FICIENT OF DISCHARGE TER EX.N " args, DETERMINATION OF THE CO-1 i OF GIVEN VENTURIM hosts | Date: aaa ; | AIM To determine the coefficient of discharge of the Venturimeter. APPARATUS REQUIRED: ® Venturimeter @ Stop watch ® Collecting tank @ Differential U-tube @ Manometer B Scale DESCRIPTIO! Venturimeter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is represented as a) and the latter as a, Water or any other liquid flows through the me at ay and ap Venturimeter and it passes to the throat area the value of discharge is s Venturimeter are flow meters used to measure the flow rate of flow in a pipe. It Consists of an orifice placed used between two fingers. As the water flows through the meter, Velocity is measure due to reduced area and hence there is pressure drop with a manometer. The flow rate can be calculated by applying Bernoulli’s equation. 50mm inlet dia. and 30mm throat dia, 40mm inlet dia. and 24mm throat dia. ‘25mm inlet dia. and 15mm throat dia. ‘The meters are fitted in the piping system with sufficient long pipe Each pipe is connected with respective orifice for quick action cocks for pressure dropping, There pressure trappings are connected to a common middle chamber, which in turn connected to a differential manometer. Each pipe line is provided with a flow control valve The water the piping system is collected by a M.S collecting tank. The complete unit is supported by a strong iron stand. A differential mercury manometer of Im length is provided to measure the pressure drop. PROCEDURE: 1. The pipe is selected for doing experiment. 2. The motor is switched on as result water will flow. 3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U — tube manometer.1 sl iccting tank ts noted 5. The time taken for 10cm rise of water inthe 6 The experiment is repeated for vanous flow in the same pipe The Coefficient of discharge is calculated FORMULAE 7 Theoretical Discharge * oe where oe. A Area of collecting tank nm’ {: R Height of collected water in tank = 10 cm: i a z eet. a ps nates in, fu < ae a eee g pean es miy/is mis are e 2: tse e h Onfice head in terms of flowing liquid a ; Bhs (Hy = Had (Si pSo- A) ie a ae where, H, = Manometric bead in first Limb = Manometric head in second limb S = Specific gravity of Manometrc liquid (ie) Liquid ody sanem ror 4 mercury (Hg) = 13.6 SS. = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = | iapiase VV and-90~ 250 = CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE: Teenie © 2.04 10-7 Co: efficient of discharge = Qa1/ Qy nactaxiet TABULATION: ee Manors] nanom Theoretical | Coefficent sents | Dla i fea arse | of [ Ne | am hea | Ty | discharge ) 1.0996 107? ot, is] (etna | Ge ate 0990 x10 Fw hs ie ak | | | ] rs te [a Tie | om | 10993 rn 3 2 | 40 emleeaaes [ieree | vane: | roeta ala e [as [2.3303 | 2.2498 | ora. aoe a ae eee [oasae | 2 94se | tema TETECEECECE CEE ELELEEEEECELES44 ds choye ‘OneSC Ex. No: ARGE OF DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF E GIVEN ORIFICE METER Date: Q4)\0)>) AIM: To determine the coefficient discharge of orifice meter APPARATUS REQUIRED: & Onifice meter Differential U tube Collecting tank Stop watch 1 Scale FORMULAE: AR AR t (m‘/s) ACTUAL DISCHARGE: Que aga, /2ghagay/2gh THEORTICAL DISCHARGE: Que= ¥ 10" ¥ 41°—@0 Where, A = Area of collecting tank in m? R = Height of collected water in tank = 10 em a; = Area of inlet pipe in, m? a = Area of the Orifice in m? g = Specify gravity in m/s? t = Time taken for h cm rise of water H = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid (Hi ~ H2) (Sn/$ 0 1) where, Hy =Manometric head in first limb Hp =Manometric head in second limb sy = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (ie.