Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PDF Actividad 8 Epidemiologia DD
PDF Actividad 8 Epidemiologia DD
ESPHZE
NZF; =:=7
NCMWE ‖ LSMIE
:2:2
ESPHZE
PSPHZ
NZF; =:=7
NCMWE ‖ LSMIE
:2:2
Pejie @c Fhntcnm`hs
Mntrh`uffmön 0
Derfh tcörmfh 7
WCZ =
KS[OEZ 5:
EFPSEZ 57
Fhnfiusmhncs 3<
Zcgcrcnfmes jmjimhorågmfes 3=
Mntrh`uffmön
th`hs ihs trejeke`hrcs cxpucsths ei sc`cntermsdh y e ie shjrcferoe gäsmfe phr th`es ies eftmvm`e`cs
quc mdpimfen rceimzer eftmvm`e`cs `c cstc tmph. Pcnmcn`h cn fucnte th`hs ihs gefthrcs `c ie
hroenmzefmön.
Vc jusfe m`cntmgmfer e tmcdph ies denmgcstefmhncs `c ies cngcrdc`e`cs `cs`c sus mnmfmhs y
sc cnghfe cn ie vmomienfme `c ihs `csör`cncs dusfuih csquciítmfhs e ihs quc cstån cxpucsths
`mflhs trejeke`hrcs, sc hjscrve quc th`h csth puc`c hfurrmr `cjm`h ei sc`cntermsdh quc tmcncn
ihs trejeke`hrcs, `cjm`h e ihs ferohs y ie rcsphnsejmim`e` quc tmcncn cn fuenth e ie feroe iejhrei,
sejmcn`h tedjmín quc ihs gefthrcs edjmcnteics, psmfhshfmeics puc`c rcpcrfutmr cn ie fhn`mfmön
`mfles dc`m`es csterån cnghfe`es cn dmnmdmzer ie feroe iejhrei e ie quc cstån cxpucsths ihs
trejeke`hrcs, esä fhdh tedjmín `mscõer cstretcomes `c rhtefmön cn ihs pucsths `c trejekh
esmdmsdh mdpicdcnter khrne`es iû`mfes ci fuei ic pcrdmten ei trejeke`hr tcncr dhdcnths `c
`csfensh. Cstc `hfudcnth `cjc scr rcvmse`h y csten`ermze`h `c efucr`h e ies phiätmfes `c ie
shjrc ies cngcrdc`e`cs cnfhntre`es y quc mnvcstmoedhs, jusfedhs rcomstrhs `c seiu` fhn ci gmn
Derfh tcörmfh
Rcrdmtc `hfudcnter ies shimfmtu`cs pere hjtcncr ci cstetus imjrc `c cngcrdc`e` h mngcffmön,
prhphrfmhner `eths pere ephyer
ephy er ci prhfcsh `c enåimsms `c rmcsohs, per
peree gmncs `c seiu` enmdei y/h
cxötmfes h cdcrocntcs.
Zcfhicffmön `c `eths; Ie feim`e` `c un smstcde `c vmomienfme sc dm`c phr ie feim`e` `c ihs `eths.
Ies eftm
eftmvm`e`cs
vm`e`cs `c rcfhicffmön `c `eths shn ie `ctcffmön, ie nhtm
nhtmgmfefmön
gmfefmön y ie fhngmrdefmön `c
lmpötcsms, pere ih fuei `cjc tcncrsc cn fucnte th`hs ihs gefthrcs eshfme`hs ei cvcnth, fhn ci gmn `c
rctrheimdcntefmön e ihs cqumphs `c seiu` fhn ci gmn `c rceimzer ies mntcrvcnfmhncs ncfcsermes pere
ci fhntrhi `c ihs cvcnths e vmomier.
cxtrcdm`e` supcrmhr, quc imdmte ihs dhvmdmcnths y quc sc puc`c efhdpeõer `c `msgunfmön
Cpmfhn`mimtms ietcrei; Cs une icsmön quc sc fereftcrmze phr ie mngiedefmön `c ihs tcn`hncs `c ihs
dûsfuihs quc sc mnscrte cn ci cpmfön`mih ietcrei, une prhtujcrenfme `ci cxtrcdh mngcrmhr, cxtcrnh
Cpmfhn`mimtms dc`mei; Cs une dhicstme h `hihr cn ie pertc mntcrne `ci entcjrezh fcrfe `ci fh`h.
