seem en s2071 SIALL Jovoneang Vv 39D ‘HD Jeutod "Wd ONISSHIOUd STVIYALVW ur VNAWONGAHd LYOdSNVYA WIALY wal ary 2 yk660.24 F674 PREFACE Aion of Tw Minna Mes Matas Soy ‘Bocemamels Be rete Pi 6 Ganeme Transport Phenomena in Metallurgy was published more than twenty years ago. The need “hence a Mate upton este ‘Pipes nd ee ft doe oie foe yousrsinetedin purhaingacopyotihisbockorifyou woul iSeries toe lta TS pobienton clog plese wep ‘aoe? 22232933299%"eq sma pest anny dood spo om iro ep BLAU, eek Wi SReROM WepHON sem “BUERRNApUN IND UH KRMSBIIS oF paedined ayy My Injara® free ame 94 -suouures ugoid pr ial si oq BulA0Nduy Jo sem popiaard pu sods [ax outs (euomeinduco faru mo panied fay, “wopooweD ‘sey ed WOH gC 1 20009 poe 28190 "HL wopi05 soured "a Plata, 4661 Kronugeg F funanaco Zuoser par sats seat xp oR Bopsond sess Jo modus none BaD SHON PUR eBURDOL] one ‘sessgooud sjeusteu s30u18U 01 sem 19109 seausu 3 “erWe . wou 212008 sno sexo 9 shun 15 “LITHO BAoD HOW pes mo A ‘Suryo08 wr aanoe Apeasye ane oy asoxp on jes 29 tlm 4009 ain We 2doy 20 uy anaes yuan oxy adn pe rer eer ares atesteseeeE SINSWDGTTMONAOV peronep ‘usueut Jo seruodoud pur airusnas 9) usemieg séiyeveretas vouCONTENTS PART 1° FLUID DYNAMICS Chapter 1 Viscous Properties of Fluids 1.1 Types of fluid flow . 41.2 Neweonian fuids =. Bosee 115 NomNewtonian fuids - Chapter 2 Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation ilae 46 30 156 Le 16 in : : SES ai hn pan eeacargnd sees ST 2 34 Flow trough porous media oe 0 35 Fhidized beds . . waa plana gana 33923323033, 7"poua srotod yBnona woqsnyi + sao pedicuces 5 Et 88399 saysueay, soeyy aseqdionmy zy aadey ALHOMSNVALL SSVI Lava ‘worsen rearae ‘ae my 2240 uonssaog paato} ERTL thm aq tt wonssques pBDI0y im, Soups om 1 Vanes ie woonpao watse spros waredsven wy uone 09 [EOL $9 puoo Jeu. "9 eae sae Jo Aiationpuon fea 79 Tes anonpa0s peau pre ae] §,s2uRO 19 STeHeWEHN 20 AyponpuoD TeULOL pue MET s.zaINOI 9 sarder AMOUSNVAL AOWANA TIVE sonmBAEIEYD 2 TT eye WAH VORB TT s=deqD See ee ete aaeeee sis mmo mag yor ee eee eee i pee ioce pro MIA mw aclL $s pou STEN 30 woneSUIPHES OF sardeyD yom Bad ero et & ste 7 : s2amos BuNAOW 9°6 des se su2joid ooops apne 28 OE SL] smut seme ps ‘suoprpuco wwstsueLy 882 foeeee y “smaIEAS WaISUELE 6 wae S57 725 aus oats sepa Eo Ur sossof wons Tp Teese 5757+ wononpucs 195 uoneabs ABiau2 =. Te ‘81009 Jo wonPAsIEUOD Tp SPHOS UI WH 30 woRNpUOD 6 sade ‘MOLL PIMLE WI suoneONddY soumeg Csoug y soydeyD sum sunPlease insert this corrected page of Contens in your “Transport Phenarena in Materials Processing” volume. 13.6. Formation of surface layers -°* Poetic eaot (Chapter 14 Mass Transfer in Fluld Systems 14.9 Mass transfer in chemical vapor deposition = 22020 2.0020222537 (Chapter 15” Interphase Mass Transfer 15.1. Two-resistnce mass transfer tory eevee eee 387 15.2 Mixed commol in gas-solid reactions (2200222002222. 2 350 15.3 Mass transfer with vaporization oo. eee 860 (Chapter 16 Numerical Methods and Models 36.1 Fake ctecnoespprotnation 162 Turtle fow 392222979, cP aoe re ered ner ee ee err eee(0961 “HOA MAN." eueuouang vodsuouy‘oRNYT “Na pUR BRATS “a“M PE “Ge 21 bur spiny 30 ou out Smesaudeo pox Sree Jo sues anil potuenboy Swoa5y, © wepees 2 Jo} Ansscow a anenom ypigK s2\duex> sas Om Te aoe seq vwesodu 5 sxe ny Jo fuposspan ue ‘se 0/po8 23g Jo ajaven amaaxie oF ma, “onadea ae 204 seesoond nodszen sxe pow aay on pra Anew Oe sp Jo vaetoa LL “spn fommeo pus avin ob om arousdinbo jo sopmusivemn9 pox spiny jo sopradoud a Jo ga maBiany 2yew oF ge apa ‘sandy Fovaotoy om ut paasaad se squ prag Jo semsaurpATy an peessspat inogs ox spies wo wed, we aq 02 pannbat ou Ajrensn sj 32001909 syetsneUr ot UBMOXHTE Pie “saqiour 20 xgod ato 1 spy sta ep Busco SEO OH. “MSM! pany ‘onpord o1 warn azytnn pus aryndarear ceo am Yoru Aq spoupous a pure “suo pueD snares 79PEN ZO\AEIOq sem “sapadoxd opsuaaY aN “spiny KBE sep Ix SI Jo wed 1 2g SOINVNAC GIN TI ese NO LuVd1 VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS LA TYPES OF FLUID FLOW When fluids move dhrough a system, either ove of two different types of fuid flow may 1 Laminar flow. and accompanied by fluctuation in velocity. ‘This pe of fn srt in Figs 2, fn whch prt) shows he ere pth of 2 single 13293292999‘02 0 oH oy soy 1 Se ff *A00}86 BuEEaISeP 70 UoHoaNp 2p ‘SF SoU LrmauOW TER Uy ‘ys way 30} wonwanuo> paadasoe AeIDua8 an S010} SHU, "anpysod “ soyeur uate spa om Bau pap “ose SOY “UORDa31p-Kaanisod 9Ke| Jamo MN wo paLaysteN st umEaWON deg 208 sin sogat (ZT) “ba wus sno 94], -(UORD=HNP-3) pargpesuoD Bizaq TuBvOdioa ‘Ayporea ag pur (0) wodsuen wnaout Jo vonsenp SN of Jajel “2 Jo sduosqne ty cD st passaadra 24 eur pny Jo sr0Ke] una OM Sue usamtag "e ssans ses = pee Apap woIpER Aifojon wurisuoo omy stenbo ROWS 4A “TeauH aMyord AyDo|aA a Ua “=IES Apeore YY “sean {0505 1054 (Vig) eae un od 2a10y 39 poe “reags sind s1 poquosop se mais 2510) ‘ond yorezed waowaag pny Jo.moy seu yy “By a a ven 1 feconintt syeag “SRC om Se pineaie 5am Fo S]S0}4 mEINg pu UALR Jo BONGO aAHEHTEND "4 Ba —w ~famuomioderd jo wesuco = & pue sawed usomiog 2aUEIP = 4 aq hank wo fask Ae poss} 2103 a ‘mou seuse poe ‘y axe Jo sarerd 404 ‘aes Speans sy “aueid reuopms ax uo past st ‘0105 ssoddo mq renba ue pur ‘pause og ysnax 7 90105 & “A Ausoron oxp iim ono Uw seid soso amp dae on dpzo uy “yxy Ut “poqoeaN st Stes Apeas v paedeye sey um majouyns Jaye POR “wonNeWoW sures piny aq ‘spaooeed aw Sy “AIDO|AN YU Soy amd saddn oun ox uszefpe em opin “4 A30;26 v Muh sano sued ZOMO] aMt OL IISSefpe Pry ‘3p souH ‘sanjasuiogy soma ot se Ausojan aus am aney tla sae ax o1uDDefpe PI 23 tein mou am sououade wor “otez 2am ve A KZA ¥ lA GONOKR wy 1365 200 s9MOp 9 pus Asroopes 5 ad soddn ou, (yt 814) sre youezed ony uassiog Pyne BHopAsUO.) SIN NVINOIMGN 71 ‘ue Senreap voqys “Roy sw2]mqrT 20} ponoyd 5 ApoTon oRoLfesodus a. “MOY WU2}Ng:TY Po secrane] 30} “agra Jo sped an SsO1De AyrojeA JO WONAALAYP a SMOuS ET aml Ploy nw} s2omeqeasip Ssamfnor soups se sory pemiatxe yons 01 Bupuonse Aiea Aur wrsks “4 1oquiks amy wan St yoKy puR “3}20}2n podeianD ou 30 ‘wom yosochuns aon pom som ‘antta weaur StUOS shoge ATAOPUE: SaeRKon PIM 3 tod poxy ¥ 3 Apoojan 9 28 Sovensuowep (q) ured pu feaion! au swos BUND ape6 Viscous Properties of Fluids ‘he period berween¢ = 0, when te lowe plat i st into meson, an large, wea say sit ech cal be mon prod, Ding rant pd fe tionship for 7, ue a aay ‘This empirical relationship is known as Newton's law of viscosiny, and defines the constant ‘of proportionality, n, as the viscosity. "The dimensions of viseosty are found by refering to Eq. (1.3): 1° Ra Units of are: a - = Nem. aro a) {In keeping with the tend to using SI units, the units used in examples will be SI. However, since data are rill availble in ge units and English units, the ability to convert back and forth between systems remains important and some data wil also be presented in units other than SI. Accordingly, the English system yields the following units for»: ‘The centipotse (cP) is probably the most common unit tabulated for viscosity. It equals (001 poise. The viscosity of water °C) is 1cP. Thus the value of the In many problems involving viscosity, divided by is density p. Hence we define “Te Kinematic vicosiy is fonamenal quay, in that it is a measure of moment Tun hema vicoty menue ins wien ees ents axe cmon oh eins cal he ae Example 11 Two parle pas ae 1 mm ape. The lower pate tatlonry and tbe ‘upper plate moves with a velocity of 2 m's!. A stress of 5 Nm? is needed to mainiain he ‘Viscous Properties of Fluids 7 upper plate in* motion. Find the viscosity of the fluid contained between the plates in G@)N sm and (b) cP. ‘Solution. From Eq, (1.1) snd referting to Fig. 1.4, we have FA "Wy 2m wr = 2B he rex FIA is the stress: then SN eee his TTB = 250 x 10° Nem = 25 er. 1.3 VISCOSITY OF GASES For the purpose of explaining momeotum transport in gases, we resort 0 the simplest ‘weatment of the kinetic theory of gases. We utilize the concept of the mean free path, in ‘which the molecules are idealized as billiard balls, and posmlate a hypothetical "ideal" gas possessing the following features: 1, The molecules are hard spheres resembling billird balls, having diameter d and mass m. 2. The molecules exert no forte on one another except when they collide. 3. The collisions are perfecly elastic and obey the classical laws of conservation of momentum and energy. 4. The molecules are uniformly distributed in a concentration of n per unit volume UHroughout the gas. They are in a stats of continuous motion and are separated by ‘distances which are large compared to their diameter. 5. All directions of molecular velocities are equally probable. The speed (magninude of velocity) of & motecule can bave any value between zero and infinity. If we assume thatthe molecules possess a Maxwellian speed distribution, then the average speed V is given by, 7. [2 . saa 39292329099 ~ 4 € u € At selena1661 "BOA nO “1M POF Pew 09 fo omy eROHON “OH “aE PHI "9 “PRN Oe ‘HEN % CEIOT = (ae) abou preps, orp BE cox ores ssamssoid ‘MOI 1 sosef aod Jo Aysaosin xp 205 uonenbo Buymomoy 2m padojsap oxy ZONE ae urd ‘Tennznod sauoy-premzy] oy Sus “zteucrod Baoue aisuosrar4 a Pal 5.9 a+ e umasunm st ABsouapepuoiod ang Safsofou atm Jo vomsed ayy isu "9" “Big oy uMogs se ‘suogesedas Tews ve wossjndse fuons pow szomnap uomeredas of re vonseme sean Sumqnng Pw Ly atm) z 4a) vaasd Kysooet ome (C “ba) Aasoosta jo ae 5,UoLRaN 61 spuodseii09 psa SAL, cern arn arp orp sur om sauvew sep | “240g wou) s8019 1 af Jo uTuNauoUtr xp RunsengRS pu MO} OY Sax> i SIERO mutatourr om Bupoums 4q "axed en Busso wnauowoux jo ae iu ope tae 6 SPILL Jo srodoay sea "re asosent jo sued am pee yond Gsofonseasosons ap waoMng WORE gt a op “€ morea 405 ‘Kuerms ep $e g «fou = ho ‘5 '€ shoge umasomourx 21 am Sem 348 “pop ser Samy gory uw oueyd amp Jo