulin after injection
whereas the amino acid sequence of animal insulin is slightly different from that
of human insulin
thus some patient’s immune systems produce antibodies against it to degrade
the effect of insulin
利用 GM 細菌所產生的胰島素與我們身體產生的胰島素有相同氨基酸序列
因此，病患者的免疫系統不會對這些胰島素產生抗體
動物胰島素的氨基酸序列與人源胰島素有些差別
因此有部分病患者的免疫系統對動物胰島素產生抗體，令胰島素降解
2. due to the high growth rate of bacteria, the product yield from GM bacteria is
much higher than that from animal pancreas because it takes long time to rear
animals
insulin can be produced continuously from the bacterial culture whereas each
animal can provide only a limited amount of animal pancreas
the cost of purification of insulin from bacterial culture is lower than that from
the animal pancreas as it is less complicated
細菌的生長速率高，而餵飼動物需時甚久，因此由 GM 細菌所得的胰島素
遠高於由動物胰臟所得的
被培養的細菌可以不斷產生胰島素，但是每隻動物只能提供有限度的胰臟
由細菌培養把胰島素提純的成本較由動物胰臟把胰島素提純的高，因為其
過程較簡單

17 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8bii. Gene therapy 基因治療

Gene therapy 基因治療

- a vector is used to carry the target gene
it delivers and inserts target gene into cell
this inserted gene is expressed to produce a functional protein to overcome the
genetic defect
- 利用載體運送目標基因
把目標基因運送及插入細胞
插入的基因表達而產生一具功能的蛋白，克服基因缺陷

Somatic gene therapy 體細胞基因治療

- transfer of a section of DNA to any cell of the body that does not produce sperm
or eggs. Effects of gene therapy will not be passed onto the next generation of
patient.
- 將一組 DNA 導入身體任何不會生出精子和卵子的細胞中。
基因治療不會傳給病人的後代。

Germline gene therapy 種系基因治療

- transfer of a section of DNA to cells that produce eggs or sperm. Effects of
gene therapy will be passed onto the patient’s children and subsequent
generations.
- 將一組 DNA 導入身體生出精子和卵子的細胞中。
基因治療的影響會傳給病人的下一代及再後代。

18 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8bii. Gene therapy 基因治療

Potential hazards of gene therapy 基因治療的潛在風險

- genes may be inserted at random locations in the genome which may cause
harmful mutations to the DNA / failure of the expression of essential genes
- the target genes may insert regulatory sequences that trigger the expression of
nearby genes leading to cancer (like leukaemia)
- some patients may show an immune reaction to the vector and reject the gene
product
- viral vector may regain the ability to cause diseases
- 基因隨機插入基因組內的位置，有可能引致 DNA 發生有害的突變/令某些
必要的基因不能表達
- 靶基因可能插入調節序列，這些序列有時可能活化鄰近基因繼而觸發癌
病，例如︰白血病
- 有些病患者可能對載體有免疫反應及排斥基因產物
- 病毒載體可能重新獲得致病能力

19 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8biii.Stem cells therapy 幹細胞治療

Stem cells 幹細胞

- the stem cells can proliferate to increase in cell number
then they are differentiated into different specialized cells
幹細胞進行分裂以增加細胞量
然後進行分化成為特定細胞種類
e.g. hematopoietic stem cell can develop into white blood cells, red blood cells
and blood platelets
造血幹細胞可以發展出白血球細胞、紅血球細胞及血小板
- obtained from bone marrow, dermis of skin,
umbilical cord blood or embryonic cells which were obtained long time ago
由 骨髓 / 皮膚的真皮細胞 / 從前封存的臍帶血 得到

Limitation of using stem cell therapy 幹細胞治療的限制

- not all adult stem cells are identified
- the conditions for culturing stem cells have not been figured out
- some stem cell continue to proliferate after transplant and become cancer cells
- the conditions needed to initiate the differentiation of stem cells into
specialized cell types have not been figured out
- 仍然未找出所有的成人幹細胞
- 仍然未找到培養幹細胞的條件
- 一些幹細胞在移植後繼續分裂，並變成癌細胞
- 仍然未找到如何刺激幹細胞進行分化成為其他功能細胞

20 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8c. Bioethics 生物倫理學

Genetically modified food 基因改造食物

Pros 好處
- may use fewer pesticides 可少用殺蟲劑
- low production cost 低生產成本
- more nutrients 更多營養
Cons 壞處
- may cause allergic reaction 可能引起過敏反應
- may increase antibiotic resistance of bacteria 可能增加細菌的抗藥性

Animal and plant cloning 動植物克隆

Pros 好處
- restore the equilibrium of environment by reintroducing cloned animals or
plants that are either extinct or endangered
通過引入已絕種或瀕危絕種的克隆動植物來回復環境的平衡
- create more security in the global food supply
製造更有保障的環球食物供應
- can advance scientific discoveries in other fields
可以令其他領域的科學更進步
Cons 壞處
- expensive and is the least effective way to produce offspring
貴及是最無效率的方法生育下一代
- reduce the genetic diversity of species
減少物種的基因多樣性
- cloning animals could result in more cancer-related issues
克隆動物有更多癌症相關的問題

Cloning of human for medical reason 醫療原因而製人類克隆

* illegal to produce a human clone
複製人類是不合法的
Cons 壞處
- wastage of many embryo during cloning
- killing one person to help another person is morally not accepted
- 複製的過程會浪費很多胚胎
- 殺一個人來拯救另一個人是不道德的

21 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung

DSE Biology Chapter 8 – Biotechnology 生物工程

8c. Bioethics 生物倫理學

Human Genome Project 人類基因組計畫

Pros 好處
- help with the diagnosis and prevention of human disease
對診斷和預防人類疾病有幫助
- modify medication for more effective treatment cycle
藥物改良更有效的治療週期
Cons 壞處
- may cause a loss in human diversity
可能引致人類多樣性減少
- information could be used to form new weapons
資料可能用於建立新武器
- may cause genetic racism
可能引致基因歧視

Gene therapy / Stem cells therapy 基因治療 / 幹細胞治療

Pros 好處
- effect of therapy are long-lasting and timeless
治療效果是永久及即時
Cons 壞處
- costly 昂貴
- if have failure may cause a serious problem e.g. cancer
若有出錯會引致嚴重問題，例︰癌症
- ethical concerns : perfected human (may cause unfair in the society)
道德關注︰完美人類 (可能引起社會不公平)

22 © by Herman Yeung www.youtube.com/HermanYeung