Csfhimhsms; Cs une furveture ietcrei enhrdei `c ie cspmne `hrsei, fhdh une ictre F h V.
`c fhnscfucnfmes cn ie pcrshne phr `mfle cxphsmfmön. Mnfiuyc enedncsms, cxedcn gäsmfh fhdpicth
fhn íngesms cn ci öroenh h smstcde jienfh, enåimsms `c prucjes fiänmfes y perefiänmfes, teics fhdh;
<
Iudjeiome; Cs ci `hihr ihfeimze`h cn ie pertc mngcrmhr h jeke `c ie cspei`e, fuyh hrmocn tmcnc quc
fhdh un fhnkunth `c vermejics fuentmtetmves y/h fueimtetmves sukctes e ie dc`mfmön, quc pcrdmtcn
hjscrver ie smtuefmön y ies tcn`cnfmes `c fedjmh ocncre`es cn ie cntm`e`, cn rciefmön fhn ci ihorh
Vän`rhdc `ci tûnci dcteferpmenh; Cs une egcffmön cn ie fuei cxmstc une prcsmön cxfcsmve cn ci
pertcs `c ie denh.
quc trete `c prcvcnmr ies icsmhncs y ies cngcrdc`e`cs feuse`es phr ies fhn`mfmhncs `c trejekh,
Cntrcoe `ci prhycfth `c euie; Vmstcde `c vmomienfme pere une cngcrdc`e` scicffmhne`e
WCZ
Cn ie eftueim`e` cxmstcn dcfenmsdhs quc pcrdmtcn prcvcnmr y fhntrhier ihs cgcfths e`vcrshs quc
tei quc sc eftûe tenth cn ies fhn`mfmhncs `c seiu` fhdh cn ies fhn`mfmhncs `c trejekh.
¸Cs phsmjic quc un smstcde `c vmomienfme tcnoe quc etcn`cr e dås `c une cngcrdc`e`
iejhrei8
shjrc cvcnths cn seiu` iejhrei, pere ie hrmcntefmön `c ies effmhncs `c prcvcnfmön y fhntrhi. Cs ie
fhnstruffmön fhnfcptuei quc hr`cne ihs espcfths fhn quc sc ejhr`e un prhjicde cspcfägmfh quc
rcqumcrc scr vmomie`h phr ci smstcde y quc pcrdmtc hjtcncr mnghrdefmön mntcorei shjrc un oruph `c
52
prhthfhihs `c Wmomienfme Cpm`cdmhiöomfe, smn quc cxmste ie deyhr etcnfmön phr sejcr
sej cr sm csths
tírdmnhs th`hs qumcrcn `cfmr ih dmsdh h sm phr ci fhntrermh puc`c `ersc eioune `mgcrcnfme cntrc
ciihs.
äntmdedcntc imoe`e e ies phiätmfes y cstretcomes `c Veiu` cn ihs piencs `c `cserrhiih `c ihs
ohjmcrnhs, ih quc le smonmgmfe`h ihorhs prcvcntmvhs y furetmvhs cn ie seiu` `c ies pcrshnes. Csth
fueiqumcr csgucrzh cs våim`h pere dckhrer su mnfiusmön `cntrh `c ies cstretcomes `c mntcrvcnfmön
Cn cstc fhntcxth, iiee rcgicxmön quc sc prcscnte cstå dhtmve`e cn ie cvm`cnfme quc ie geite
geite `c
Snh `c ihs pm
pmiercs
iercs jåsmfhs `c un Vmstcde `c Wmomienfme cn seiu` iejhrei ih fhnstmtuyc ie
55
5:
KS[OEZ
Ci hjkcth `ci prcscntc `cfrcth cs frcer y rcoiedcnter ci Vmstcde `c Wmomienfme cn Veiu` Rûjimfe,
ihs cvcnths quc egcftcn h puc`en egcfter ie seiu` `c ie phjiefmön, fhn ci gmn `c hrmcnter ies
Gmneim`e`cs;
seiu`.
Ådjmth `c epimfefmön;
Pcrrmthrmh nefmhnei.
Rhr pertc `c ies mnstmtufmhncs c mntcorentcs `ci Vmstcde Ocncrei `c Vcourm`e` Vhfmei cn
Veiu`.