onssioereg> sopfooyaA axsy SomeION MP TIE JE MON, 1 “Bea wt pacadop st “yop “oompes® Ayooyon ep “OND. 3p UL KOS wp nee = yuan ses in" on enbo pens 9 £ SeopoION “uorsHTOo 1861 Sr peur Katy WoxyNs we suKId-K oq mojaq pu aAoqe € aoUEIsIp aSeiaAe WE Jp spsusoemge mrowou Bayes se dere om Buon snot a tod fl 3yh ov au Z fa ‘ont opi avo mos Ca adap sso sqooqou xy tae un sod Koonbay SL ~ouonboy eb u 9p oq wo sued se xn J0 (wop atdecsosoe ot) onou ng * 2oae of sqman}oW Aq possoN Rug 6 YT co Son sa ey ay, 11s2}0u Aupoo sm 3 stoneNan Wop 2x9 Arsaptsioa kg padotoip santa fester artim ssys909 pee BOOT ae SPM Jo song OMAViscous Proper of Figs 11 ° ee 0 ee eee eee 9 aac eeee mmm eee 1c Oe ee een ea ‘Substance “weight, M oh Eley. K T.K__¥,om'/mol 0 Light elements ey 20s ma 0 & ios an cS ee Ne 20.183 “44 o s ed Pa 7 - 2 : i & 3 : 2 . Popa ues : < as 26 i Fie 6 Larue peil in eg e os Me nize Bead iim ie beara. ° B00 mo ba Rt & aor a Bes gaa tere M is te gamle weight iin pies, Ti K, and ois» stractesiic a or 2B BS aavetor ofthe molecule in A (see Fig. 1.6). The quantity Q, isthe collision inegrat of the HS 18.02 001 an maa ‘Chapman-Enskog theory, which isa function ofa dimensionless temperature parameter ns7e. $0, oo 354 430.8, 1222 Jn order to use Eq. (1-14), we need values of o and é/xg; these parameters are known for & a eH nas foe 3 oe hem penn Tae We cn en deerme the & Be io ebm aon inept sng Table 12. s a m3 at ima ‘Kxample 1.2 Compute the viscosity of hydrogen at 1 atm and 1364 K. ‘Note: The Angstrom, A, equals 0.1 nm or 10* cm. "RC. Reid, JM. Pasi, and B. E, Polig, The Properties of Gases ond Liquids, 4th eton, ‘Solution, From Table 1.1, we fod that McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY, 1987, Appendices A and B. eley = 99.70 = 2.827 A. rom Table 1.2, 9, = 0.733. F ‘Fable 12. Values of Dntegral for viseotey and of the viscosity function fee), ‘Substinting appropriate values into Eq. a tegrl for viseoney and of the viscosity function fle, LOBE 1267 x 10° sO = 2.38 x 10+ poise. (Observed viscosity is 2.44 % 10+ poise.) "Using Eq, (1.14) to caleulate 9 requizes know amilable, one may use a modified form of and lrg, When values of @ are not ), as presenied by Bromley and Wilke? 1.0, Mirshfeder, C.F. Cun, and RB. Bud, Molecular Theory of Gases and Liguids, Wiley, New York, 1954 OLR. Bromley and C. R, Wilke, fad. Eng. Chem. 43, 1681 (1951).‘sans o Bunpark Jo Aangndes 40 wdaowoo aay ‘sseyd eatap e aussanda [ps simod Sanjouajaqn ze spenby aemeoeg, Tr amide wy possnasp are {21s ot pounsve a pb gs pemoosseaurjox eax9 mp aio 7 suondme Bp 0 area“ ‘soos ax Jo aouzpuadep ammeiaduey xp Smotpasd oy uroeA 20 Soy Mare smeRoD pry ¥ ye senso yTYA “Coo oy aay “Poon Sad Kinionns op jo sae uy "sapIo suL se|UaIYSP snoust sus MOIR, stoK, “spmbu Jo sensodoud poatssqo amp 405 uoaoe ov ponyasod Uaoq ausy Stony fssnas “soos oy aqmun“Aipides sararsep suomsod SaINDIT 40 ALISODSIA #1 on 1 Asap a Kap Joe $5318 pram Jo kasoans 29 {a0 10N “soonzpueo saton pin apm UR A Lape 2 stoped 2230} os[ou9I ‘same swjoduot o samisoatia 1) sbg_ ‘snes op, E '2 . 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The temperanure dependence of » may then be described by an equation of the form oan [2]. as) where 9 = viscosity, A = constant, T = absolute temperature, K, R = gas constant, and ‘AGI, = activation energy of viscosity. ‘The constant A is the object of much of the theoretical work done on the structure of liquids. "None of the theories to date gives satisfactory equations, based on fundamental peramiters, which can be used to accurately predict values of A. "The closest is Eyring’s Theory, which predicts A according to the equation aa, -- (a9) Vaca mx in which N, = Avogadro's number, 7 = molar volume, and h = Planck's constant. For molecular liguids in which the bonding foree is of a van der Waals type, we cin predict the activation energy of viscosity from the vaporization energy AE ng: AG? & 041 AE... 0.2) Equations (11 20) are not valid for liquid metals, which are not molecular, nor are they val for tbe caine morales, and should not be sed exoept a 4 ast, resort itis surprising that he viscosities of many diverse liquids, in terms of bonding nature in the solid state, are very similar, To ilustrae this point, Table 1.3 lists groups of various rraterials under general ranges of viscosity. The viscosities sed are those ofthe materia in the normal temperature range of interes. ‘naustal Heat Transfer, sixth edtion, Wiley, New York, 1965, ad Handbook of Chemistry and fae a De etna he ; v0 | to any specific model of vement of particles bast ober particles, we can start by- considering the 0140e961 5H0A s2N ‘tHE “vo Suna “H.'f wong) snoge 21@R amp 998 serempi000 eee ney « (1-314 yap asa 40y sereurpi009) spinbs o saprsoon 1 Spm yo spundoay sna, 0} “yoogpuny sixeu8ug josr4a¥e “o¥p) "uur |e sprbir Jo SaEOOHA “Bey Ct ‘Monga sag Kusiorun ‘ypibry fo cay, Toawg y "wD SH po weR Hy “PE ld "weRD ‘7 “POOMAEN'D ov TT 4 pe (ca) pee i ae wp us poe acy “GDI = sa) ot ‘quant 51 demuonetarjeconouny 2 AIS “4A SOENYOA poe qf axMesadunon paonpas 2c Jo Woncony wt yoru “aK Aaysoom paonpar « axe ‘ny wrap Sounauae £4 oe “re, 29 uo wpe Aporon Busod 44 Fou DONOR Feessome ICG stn one “suoye waniog suSeEI eit Jo aBeiae au at voy oRoHdKD gains © BURNED Ke ‘vous 2x Jo Ae 20 somsoosta 2 ‘op swney “2Aoge pauzsaid sues ‘910 dn uaye ase Suyssoaid se spodse apaods auoyy “spinby wou: som jo spusdoay mH, 9al or ig. 19 The vissosiecof liquid mele and tet dependence on telgersie. (From (Chapman, tid) ‘The variables used are: 4 intermi dstnc:in te eowcd era 8 0, A, ‘The parameter 5 is taken asthe interatomic spacing forthe close-packed crystal st 0K. ‘he energy parameters pein he gest iil, ahve ben desired ine flowing "RC. Ling, J. Chem, Pips. 25, 609 (1956). o Viscous Properties of Fide 19 ° o e a a o a oO o Fg, 1.10 Coreton car or vse oid mle (rom Chepman, id) : : ‘able 1.4 Empivcaly determined values of fe (rom Chapman, bi.) 0 oO oO oO oO oO © 4 ‘The fact that, by adjusting an unmeasured parameter, it i possible to correlate all these i n a single curve, might not be taken as significant, except for the fact melting temperature, and an excellent correlation has been observed, leading to the equation = 5207, K. 25 smelting points, this may be used to predict viscosities, as no further data icy of liquid titanium at 2120 K. The following data are M = 47.9 g mol”, p (density) = 4.5 % 10° ke m?, andi 4 16 None95 961 VN "AUC “WPA Benouazes sof Kampoyoounuy "WHEY “A PE S60) Tae ‘ABT @ “sueaE oy aaTOg "4c pe 861) 666 “Le MIOHHE Z “HEARONN TH, ‘961 “dpe ENDNOTE PE, yP 2 wong wy puny 29 ue Kore Are 30) wp Kast -eysoomy vo ony Arar waulqe Suyéore ue Taye a seas oF wmBeIp osm 3 wo posodunadns ane ‘rag ‘wanes Aretg mUOdEN Ue opsostA MN "THT BIg OL “paspous Ainyaneo 99 pANOWS SD (62"1) “bg Boidde v1 0s «sopoduoo pax ammerodun Wpoq Gua Art o1 puny seu rates 2 "uals N-TY 9M 30} II YY "ep opuREApomy BouDEA ven) moe. pene ‘Apres 29 vouse> oF soumjon aun pa Satsujaco Kyanoe sanbos (6z'1) by J 98 UE, als fae ‘Aled’ + isle = "6 pu Ape somes vet “10 4 sdoqpe a Jo aumjon sejont on 1 vorenbo aanorpadd s,psmeony, “amenns stem on shor Area Jo Kys0o9: ap ates o} EpOU © yUOS Td RTM alg Todas ot ‘80a 001 St nq “AusoasA so O ornbo reoRojoumOUNNE F aN yun pre {YoU "wesBep oseyd etn ov pater sumone Jo sUoReATNT wl auos 29 Mew use YARONRTE ‘Paranop 2 pinoRs wonsodwwoo op wadsar iam SoMISoONA moRUNUCSSIP MOU Tap ECL ‘Aagmios ps Jo sy pur sonnea on BcrPUOdsatIo> suonsodwon ve SaBNEyD KOA snojemaue mogs ssumawos stoi pinbiy Area 30 KsooH. an HOM PTE | OY aK “fueve = Tov (a pre us a1 9 "e684 sts Joy pu “ paispnod ‘su Jo {nfs sndenbe ue st JO1eHoq need rgfong Rupaigre pny « Jo aidurexs uy *s spaooxa seams mays a Uae AO, ag Pe um so] 5 sams 2s a atm ps SIN prey 249 “som JOO UE “AOL eT OF a A) a eR) aba Ss urge PP Ym ‘30 ‘onary « st 4" yom amp ate spiny teRouRay od ‘ory seKR0 om GQ “Ast oxIMD tequonney 29 J0 aos ayn 9 Jo weopoadapay 5 7" ye np snolago om SuTenecoNeP “sping, uemwounan 30} ponotd osie 5} ayes trensssans Jo samo ayy “(OIRE Ape Te ép7'ap-symbo 4) 4 crens 0 ars a season panotd sy Seas eh aay “BET Bi OL arussoudassusomed eovaryog 29 Jo 200 moo} Spy weRUoNADN-BoU Jo Joqu oBse, vo spites Jo soyanyoq urens-ssans auseya pUE puEY 2u0 249 UO spINby pu FoFES HETUCLNON, Supa ae ‘spinby ‘sore Jo soraryoq jequeyoou ay soesedwnoous AZO[CorR, “ABojonys se umowy 9002195 30 auydsip 438: 30 Med 5 MOY UETUOLRAN, J0 Kf ‘avout se yons sooumagns =pmisuy pus sp aqua afr © Jo ZoIARUEQ 2p 2q12K9p 100 s90p “spon uoquosnay pow2y axe—op spiny sow pue—seoUeW sO suouiSjoduou areyd-a(Sups ye 2) pu Sse 30) ann poacid 0p uaIpEAB. KID} ‘ap snsran ponoyd “Ms srans mays omy (—°T “ba ANORsA Jo st] 8,UoUNeN oD BuIpIO23y SIN NVINOLMAN-NON St m9 WOH aes SHOU] REVO HARA TTL 6 som ye sapiadong soos, : (2961 0k mn em 04s \ Yoram noon setts 3 ane he ta st ou Lyon, Ff o/, los 2 Pee Ky PR = ett ee fooe oor WE Gor BAS oos BoE FOF Ofd ‘O'S-Odd women GSS ae eae oT) FT ae, SURE Jo spundeag eon, 92Sein a7 Fig. 1.18 Stree-staia rte curves fr time-independent Aids Hier, k is a measure of the Muid's consistency, and m is a measure of the id's departure from Newtonian behavior. For 2 = 1, Eq. (1.32) reduces to Newton's law of viscosity with kena. For < 1, the behavior is pseudoplastic, whereas ifn > 1 itis dilatant, Aqueous fuspetsioas of clay, lime, and cement rock are examples of various fuids described by the. power law. ‘Since the Ostwald power law is the simplest model to describe distant and pseudopastic RB. Bird, Cam. J. of Chom. Eng. 3, 161 (Aug. 1965). ‘Viscous Properties of Fide 31 Sr e TS Fig 119 Rec effet in viscosa id Fluid on the et i # GNF; tat onthe ight fs viscoelastic Md tap he te te amy rem don mus Ot, a Tae ie arse backward, It does tot, bowever, ret 10 is original poston, reeling ony NEA) = STV. 3322393393393"= MHL . TAL See ar lor an a) = Ww {0d J0 aatBop 2m pow 1y8}an “ba Jo asn axeur ues aq “woKmos fom # g0°90r = Jou 9 2MMOTED ANY 94 08 OP OL, “BT AIEL ose WeROMON sy ORE tO 31 20 301, JOU! # 01 30 (7) eam spo sfesaNe ue sey aERIGRAOG 9 dU 1a ae cue we sec 5-05 sz eae ores sit ast srst aus sa}peng - 08 reoetknatiog uc ter am ooegauytnotieg eco cots ome arene we ue amomyigoasiog me exoingonciod FEF EPD- or EEO wet pa SIA es ays on FunBunyo uo sypurZuusped Jo Aysoosia uf aSunyo wediad ap sun OTT {Buypd09 aor Jo 1seq a1 Wo synsas mK UEIExD nok ur) sawas8 S| UPRIMA 3 OOO J SET PUR 1OFT Jo sonIsoasl. 