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6 So = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1 COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE: Coefficient of discharge = Q act /Q th1066 10 EJs Me 34x (0-625) = 1.46 x10 Bo» Te D4 x fo-mSS= FoObSKID Nye a%= 3-8iNb x107* at gay xen Va - Vacsyas © sasa x0? + (os) (ae 1) + Bea xn = OAsRm ice, a. a0'2, qt | 2 h4bx 10> x gobs v107 VBA kame” eres oor. | Cor Bad Ja. 0th K 10° | Hh Otis 3 [or « bas} = 0633. LEECCECEEEEEE EEL ELECT ee ee TABULATION: SNo | Diain Hem | He incm | Rise of water Qe, Qe discharge, [ee eget tke peers teat eat bee | go-s | tes bo [rots | unye lo-eaer esata gel ec hiaee Ta yenhees [ae Tw [aa lermae | 46137 [obo [ag [3.5 | Theta layses | s-s2m_[o-t1s DESCRIPTION: Orifice meter has two sections. First one is oF area a), and second one of area a it does not have throat like Venturimeter but a small holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe. The ‘mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out of manometer. Orifice meters are flow meters use to measur orifice placed used between two fingers. As the water flows through the meter, velocity is measure the flow rate of low in a pipe. It consists of an due to reduced area and hence there is pressure drop with a manometer. The flow rate ean be calculated by applying Remoull's equation |. SO mm infet dia. and 30mm Orifice dia 2. 40mm inlet dia. and 25mm Orifice dia, 3, 25mm inlet dia, and 15mm Orifice dia Te meters are fitted in the piping system with sufficient long pipe Length of both upstream and downstream is in meter. Each pipe was the respective orifice with ‘quick action cocks for pressure dropping. There pressure tapping are connected to a common ‘midalle chamber, which is diameter from the orifice plate and downstream side at a distance of about half diameter of pipe from orifice plate PROCEDURE: 1. The pipe is selected for doing experiment 2. ‘Themotoris switched on as result water will low. 3. According to the flow, the mereury level fluctuates in the U — tube manometer. 4, ‘Thereading of H) and Hs are noted. 5. ‘The time taken for 10cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted 6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe 7, ‘The Co efficient of discharge is calculated, CALCULATION:Actual Discha Theoretical Discharge Qe = = 1 bBI e107 Fm 75 Co- efficient of Discharge = Qaa/ Qu > 0:653 RESULT: The co efficient of discharge of orifice meter © © 33is determined.EXNo. Jo DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR Date Miejar FOR A SET OF GIVEN PIPES To conduct an experiment on the pipe friction apparatus to determine the friction coefficient 1. Darey’s Coefficient 2. Chezy’s Coefficient APPARATUS REQUIRED: > Friction loss apparatus > Stop watch FORMULA USED: DISCHARGE Area of collecting tank = 0'3bm7- Rise of level (R) = yoxle 0 Time taken (1) = DB ie AR - 3 Discharge Q ea Bt HISAISh esis ieee em 218 MANOMETER READINGS : Reading inleftside H, = 16°5 Reading in right side H> Y Equidistant loss of water head (Hy - Hp) (13.61) = 6453 PIPE LINES = bFboxio™4 Area of the pipe flow a =“ Velocity in the pipe(V)=Qa - esisxt07d = 0.9344 ws , 4 DARCY'S CONSTANT ee beste (aftv?) Head Loss hy = ad pees 21s2 where, f= coefficient of friction which is a function of Reynolds number 1 = Length of pipe in m v = Mean velocity of flow in m/s d= Diameter of pipe in m| Cali tad on Deve’s covinct Head lem Chyy. div 294 > b43% 9.91% B-osaio-> an 4x Lona [OSES Che ays constant | Ve eer me drye ISK? gay x10? Ee ee eine et Vin «= 4 = 09344 Viviane = oasue 0 car [c= seb CLECCEERELEEEIII A IAIISS IM 8 Acceleration due to gravity m/s CHEZY'S CONSTANT Chery's Formula V = eval Where, © = Chezy's Constant a Mean depth in m, m= $ ‘of head per unt length of pipe eV DESCRIPTION: When water flows th {due to roughness ofthe Of pipe and sea forms Dipe du to scale formation or chemicals depends on the fitetion effect,TABULATION: Manometer | Head cane | Reading Loss | for 10 | Discharge | Velocity Pipe eke aka SE Die (ae a eee a oe 2 Darcy’s | Chezy’s em of | cmof | cmof | rise in m/s m/s eet Hg Hg | Water | sec ers] yy baa] ais |fésraxiw]0 9344 | o-elas | 3E-bS 1S mm = PF [aes Jasna | 139 [aesanto’t [trgtse | 070129 | 39-6) | a3 | as |asga| i Fay wo 77 | 18953 | Ovolmy | 2% 45s ISS | 12 447 | 18 axiom? | sas | 2 O8sh | 4g-22 25mm tas] te CPs as amor? | 23843 [0 008d | 44 FD las] 4 Isa-s] & Aso |3-s8i0 | 0:eb0r| 59-45c v4 size 40, 25, 15 mm dia. The apparatus consist of a piping circuit with 3 G.l pipe is used of size st ne in a pair of quick The pipes are supported in parallel and hence the same main supply lin pi cater apart. The cocks are charge average are fitted in each pipe line at pressure located 3 m apart conn every charged tube. “ted to the differential mercury manometer for every charged e e loss duc to friction the “ mercury manometer is used for measuring the pressure los; Somplete unit is supported on its strong iron stand. PROCEDURE: 1.” Select the required pipe line opening the 2. Connect the pressure tapping at required pipe line to manometer by opening appropriate pressure cock and closing all other pressure cocks. 3. Open the flow control valve in pipe line and allow ia eee ae eae 4. By controlling the valve required flow rate can be obtained to g Reynolds Number. 5. Note the pressure different from manometer mercury columns. haere nee 6 Collect the water in the collecting tank for a particular rise of level taken. 7. Repeat the experiment if required at other flow rate. RESULT: > 5 er Diameter of the Pipe Darcy’s Constant “D’ Chezy’s Constant yom O-'oN3g 34-905 we [ Asien oO votse syeee a a ae a | es a Ex. No, ; 1) ie) aps DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOS: AIM: OF PIPE: To me Measure minor losses in given pipes PESCRIPTION; When a wate na water flows through a given pipe with bends and shows are sudden €xpansion, contrac direction 840" and other pipe fittings eddies are formed due to the change in flow These ca eee eddies cause losses in addition to the pipe frictional losses and as a result there ra los: ee Oss of head. These losses as a result are known as minor losses A battery of three straight G.l. pipe 3 meters long of nominal diameters 25 mm (1””), aes Seas mm (1/2”) are fitted with a bend, an elbow a sudden contraction flow preene s a Provided such that at any time, only one pipe is used for experiment. 'PPings are provided across each pipe fitting which in term are connected to the manometer through a header. A collecting tank is used to measure a actual discharge and calculate the velocity of flow in the pipes. 