56
Rrmnfmpmhs hrmcnte`hrcs;
Cgmfmcnfme. Ssh refmhnei `c ihs rcfurshs fhn ci gmn `c oerentmzer su dckhr utmimzefmön pere ie
Snm`e`. Mntcorefmön gunfmhnei `c ihs `mgcrcntcs nmvcics `ci scfthr seiu` y `cdås pertmfmpentcs `ci
smstcde `c vmomienfme.
Zcsphnsejics;
Snm`e`cs Nhtmgmfe`hres.
50
Enåimsms c mntcrprctefmön.
@mgusmön `c ie mnghrdefmön.
Stmimzefmön cn ie hrmcntefmön `c mntcrvcnfmhncs cn seiu` pûjimfe.
Riencefmön.
Zc` `c vmomienfme.
Ephyh mntcrscfthrmei.
Ies Snm`e`cs Rrmdermes Ocncre`hres `c @eths y ies Snm`e`cs Nhtmgmfe`hres shn ies
Emsiedmcnth.
Fuercntcne.
53
Wefunefmön.
57
EFPSEZ
Derfh icoei.
Fö`moh sustentmvh `ci trejekh, ert. 60<; dh`mgmfe`h. @cfrcth 56 `c 5=7?, Ert. 52. Ihfeics y
cqumphs. Ph`h petrhnh h cdprcse cstån hjimoe`hs e sudmnmstrer y efhn`mfmhner ihfeics y cqumphs
@cfrcth nûdcrh 750 (50/6/5=<0) Ert. 62, imtcrei j); Rhr ci fuei sc `ctcrdmnen ies jescs pere ie
Ert. 62, imtcrei j); Fhntcnm`h `c ihs prhoredes `c scourm`e` y seiu` cn ci trejekh. j) fhntcnm`h
Icy 537: `c :25:. Ert 5. @cgmnmfmhncs. Vmstcde ocncrei `c rmcsohs iejhreics; Cs ci fhnkunth
etcn`cr e ihs trejeke`hrcs `c ihs cgcfths `c ies cngcrdc`e`cs y ihs effm`cntcs quc puc`en
Zcshiufmön 5257 (65/6/5=<=) Ert. 52, nudcrei 5; Rhr ie fuei sc rcoiedcnte ie hroenmzefmön,
gunfmhnedmcnth y ghrde `c ihs prhoredes `c seiu` hfupefmhnei quc `cjcn `cserrhiier ihs
Ert. 52; Ihs sujprhoredes `c dc`mfmne prcvcntmve y `ci trejekh, tmcnc fhdh gmneim`e` prmnfmpei
rmcsohs hfupefmhneics1 ujmfån`hih cn un smtmh `c trejekh efhr`c fhn sus fhn`mfmhncs psmfh-
5?
fedjmhs `c hfupefmön, rcmnorcsh ei trejekh, rctmrh y htres smtuefmhncs quc eitcrcn h puc`en
Icy = `c 5=?=; @mfte nhrdes pere prcscrver, fhnscrver y dckhrer ie seiu` `c ihs mn`mvm`uhs cn
sus hfupefmhncs.
NPF MVH =225;:22<; Cs un `hfudcnth nhrdetmvh quc cstejicfc ihs rcqumsmths ncfcsermhs e ie
gedmime MVH =222 cs un fhnkunth `c nhrdes quc rcprcscnten un fhnscnsh mntcrnefmhnei `c Jucnes
Rråftmfes `c Ocstmön fhn ci prmnfmpei gmn `c quc une cdprcse puc`e cntrcoer ihs prh`ufths y
Ci nucvh cstån`er mntcrnefmhnei MVH 50225;:253 ccss `c feråftcr vhiuntermh y pcrdmtmrå e ies
5<
Prejekh, smcn`h une dencre `c cveiuefmön fhnhfm`e `c ghrde mntcrnefmhnei quc smrvc fhdh
lcrredmcnte pere ph`cr ocstmhner ihs `csegähs e ihs quc sc puc`cn cngrcnter ies cdprcses `c
Cngcrdc`e`cs prhgcsmhneics.
Ejscntmsdh iejhrei.
Venfmhncs.
(OEPMVVH).
5=
Hjkctmvhs
Hjkctmvh ocncrei.
dusfuihcsquciítmfhs.
Hjkctmvhs cspcfägmfhs.
(`dc).
Zceimzer prucjes pere `ctcfter prcfhzdcntc csths tresthrnhs fhn ci gmn `c `ctcrdmner
fhn`uftes e scoumr.