3p aIUNEG. ST"T 9 Joj aorgesaduia won smen See oa ETT 23050 (Rens LU “88 8 OOK 11 OOS 1 fat 8 N07 Aso vey “UD Pa or Ausprooce arveodun ym sea sees eo fisoona ayy rep SUR TL x ELL 1 Be FOFTY 357m OF ‘ORD 9-18 06 ota an amuse ‘porau Ang Rus. "worsado Sussaand mn oy sda we “Aysoosta se qons “Bus mn jo soquodond urmiao arate) “sm, ‘wopeiado Busted op way panos are santas aoe “aueapeas se yons‘suoneado Bussooid pa foe, Ce 2 ELELW fort on 30 dasoasia am syeumso ‘woueuuoyey si Busf, “a2 9 30 frsooe ote sures sua 3 Ezzr 1 put g> J0 ysoosiaw sry 2 oy-nD Jo Youd oy, ‘sommstp oquomsonn ur 4 1, “Susuep four 30 GOA W ELCz We Axon Hy sewn 991 a feisdao ut 84 OSBE “Mt C6z 18 Ausuap ty, Oss “mod Supp Stam a ep Rao) SUE 0262 soem wore flow eso sooner uafomm-suegow Jo fasoonn smog “aus KOT Sa 3° Aisa om pun ‘SOE A G1 x 9% HCHO) sue JO KasSaSn aah eG ae ae FMD mpaaTeag ROTA oe ~3 2 erect esereeeeeees Cees eee a LAMINAR FLOW AND THE MOMENTUM EQUATION In discussing Newtoa’s law of viscosity, we have described fluid motion as flowing parallel layers which, because of viscosity, establish a velocity gradient dependent upon the shear foess applied to the fluid, This velocity gradient has been regarded as a potential or # *eason® for momentum transport from Layer to layer. this chapter, we cal first derive simple differential equations of momentum for special cases of flow, for example, flow ofa falig film, flow between two parallel platrs, and flow rough tubes. To make it possible for the student to participate in developing complex formulas, these derivations make use of the concept of a momentum balance and the 2.1. MOMENTUM BALANCE” 'A momentum balance is applied to a small control volume of fluid 10 develop a diferental ‘when their solutions comply with the physical rie relationships which can be used £0 system, The solutions give the velocity ding the shear stress atthe fuid-solid ‘Chapter 3, the shear sess at the Nuid-sotid ofthe development in Sections 2,1-2.6 are simular those found in Chapters 2-3 ‘Slower snd E. N.Ligtfoo, Transpart Phenomena, Wiley. New York, 1960. 9322993933399o ‘9 + g morte = roik oy parexfonm st aonenbs seu - “g s09 86 =» oo ep ‘mersts sno 01 mound uorenba fepuata|sp axp padoyenap snk 268 ov x 01 reas arm “2 J0 anmentap ry aM JO UOLap agi pazTuSocal MOU AA 22% 2 co “9 s00 80 = 7 a 7 - Atorugur 9 08 pomsorre st xy 31 “paR xVM £9 pOpLAIP mou 20 jes su une pe pan 2 “lo}su, Jo Mopaadepay Sn aan pee 49 Ss5p a 2} Jou Soop gam ame pou gn Jo wed yn ck PSSA are Sim SNE dD F809 Sere $ Tee ~~ "Neoeva T= PT 238 96 “oumag mnnoMOM oH Pasa are I oF TE OAR, “zaiy pasa? © ibn Sap aze 2 ap aren Aus an—saans seo es ‘Aouams—om Suse we at"? Supra ‘ary Bon #70 MOLE We Bat Hy opendg umpeomeyy og pu MOLE seURETT padopon Spy wos 21a Kes 9 fo "a pow GY = ’n 12g uot 9 UL, 4J0 ER 9m mq ‘powsenp-x s} uodsuen soos Aq UI WILAWOU! WH sKOKS TZ EMNEL "5240} pasaap-7 ave “ow ay xa SIFU “sap Uy SUN Ye ED sO os|y “Z HHEM Area ou Soop sunssand xn ssneoq ueAofat ane Seouoyaunssaud ama “waqqoud semaine si Uy (9 500 3aNceVHT) Piny wo Sune 2005 Kase (wopodt pny o1 209) 7 *1Caayeorwn) = 2 re soeins some © ennarw) 0 = Ze s0epns ssasse ‘oF MMESWOW Jo 217 soo) se at (1-2) “ba ur pasn sui ou, -2Bed ain on renoxpuaduad ‘a som © spina jogs 9 JO PEA 9 7 WBE] ae XY SUID € WN I WIL ONITIVA ¥ 30 MOTE Tz -pondée Boroq sj 2omereg {2210} © yep pasmsreas st 2830 2g “saprar ap sosayaoo aoupyegwuraU=ROU WUD) 2m 3 STL “soe mar spin 2 Ut oso 3 ou = 4) 0} AEDs sa wo 99 ( SRS) (es sy souereg wimuauion ap “Moy anes Apeare 304 ‘woshs © yfnonp Zaxmoy.KBiou9 jo vonrsodsp ain Burd up weed Kian 5} 20e}20 open umnaMOy, a PHE MOIg ZEURIET OF‘ero ata Tiquid-gas i stance to liquid flow, which res BCL z=, 1,0. eo “Substitution of this-boundary condition into Bq. (2.5) requires that G, = 0; hence the ‘momentum Mx i a = pee cos B. an If the id is Newtonian, then we know hat the momentum Mux is related to the velocity gradient according 10 28) _Subttting this expression fr rin Ba, (2.7 gives the distribution of the velocity gradient pS as é 7 Integrating Eq. (2.9), we have ase (224) eG, 2.19) ‘Another integration constant has evolved which is evaluated by examining te other boundary adam namely, that at dhe fuid-oli interface te fuid clings to the wall; that is, Ber axed y= 0 ean Substnting this imo Bq. (2-10), we determine