20 mm PROCEDURE: 1. Select the required pipe line. 2. Note the diameter of the pipe. 3. Connect the pressure tapings of the required pipe fittings to the manometer all other cocks are closed. Open the valve in the pipe line and close the valves in the other pipe lines. Vent the manometer it necessary to remove air bubbles By regulating the gate valve necessary flow rate in required Note down the manometer reading pressure loss a cross the last pipe fittings. Collect the water in the collecting tank for a particular rise for a level and the note the time taken in seconds. 9. Repeat the experiment for other pipe fitting and pipe. PIAAFOSS OF COFFEIFIENT FOR BEND \. DISCHARGE: Area of collecting tank A Rise of level (R) Time taken (O Discharge Q B. MANOMETER READINGS : Reading in left side hl Reading in right side h2 Equidistant loss of water head C. DIAMETER OF PIPE : Diameter of piped Area of the pipe a velocity in the pipe V Velocity head D.LOSS OF COEFFIEIENT OF BEND Loss of coefficient (K) 0: 3bm™ 10 x10“? wm pad AR = 2.3qx1074 t 208 = \es = (hy-hy) (13.6-1)=31-5 om = (=x 10.> = 1Fbe x0 7 @ = 2 si.sawmys a ag ee cr 29 loss aeons Noi velocity head ois Ss loss / = RHR 2. LOSS OF COEFFICIENT FOR SUDDEN EXPANSION A. DISCHARGE: Area of collecting tank A Rise of level (R) Time taken ® Discharge Q B. MANOMETER READINGS : Reading in left side hi Reading in right side h2 Equidistant loss of water head = O3bm? = Jo xi? ™ = bb-93 AR t = BB Fx107 3/5 = Qo-s cw = 19: 0Um = (hy - ha) (13.6 - 1) = 13a©. DIAMETER OF PIPE : Diameter of piped \Sxlo om Area of the pipe a 1bbOx 1074 velocity in the pipe V 2. aom/s a Velocity head Fe 04a 2g (a) Sudden expansion Let section 1 corresponds for the uniform region unknown of expansion and section 2 corresponds to uniform region downstream of expansion. BERNOULLI’S THEOREM: Bate Pp, VE 2+ t47,=2+ 2472, + Losses pe 2g pe 28 (P; ~ P2) is requires and it is measured as static pressure momentum and v2 as 7, ~ aa the area of pipes 4 a losses =H + 2-275 (2) = 0.25 #3 losses = H + 0.9375>- Loss of coefficient (K) = !055 = 84rsiots = = on4oy 2 oe 8 3. LOSS OF COEFFICIENT FOR ELBOW: A, DISCHARGE: Area of collecting tank = O3bmtRise of level (R) Time taken o Discharge Q B. MANOMETER READINGS : Reading in left side hi Reading in right side h2 Equidistant loss of water head ©. DIAMETER OF PIPE : Diameter of pipe d Area of the pipe a velocity in the pipe V Velocity head D. LOSS OF COEFFIEIENT OF ELBOW s Loss of coefficient (K)= 2s: f = Jo x10 21 61 AR 2 113x107? m/s t 22m 1A Blew (hy =p) (13.6- 1) = 2 84 Roxlom~m Bena aera vBos 9 bSbw 2g loss velocity head 0° 6536 29 4. LOSS OF HEAD VALUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION A. DISCHARGE: Area of collecting tank Rise of level Time taken Discharge B. MANOMETER READINGS : Reading in left side Reading in right side (A) (R) } @Q hy hy Nea = |oxje-% mw os sf AR = |.3E2% 107 7m / t ane: = 133(hy hy) (13.6- 1I)= 45°36 & Equidistant loss of water head ©. DIAMETER OF PIPE : a Diameter of pipe d ASK ow Area of the pipe a Ly axto” velocity in the pipe Vv on Velocity head “ D. LOSS OF COEFFICIENT OF SUDDEN CONTRACTION: Let section 1 corresponds for the uniform region unknown of expansion and section 2 corresponds to uniform region downstream of expansion. BERNOULLI’S THEOREM: Py, v2 Po WE +i +z, =2+2 47, + Losses ps2 pa 2g (P; — P2) is requires and it is measured as static pressure momentum and = = —,, the area of pipes a SS his 2, (aa, 01 _ (dt lesser = 2 (2) -mn=(B) = 02s