Mntcrvcnmr gefthrcs `c rmcsoh, m`cntmgmfe`hs cn ci edjmcntc iejhrei ihs fueics eudcnten ies
Eifenfc.
Ci eifenfc `ci smstcde `c vmomienfme cpm`cdmhiöomfh cste cnfedmne`h e ihs trejeke`hrcs `c
:2
Fhntcxtueimzefmön `c ie cdprcse.
Zezön shfmei
:5
Ihs tresthrnhs hstchdusfuiercs rcprcscnten prhjicdes cn ihs peäscs cn `cserrhiih phr sus eiths
fhsths cfhnödmfhs y shn rcfhnhfm`hs fhdh une feuse `c euscntmsdh c mnfepefm`e` iejhrei,
Vcoûn `et
`eths
hs `c ie Hroenmzefmön Mntcrnefmhnei `ci Prejekh
Prejekh (HMP) cn ci :223, ci nûdcrh `c
cngcrdc`e`cs y effm`cntcs rciefmhne`hs fhn ci trejekh, fe`e eõh fhjren dås `c `hs dmiihncs `c
`cserrhiih.
::
Sne nucve cveiuefmön `c ies cngcrdc`e`cs y effm`cntcs prhgcsmhneics scõeie quc ci rmcsoh `c
e`qumrmr une cngcrdc`e` iejhrei sc le fhnvcrtm`h cn ci pcimorh dås grcfucntc ei quc sc cngrcnten
Cstes cngcrdc`e`cs feusen enueidcntc 5,? dmiihncs `c ducrtcs rciefmhne`es fhn ci trejekh y
supcren e ihs effm`cntcs dhrteics cn une prhphrfmön `c fuetrh e unh. Cn peäscs fhdh Cste`hs
Snm`hs, Cspeõe y Kepön, ie iudjeiome hfupe ies prmdcres feuses `c mnfepefm`e` dí`mfe c
Cn iies
es shfmc`e`cs hffm`cnteics ie mnfm`cnfme `c ie iiudjeiome
udjeiome veräe cntrc un 72 y =2% y ihs
`eths e`vmcrtcn quc cntrc ci 33 y <2% `c ies pcrshnes sc vcrån mnfepefmte`es phr ih dcnhs une
vcz cn ie vm`e `cjm`h ei `hihr iudjer. Q FMPEPMHN @SU55 Yi =::7 TQ FMPEPMHN GEK5? Yi =::7 T.
fhnsuite cn dc`mfmne ocncrei1 ie cngcrdc`e` `msfei y ci `hihr iudjer sc len cnfhntre`h cntrc ies
52 prmdcres feuses `c cngcrdc`e` iejhrei rcphrte`es phr ies Cdprcses Rrhdhthres `c Veiu`
(CRV).
:226 ci ::%, y cn ci :220 ci 53%1 phr su pertc, ie lcrnme `c `msfh hfupö ci qumnth iuoer cn ci
:22: fhn ci 6% `c ihs feshs `meonhstmfe`hs y sujmö ei tcrfcr pucsth fhn ci =% cn ci :220.
deyhr rcphrtc e ies E`dmnmstre`hres `c Zmcsohs Iejhreics (EZI) phr pertc `c ies CRV. Ci
:6
hrmocn iejhrei `ci 0:% fhn un fhdphncntc prmnfmpei `crmve`h `c ihs tresthrnhs
dusfuihcsquciítmfhs fhn un <<%. Ies pethihoäes `ci smstcde dusfuihcsquciítmfh quc prcscnte
deyhr frcfmdmcnth cn cstc dmsdh pcrmh`h shn; ci sän`rhdc `ci denoumth rhte`hr fhn un
eudcnth `ci 55<% y ies cngcrdc`e`cs `c `msfh mntcrvcrtcjreics fhn un 55:%. Cste smtuefmön cs
une ducstre fcnsei `c <2 trejeke`hrcs (`c :=2) `c ie cdprcse (MNOCNMCZÄE KHSICV D.C.F.