the consant of integration: Cy = or cos BPA). Therefore the velocity distribution is ey an is parabolic. Onee the velocity profite hasbeen found, & amber of quanti may be calolated. i) ‘The maximum veloc. Vi, is that velocity atx = 0: van, 288 CoS ven = ey o_O Laminar Flew and the Momentum Equation 43 iii) The votone flow rate, Q, is given by the product of the average velocity and the cross- section of flow: @.35) Critical value, depending on the liguid’s flow. Of course, when turbulent flow ‘Example 2.1. A viscous molten glass covers metal, and together they flow slowly pu p= cE arms MoU Padotersp Airy Jo woHBaL S297 “padoranop Ary Wamp st aoGy a pu ‘2ouen ap eu aera otf 30 aaptodop saueseq 27yoHd KsofoA oep ‘souenia ap WOH weansumop coup sates TY TEI IY CF so ping ap asne20q wazo} yom suaipeLE Koon ‘sossasBaxd Mol) 20 Se “pue sO} 5 ream aap 18 AysoyaN au, °2'z “Be soe jqreed waom9 PEN JO OL SHY 9PISIOD SLV Td THTIVEVA NEGMAGE MOT GRLOTIARM ATIN €7 eee gee Large (9-99 aa ly vs] hoe _ 9 500 8 ie ‘ ~ ee gmt % ane sypsar au pmo 3a san G09 VoRRaU AOIBA Ap IH OF pamNAAIP (9q ue2 squmsu0) sap amp “(eqa3{e JO Souy] pu SeUI[ PU) suoRIpUCD saNp seq MONT opi EEMERINOWY 9g PUR AOL UIENET yySo Te eee eee eee eS ESSEC CECE E TSS er 46 Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 2.4 FULLY DEVELOPED FLOW THROUGH A CIRCULAR TUBE {In tis section we derive the momentum balance for steady flow through 2 tong eplindxical vetonian fluid and then for a aon-Newronian lui, using an empirical equation spplied to polymeric melts. 24.1 Newtonian Fluids ly developed flow of a fluid in a long tube of length L and radius R: we specify oped ow so that end effects are negligible. Since we ae dealing with = ‘pestis convenient to work with cylindrical coordinates, Therefore the shell in Fig. 2-3 is cylindrical, of thickness Ar and length L. Momentum aby New Pressure Pe @rtr)|, ‘Note that here we include the area factor C2#rZ) in parentheses, This is because the area as well asthe shear stress is a function ofr. ‘Rate of momentum out across surface at r+ Ar {ve 10 viscosin) Qrrbz dle sa ‘Since we are considering fully developed flow, the momentum fluxes due 1 flow are equal; hence these terms are omitted. Gravity force acting on the cylindrical shel Qxrarkes eevee eg ee ‘Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 47 Pressure free acting on surface at 2 = 0 axra/P, Pressure force acting on surface at z= 1. sarranP, ‘We now add up the contributions tothe momentum balance: Qurtrl, ~ Qxtbrale aay * 2rArkoe + BrrarP, ~~ 0. 2H Note that all terms contain the however, since ris a variable, it should not be ‘used a5 a common divisor. By dividing through by 2xLAr and taking the limit as Ar goes to zero, we develop the differential equation 4 Rome aa) gea-| r al negation yids =P riG 2.26) oon er ed ‘At = 0, te velocity graien ence, the shear sess) equ zo; this can be resid tecaue ofthe symmeny of fo. ‘Thos for eis cae, BOL | are, a0. e2n ‘Tperefore, C,= 0, andthe moneansm fx i given by Poo r 2.28) ree [REE +8] F Subsining Newon's aw of viconty ee BS am snd noting 230) ‘we obtain he soution forthe veloc distbu : ‘ean As befor: 3) ‘The maximum velocity i a r = 0, and is given by am |e 239) ve = { rt tol 939903993399wen [3] a 1] alee oy Joyas@ want 29 Ue (462) “ba WN Os | [lee] ¥]-= seo eco ton 5 peo = 4389 Soyee nape au, “font ~ wont] [LE] [[~- se] ®]-* ‘Paunge 5 wonnquasIP Arso[en on “y= 438 Q = "a Mp SeHeNBeNY oro wea ay, syout opsuftod 30} pan vayo st 58 “(¢¢°1) “Eg “a Jad 1 4 one ot nex aways amy pow ssons faays ay oman QRSUOHN 2 Te SUSY 38 “Gz'2) Fa oda 1'9°7 wonoog a sv sures xp Aossends aovEeq UMUESRTOW! aa “C2 “Bi 430 Buses ap YB PING METOLADN-U ¥ 30 NOY TEURHON an 3ept00 om ON Spry wequoynoy-nou sey saMOg 74° “RaW 5] MOY BN “GOTT > 2x aeneo0g vu Sx eorxoot| weorxei| sf yy a7 T TS yorx etl op “soja, tax. Hehae) _ oe ~ “ong = ™ ‘unoy annewsone 2p ur woe 2q eur soquuny sprowkey an eN Os GF _sopenbey umwnyy 2p PE MOLL SEE] “jo wonsamp xp ut pry stp Uo 198 10u s20p An1vesB Jo aa105 rae HOE yg or 74 ony 4 sy aa” aa ‘O91 > 241s worn ayn “7 sideus uy patopoou Sy equ spjoudey ap Bupenens Aq “sem sy mOYE AD JE ADDND LOM PIAOYE 2A VEAL O1 x FET = (Or x HE1)(0t) = Oe 5] 5s Moy Sse 9 RA 995 2m sag 3 cO1 x oR0'T] fs} uw 18 (O01 x ET = Ol x 9 x80) | * [N 006 =3 ‘qo om ‘sone wy Burymnsqng “sjannsadss2 “eH BY OL PHY AIOE N COT X 080°T 8m O57 FF soTEM Jo AysuaP POE KySOOSIA aU, “9. [4 |-2 ay ae 5 a1 Moy auInjon ax (H6°2) “ba 01 BUIp100g8 OF MOLE as 5 WY “uomos ‘Sqm an nop 20 Mot} seeU! aN ULE “I}9 pd ‘yea 0 UB] BUa}IyyOs BULARY 290 40 peas “wr amasiog-uaBoy 291 Lal[eatal-° eo W-9 5] s2e1 moy sumjoa 24L, (1 eT}. papsa teed al a a on 5 faysoyen 2Be1088 24, soqnenba mamomory om) Pu MOLY ZEUTUFET gy50 Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation The volume flow rae is oe frnar eter ffs - o- [4] er aan ‘The average velocity is simply ean 2.5 