losses = H-0.9375 = 29 Loss of coefficient (K)= loss /. oO i Rout 2) [iss BO horce oe = o: —y B we | a| Differentios Monometer Y, 7 Te S Losses in pipe line due to sudden enlargment, contraction, elbow ond bend RESULT: Thus the minor losses for the given set of pipes are calculated as follows. S.No Pipe Type Dia of the Pipe Loss of Coefficient ea sree 2 Thes 2. E: i101 Sate lS ww oO sths a Abi 3. Elbow Neca eae 4. Contraction AT we hasTABL LATION: potas, freee ee eee as cites Manometer Time Velocity Reading Tlead for a Velocity Lose = e Ate ae _| Joss 10 Discharge Vv head duc Experiment | hy em | hyem cn Qx10" is ee | of Hg | of Hg | cmof ato m/s (m/s) Vi2g | water tsec s | Bend in Pj papa Ebel Downie a uliaein lace tara iss 7a Onze lease (1S mm) 3; epee Rab! o> | 49.38 [927] 399 aunt | ee ee eae | Expansion | 20, 5 19 rao [gpa3| 378 | 3-04 bo hw o'Yo) ie) : | Be ataeeeml ie se (19.4- \bo-20) 94-2 lant) ieisz me commune Elbow Pan Wien meeadlisis) Wed 3:3) |o°bs9 po bsr7 20 , ao QMse ae Olel 4,44, | RAGS] le SA 1) S TAL Rossa Aza OA Contraction | 9). |ya-a | asm [eos] 139) lass | ocuos | ite Wmm) 'laa-e) 16-2 | wus liess| iem [2-959] 0 F207 | NGCALCULATION lL Delivery and suction head: a. Delivery Head: Gauge reading Delivery head b. Suction Head: Gauge reading Suction Head 2. Total Head: Total head 3. Discharg G Area of collecting tank A Rise of water level Observed Time taken for the rise Discharge 5. Power output: Power output Po 6. Power Input: Energy meter Constant No. of revolution Observed Time taken for Nr Revolution Power Input Ne Nr I Ky/em? gxlomofoil = 1*\o- |e wl a or) 16 mm of He (vx10)*13.6 m of oil =_ 1% bx Ibo 1000 2146 moh oO = GHV+X b lot 2196 0-46 = 12: 626m = Ova beet? * val m = _34r2 secs. A = “m/sec 0-367 One eee Hx Io Bnd) s = wQH watts z 810% 1:0526 x15 x)2-3b = Spwtofoil = —— tooo 0.85 = 9810 N/m? esa tow \30y9 n} \20e0 _revs/ KwHr _> revs JO"4 Secs 3600 Nr KW =_3 box Fe Ie-hy 12002 Efficiency: Overall Efficiency No Vaya COLL TANK \30u | Fo 100% en Py 9-04-)Area of collecting tank = 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36 m? Energy Meter constant = 1200 Pres sure Total gaug | Vacuum Roe i nee & | gauge | "yy! | Timetaken | Discharge ameter ere ocean S.No} (@) | (v)mm ofp a mcg tase | Cage volubon dey KW _ | Efficiency Bes a oft igre pete fee tisen m/sec T” sec cm? t ’ Hbowe liipatess (leans 10°526 | yo, SHhr [o-\304 | Veh SS RSS | Soe ees to-4 [b4yo [oles | 294 Puma Wo ely nqcy Fete Eee 10°56 | Ugo loys | $-099 Ale 1 qo higesy A&By | 744 [109% | )364]ourd | q.43 are ee 2 On icy tenn (leone [pes OPLCle ces(c) Time taken for 10 revs of the energy meter disc (d) Time for 10 om rise in the collecting tank (©) Vertical distance between the pressure and vacuum gauge — X m of water 7. Take several sets of reading, varying the head from maximum at shut off to minimumwhere valve is fully open. This is done by closing or opening the delivery valve (throttling the valve) GRAPH: ‘The characteristic curves for the turbine is drawn by taking Discharge in X-axis, nin Y-axis. i) Discharge Vs Efficiency ii) Discharge Vs Output iii) Discharge Vs Input iv) Discharge Vs Head RESULT: the pump characteristic of a single stage centrifugal pump was drawn and following values are obtained my 1A Biss 96 19-634 __m of water = th, mis o129_KW (a) Maximum efficiency % 1, (b) Corresponding head H (c) Corresponding discharge Q (d) Corresponding output power (c) Corresponding input power = 136} Kw