:0
Cn ie prcscntc mnvcstmoefmön sc tmcncn cn fucnte cstu`mhs `c jescs cpm`cdmhiöomfes fhn ies fueics
cdprcse MNOCNMCZÄE KHSICV D.C.F. It`e tenth cn sus årces hpcretmves fhdh
cngcrdc`e`cs hstchdusfuiercs prcscnte`es tcnmcn`h cn fucnte quc csths @DC shn un fhnkunth
ujmfen cn pertcs cspcfägmfes `ci fucrph (pere nucstrh cstu`mh sc `ctcrdmnö quc ie prcveicnfme cs
cn cspei`e, fuciih y denhs). Cstes mngiedefmhncs puc`cn feuser `hihr, pcr`m`e `c ie gucrze y
`msdmnufmön `c ie fepefm`e` gunfmhnei ih quc ocncre une `msfepefm`e` iejhrei y phr ih tenth un
:3
Ci hrmocn `ci cste`h `ci ertc `ete `c iiee fiesmgmfefmön `c Ermstötcics shjrc fmcnfme, cxpcrmcnfme
y ertc cn ci fuei nh shih sc jusfe ie utmim`e` `c fe`e unh smnh ci nucvh fhnhfmdmcnth quc sc
Fhntcxth.
@cspuís `c rceimzer trejekhs `c mnocnmcräe cn fhnkunth pere htres fhdpeõäes fhdh FHNEVE
ies redes `c ie Mnocnmcräe Dcfånmfe, Ciíftrmfe y Fmvmi, fhn phsmjmim`e` `c etcn`cr htres årces
MNOCNMCZÄE KHSICV D.C.F. It`e cs une cdprcse cn fhnstentc y fhntmnuh `cserrhiih, fhn
Vu hjkctmvh cs cster smcdprc `mspucste e trejeker fhn cncroäe cn ies redes `c ie Mnocnmcräe
:7
Vcourm`e` Mn`ustrmei, Veiu` Hfupefmhnei y Dc`mh Edjmcntc, jekh ihs imncedmcnths `c ies
ihs rcqumsmths `ci Zcomstrh Ûnmfh `c Fhntretmstes `ci Fhnsckh Fhihdjmenh `c Vcourm`e`.
trejeke`hrcs quc fhntrmjuycn `äe e `äe fhn ci eifenfc `c ihs ihorhs fhrphretmvhs, ie cdprcse
fucnte fhn `hs prmnfmpeics fcntrhs `c trejekhs cn ci `cpertedcnth `ci Lumie y `ci Dcte1 fucnte
Rere ci `cserrhiih `ci årce `c scourm`e` y seiu` cn ci trejekh fucnte fhn une scrmc `c
Nutrmfmhnmste y @mctmste.
Mnocnmcrh feim`e`.
Dí`mfh iejhrei.
nhrdes y cstån`ercs `c scourm`e` quc ic pcrdmtcn dentcncr sus fcrtmgmfefmhncs cn MVH =225, MVH
:?
trevís `ci penhrede ocncrei `c ihs gefthrcs `c rmcsohs ye scen gäsmfhs, quädmfhs, crohnödmfhs,
dcfånmfhs, ciíftrmfhs, ihfetmvhs, shfmh iejhreics, ihs fueics sc eftueimzen e trevís `c ihs rmcsohs
`c ’EVP—. Ies dc`m`es `c fhntrhi pere ihs rmcsohs prmhrmtermhs sc m`cntmgmfen y `cserrhiien e
Ies cdprcses cn Fhihdjme `cjcn fudpimr une nhrdetmvm`e` `mvcrse cn detcrme `c scourm`e` y
seiu` cn ci trejekh, cntrc ies quc sc puc`cn dcnfmhner, ie Icy = `c 5=?= - Fö`moh Venmtermh
Rrhtcffmön Vhfmei e`hpte ies Ouäes `c Etcnfmön Mntcorei `c Veiu` Hfupefmhnei Jese`es cn ie
Cvm`cnfme, ie Ouäe `c Etcnfmön Mntcorei Jese`e cn ie Cvm`cnfme pere @hihr Iudjer Mncspcfägmfh
Zmcsoh cn ci Iuoer `c Prejekh (OEPM- @IM- C@) OEPMVH, ci @cfrcth :377 `c :22= `c
:<
:253, phr dc`mh `ci fuei sc cxpm`c ci @cfrcth Ûnmfh Zcoiedcntermh `ci Vcfthr Prejekh,
rcshiufmön 5555 `c :25? Cstån`ercs Dänmdhs `ci Vmstcde `c Ocstmön `c Vcourm`e` y Veiu` cn ci
Prejekh pere cdpice`hrcs y fhntretentcs, cntrc htrhs, ih fuei pcrdmtc ci `cserrhiih `c un smstcde
`c ocstmön `c scourm`e` y seiu` cn ci trejekh quc oerentmfc ie mntcorm`e` `c ies pcrshnes quc
iejhren.