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY AND THE MOMENTUM EQUATION In the previous sections of ths chapter, we determined velocity distributions for some simple floor systems by applying differential momentum balances. ‘The balances for these systems ‘Served to illustrate te application ofthe momentum equation. tn general, when dealing with ‘complicated problems. However, and exact solutions can be found primarily as starting points for solving problems. ‘The equations of contin TInlified to ft the problem at hand, Altoogh theoretically these equations are valid for Taminse and turbulent flows, in practice ubey are applied only to laminar low. 2.5.1. Equation of continuity “Consider the stationary volume element within a Muid moving with a velocity having the Somponents vy yy and, a8 shown in Fig. 24, We begin wit the basic representation of ‘the conservation of mass: meauines ) = (ate) 5 oe ‘Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation St ‘Stmulrly he cate of tase ou through the face atx + Ax is AySa(ouIy + ag, We may write seslogoss expressions forthe other two pairs of foes, and then ener all the terms hat aaa for te fluid entering and leaving the system into the mass balance, and leave the Secumulation term to be developed. “The accumaation isthe rate of change of mass within the control volume aciar i “The mass balance thus becomes auiyas % » apts + assy 24 “Then, dividing trough by AryAz, and taking the limit as these dimensions approach 72, wwe get the equation of continuity: ‘A ery important form of Eq. (2.44) isthe form that app! age densi For ths Zase which feequenty otears in engineering problems, the contimity equation reduces 10 (or in veetor notation sy 323939393993so ‘ae roast seams © ut ego am gory “swauodkuoo7 pow ay wo wet. (vB. @. a2]. ws ae e e e (tise 28 5 ie @ 5 rene a). = Gees e stogeba ‘umutomour om jo msuodwon- a ueigo am ‘osse ypeoxde conn ye se muy ox) Sap pow "zpcory 4q Yinonp Binpinp ‘souepeg umzacoKs am Om (IE Zep 2) bq BULENT aso [ 1s) sso 5 wwomsye oun ummsatoU 4 wonemanace 30 at ag “Ane °F yo wovoduese an 8 “F SH Aaanowdbor oso “ayeexy'ae por wo ela = “aleve@ fare sonog asap ‘uonamp-x am uy “8 sseur yun sad 20405 jevorTAeL8 a ue g amssord am wy Suse orp ave uersis am uo Hupze S200 3 “s2Fe9 WOU “peteeayicg ay + (RL "aay S200) XIS ayp S80U38 2tuJON ‘oHur ROY uNIWOUT Moss Jo 2IRs YOU SID *KTeUNS £5 _wopeaby umwawoyg op pu ous soup] wo > dvr, and the simple rate Ea. te used for 1,25 an example with ahigh degree of accuracy rather than Eq. 2. 2.5.3 Navier-Stokes’ equation, constant p andy “The continuity equation for constant density is given by Eq. (2.45) of in vector nation, ve =O. 2.62) Regarding the momennurn equation, we can write Eqs. 2,52)2.54) with constant and 9:" “Tht development i the subject of Problem 2.1. 3999 a a o o oO oO‘oteruod 6 pemdy “16-c8 BEd 0961 HOA MON “Ka ‘wiououeua Hodruoes “womRBYT'N “A POE “URRSIS “I BIE GH WOD ale ere see en #8 gus 2 gues (had) 82 OE 5g ays tngy 88 00 o 0m (ad) OE + gs tay OE Ce 28 oun! « tag? a) 0 Cd) + (4) 22 + (say? he Sed tareare wi 12 + caoy38 4 2 (24%) soreupogs sejtueisoy —_———__- ETE ‘ings FaeupiOND SIP wy wOHeNbs ARaNOD ALE OL, 15 mopenby ammmmoyy 99 Pew wot SERIE] & szirapo09 wroupuéo 40 jeuyEs pM HUoIe ‘aIoq parades aie mnfumet ut tou atom §°z uonaeg ty wonOW pur hnanwo9 ana “prog 2 Aide por aquosap ov unex uaeq asey pinom 3 'AUMMAS. "« puts JO won Poweyjduoa {94 ¥-wooq aury pltoa ' “peo posn tq pe ssjetpog nnfort Ase pepo BuyKocs fq a agssea ays Koo Jo uonoun © set fOToN Teas ap poqustop am ‘p'Z wopras ur pormop wo|gondemmnasiog-oadeH amu ‘tduENS Joy “suaygaud Bake 305 esr Jou are SsNUNpOCD seNESAL seaeiut AE Uy SALYNIGXOOD ‘AVANTUAWND ONV UV INONVIO NI NOLLVNDG WALNIAOW HHL 9°2 80s aah ga = La oo ako dae = 32 _sro00q (59°2)69"2) “tba Yep 08 “saaryeauap penimsans ‘amp 18 saxdt ueo voneiou auo ‘erau38 uy “suonDp-2 pu ~& ath 30 1a SUOrSSaNGKD smodojeuy “saneauep romvossans a9 se ig/'aq “GD0[%4 Jo AANEALIIP SUI Sp 0} J9}a2 a0 ‘age 2m ua 22.84, 92, nel wo, - uso 29 6 8 ag * 30 4p * I ng "a7 '8 pouyep sf uoneioj9oce Jo mauodwon-r axp aous pak sy ey Bang ne” fp Jopisod pur summa Ays0]eA 9 Jo mouodoe- Seu OU Laue 2oeds uF Butsou! pny Jo atomjae Toswooesap|u0D “wowiane nous suoTENbo 93% Jo apts yo WO stl para aut open umomoyy ey PRE MoH ZEON 95‘Table 2.2 The momentum equation in rectangular coordinates (2) Table 2.2, The momentum equation in restangular gvordinates fs Y.2) In terms of: seonpornt of nSte yon] reomponent of + SE 9 G+ 2) peomponent La * Ma + ay + Be Den, Be — (4 Be Ae) (eee E) +m eomponent 9% +0, B+ 4 5 | we OE romper [Bea gien Bon] = 3 = fe Boy be ~ (Fes Be Bre In terms of velocity gradients for a Newtonian fuid with constant p and n: poner offs ube Bt ena) = ZF [2% Oe yy Se = oP soomponent ofS hast + ag +8 Gr)” 5 + Ph eal Jom cy © ‘Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 59 ‘Table 2.3.