edjmcntc scourh1 csth sc puc`c ihorer e trevís `ci ghdcnth `c une fuiture cnfedmne`e ei
eftmvm`e`cs quc mdpimfen dhvmdmcnths fhdjmne`hs e nmvci iudjer1 cn un edjmcntc iejhrei quc
grcfucntcs.
rceimzefmön `c cxådcncs dí`mfhs `c mnorcsh y pcrmö`mfhs e th`h ci pcrshnei quc iejhre cn ihs
`mgcrcntcs grcntcs `c trejekh. Ci pcrshnei `c seiu` jusfe `mrcftedcntc ihs `eths hjkcth `c
vmomienfme (gucntc ‖ feuse `ci cvcnth e vmomier), mnfiush rcvmsen`h ihs rcomstrhs rutmnermhs `ci
:=
Cstmder ie deonmtu` `ci cvcnth; Csth nhs pcrdmtmrå `ctcrdmner ie grcfucnfme fhn ie quc sc
euscntmsdh.
M`cntmgmfer, fuentmgmfer, dhnmthrcer ies tcn`cnfmes y petrhncs `ci prhfcsh.
`cntrh `c ie cdprcse.
Cveiuer ies dc`m`es `c fhntrhi y prcvcnfmön.
62
zhne `ci fuciih, cspei`e, lhdjrhs, fh`hs, duõcfes y denhs. Ihs `meonöstmfhs dí`mfhs dås
fhduncs shn tcn`mnmtms, tcnhsmnhvmtms, sän`rhdc `ci tûnci ferpmenh, dmeiomes, fcrvmfeiomes,
Denmpuiefmön denuei `c feroes; Ies feroes pcse`es shn un gefthr mdphrtentc quc fhntrmjuyc
ei rmcsoh `c fhntrecr tresthrnhs dusfuihcsquciítmfhs. Ley quc tcncr prcscntc cspcfmeidcntc ci
oíncrh y ie c`e`.
Rhstures `c trejekh ghrze`es; Ci rmcsoh `crmve`h `c ies phstures `c trejekh ghrze`es tmcnc une
oren mdphrtenfme, shjrc th`h fuen`h e`cdås sc denmpuien feroes y sc rceimzen terces rcpctmtmves.
65
Sne deie phsture `c trejekh cs un gefthr eoreventc jmcn fhnhfm`h quc feuse tresthrnhs `c ie pertc
eitcrefmhncs `cgmnm`es cn ci smstcde quc rcqumcrc `c cstu`mh fhn gmncs `c prcvcnfmön mn`mvm`uei y
fhicftmve.
Fesh prhjejic; Cs ci fesh m`cntmgmfe`h phr ci dí`mfh `ci trejekh h `c seiu` hfupefmhnei y quc
utmimze frmtcrmhs fiänmfhs (fucstmhnermh `c sänthdes y cxedcn fiänmfh). Cstc fesh cs rcdmtm`h e ie
Fesh fiänmfh quc `cjc scr smnthdåtmfh; Rrcscnfme eftuei `c sänthdes cspcfägmfhs `c ies rcomhncs
Fesh fhngmrde`h `c hrmocn hfupefmhnei; Cs equci fhn `meonöstmfh fiänmfh quc phr shimfmtu` `c
ie CRV le sm`h efcpte`h h rcfhnhfm`h phr ie EZI y/h fhdh `c hrmocn hfupefmhnei.
6:
Fesh pere feimgmfefmön iejhrei quc `cjc prcscnter une pír`m`e `c ie gunfmön quc egcftc su
fepefm`e` iejhrei.
Fesh `csferte`h; Cs ci fesh cstu`me`h phr ie CRV y/h EZI quc le sm`h rcfleze`h fhdh
cngcrdc`e` iejhrei y quc cs une cngcrdc`e` fhdûn, ye guc feimgmfe`h y quc`ö cn gmrdc
e`dmnmstretmvedcntc.
Ph`h trejeke`hr `c MNOCNMCZÄE KHSICV D.C.F. It`e1 quc prcscntc `hihr iudjer, `hihr
`c cxtrcdm`e`cs mngcrmhrcs y supcrmhrcs rcfurrcntcs sc `cjcn tcncr fhdh phsmjics feshs phr ih
fuei cs ncfcsermh mnmfmer un cstu`mh `ci cvcnth dc`mentc cxådcncs (eyu`es `meonhstmfes) quc
@cntrh `c ihs cxådcncs rcqucrm`hs fhdh ephyh pere m`cntmgmfefmön `ci cvcnth cnfhntredhs;
Zeyhs \.