‘The momentum equation in cylindrical coordinates (6, 2) In terms of ¢ somponent® eo 1 yg Ltr Se — (H2eng + +2) eo 0 Lege t +S) ton tn ers of velosty gradient for Newtonian Rui with constant p and = afte a neg ey 028 2 reomponentt olay +p ty Br Ge] or 2/12 4) Lee Daw, Ber +of2(t2ees) 52-254 F] +08 Gl ol) + agi ae oe] tO a0 5, 26y Oe, Oe ‘component ota nGee Soe at e ww GSReeeAEe TERE ECS Fhe term pore the conrigl force. c gives the efeive force inthe r-Siesion resting from ‘und moto de @diretion Thi ter aries automatically on ransformation from rectangular 0 ‘plindrea coordinates; it does nt have to be added on physical ground He 933339393999 oO oOoak 2c) = o [+-a4- Sz} [eat-in [ena sSef = (E77 Sap POOP WORN HE a JO HUNVORIOD FT HNL, £+o+E- 9 * fag eg [$+ }--5-4 8 @ 2 0, * 2M owen @ aes 2 o esata = oO [e-a¥- Se] [eat =p = [cat ac}e =n BC Siero I URS WORE) SAAT a Jo RUVOGMOD FT HTL 19 wopenba umeaMoW ap puR Moly ZEN] ee ose, ard a tid + POE cet wale OMY at 4 f2 0M, wa 2, Roa te usuodinon vag (82 Orthet _Oetibet OH og AM EL Ie gmmr ag gS AI TG » ia ae oe EE See enc mmeneeinnie en ep ts notesde ag fom PO 2 254 Bb menting i. us (gtd BOE soon BM sey Be] -2E. w beie-$ 2 yo su21 uy 7) Sepoos FONG wy UORRTES UMNO PL FT HAE, uopentg umwewogy ap PLE aot seUNT 9962. Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation “Table 2.7 Components ofthe stress tensor in spherical coordinate (7. #) ‘Table 2.7 Components ofthe stress tensor in spherical corsinates @.@.8) 2.7 APPLICATION OF NAVIER-STOKES’ EQUATION Inthis section, we show how to set up problems of viscous flow, by selecting the appropriate ‘equation of motion that applies to the problem at hand and by simplifying it to manageable be used to arrive at a more simplified, introduce other tops, suchas the boundary layer 2.7.1 Flow over a flat plate Figure 2.6 depicts the velocity profile of a fluid lowing re assume that the fu Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation -63 Fig. 26 Velocity profite and momentum boundary layer of flow parallel toa fat plate ‘veto the fact that in this region v, is essentially uniform and constant, being equal 10 Va. in Table 2.2 reveals that the pressure m3 2.70) “Thus u, exists and we should consider both the x- and y-component in Table 2.2 For the steady-state case with constant density and viscosity, Eqs. (D) and (E) in ‘Table 2.2 redooe 10 em Hy, Py en ccna Boe wo ge ‘When we remember that we are primarily interested in the region y = 5, at thi point it is convenieat to define some dimensionless parameters" ‘hich was brefy introduced in Chapter I reappear here agnin. Also Jools fen occur in 92390993995 a melee gates ce cess se csgggoasC21E1 2808 661 tuapt WORE VOWN “SSE °H 325) "99UEM UY panos 9 pRO> (Te) “ba I PSACHS UF, wo OL aap = a se possaudya og Cour vonauny means ain Zep SAOYS ,nauaBio GuPmun y Me, @ 20 Sore ase. fe” fe te” he fe 'preuk(18°2) ba ons (06'2) "ba BmUNSANS ((OL'Z) ba) ‘Snaryuoo soya Aqeonewomne pur (192) bg SouT|dum, seoneny was 3 Jo 959 2, iat Ban ovo te m he 5p vosanf uss a aeyep a8 (82) a Ads 3930 4 nwekm COE ‘onke 108 sorypco Krpanog a 20 (2) bal as 0 passant nou 294 wpe sinssid tee wil sida © 305 GonEbD 120 Krpanog 20 FU Bae Ba, Bn ng" "Tog" * Tee oro aro ao {py feo rap an aon 3 nue sun Ase Yon sy Ayp07e4 am Jo wauodmoD-x om Supajoauy woNENbs sp PUB AA AE/AML ain pue *(21°2) “14'2) “shal ont sxasurened asaq Sunmnsqns Bs Thay tet Te Ae Ta < ‘open umeauo,y 24) pow MOLE FeURET 4965. Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation where oe Lan asx) From Eat. (2.90), 2.92), and (2.93, 4 MB Ly gS wea By faa aw _ilm) ta 2.95) oo ta 2] (a 4 Then Eq. (2.91) becomes “ 2 Bno. 2.96) ‘Mathematically, th use of and f has reduced a partial differentia! equation to an ordinary ‘ifferential equation with the boondary conditions also taking equivalent forms: net wena seo Boo: as net aa-m, Ben. a quaon (296 ty te ave by expressing) na power sere, tats, f= ae “The technique is too involved to develop here, but the sotution conforming tothe boundary ‘conditions becomes ost ot 1 oat sep et head) 2.100) @.101) [Note also that as a result ofthe analysis, the Reynolds number (Re, = ¥. inthis instance we give Re the subscript x in order to emphasize chat i is ‘Laminar Flow and the Momentum Equation 67 oor fe ig. 2.7 Solution forthe velocity distribution nthe boundary layer over aft pate (From L. Howarth, Pree. Roy. So., London A164, 547 (1938)) the characteristic dimension x. We can also calculate the drag force, which is exerted by the ffuid om he plate's surface. If dhe plate has a length Zand width W, the drag force Fy is no {{ ha] on tm other words, the shear sess atthe solid surface is integrated over the entire surface, From Fig. 2.7 we find that [ | ise: 2.109) owing hearin na, 2102), we can now perform he iepraon, The rn 8 e105 Fy = 0664 ppbWVE “Tis isthe drag fore exerted bythe Mid on one surface only. 2.7.2 Flow in inlet of ereutar tubes 222022293993933999 5