Cfhoregäes.
Phdhoregäes.
Zcshnenfmes.
Dmcihoregmes.
@msfhoregäes.
Vpcft `c fhiudne.
66
MNOCNMCZÄE KHSICV D.C.F. It`e1 Mdpicdcnte ies gucntcs prmdermes e trevís `c Cnfucste
enuei e fe`e unh `c ihs trejeke`hrcs y fhn ie rceimzefmön `c cxådcncs dí`mfhs ye sce `c mnorcsh,
scdeneidcntc y fe`e cvcnth scrå rcomstre`h cn ies penmiies rcqucrm`es pere `mflh rcphrtc fhn
60
Giukh `c ie mnghrdefmön.
Euxmimercs `c årce
Pífnmfh iä`cr
Vupcrvmshr LVC
Fhhr`mne`hr VVP
Iä`cr LVCU
63
67
unmgmfe`edcntc, e trevís `c ihs rcsuite`hs quc sc prh`ufcn y cgcftûe ci enåimsms `c ies `mgcrcntcs
vermejics pere rceimzer ies effmhncs `c fhntrhi pcrtmncntcs, tenth cn ci trejeke`hr fhdh cn ci
edjmcntc.
6?
Ihs trejeke`hrcs fhn `meonöstmfh `c icsmhncs hstchdusfuiercs, treude efuduietmvh y ihs pucsths
`c trejekh m`cntmgmfe`hs fhn eith rmcsoh sc ics lerå un scoumdmcnth cn ci årce `c trejekh cn
fhhr`mnefmön fhn ci Vupcrvmshr h kcgc mndc`meth fhn ci gmn `c m`cntmgmfer gefthrcs prcfmpmtentcs
Ihs trejeke`hrcs fhn icsmhncs phr treude efuduietmvh phr feuse iejhrei, scrån rcdmtm`hs pere
Zcujmfefmön.
ci årce `c trejekh.
Enåimsms `c ie mnghrdefmön.
Ies vermejics quc sc ven e eneimzer shn; Zcomstrh `ci trejeke`hr, Pmph `c @EP, Hgmfmh,
`cpcn`cnfme, cpmsh`mhs y tretedmcnth `hn`c epercfcn ies `mgcrcntcs vermejics y ies fereftcrästmfes
rcspcftmves.
6<
D.C.F. It`e
DCPEV MN@MFE@HZ
Zc`ufmr dänmdh cn un 52% ie mnfm`cnfme `c N² `c Feshs Nucvhs cn ci Eõh x522
feshs `crmve`hs `c gefthrcs `c rmcsoh N² Phtei `c Prejeke`hrcs
Jmhdcfånmfh.
Zc`ufmr dänmdh cn un 3% ie prcveicnfme `c N² `c Feshs Entmouhs + Nucvhs
Nucvhs cn ci
feshs `crmve`hs `c gefthrcs `c rmcsoh Eõh x522
Jmhdcfånmfh. N² Phtei `c Prejeke`hrcs
Fudpimr fhn ci =3% `c ies eftmvm`e`cs N² `c Eftmvm`e`cs Ckcfute`es x522
prhorede`es pere
pere ci prhorede `c rmcsoh N² `c Eftmvm`e`cs Rrhorede`es
Rrhorede`es
Jmhdcfånmfh.
Fujrmr fhdh dänmdh ei =3% `ci pcrshnei cn ies N² `c treje jeke`hrcs fujmcrths
fujmcrths x522
eftmvm`e`cs `ci prhorede N² `c Eftmvm`e`cs Rrhorede`hs
Rrhorede`hs
Mntcrvcnmr dänmdh ci =2% `c ihs feshs N² `c Feshs Mntcrvcnm`hs
Mntcrvcnm`hs X x 522
m`cntmgmfe`hs. N² `c Feshs @ctcfte`hs
D.C.F. It`e.
6=
Hrmcntefmön `c ie effmön.
@c efucr`h fhn ihs rcsuite`hs `c enåimsms `ci cste`h `c seiu` y cnthrnh `c ihs trejeke`hrcs,
duy eith fhn pucsths `c trejekh fhn rmcsoh eith h rcphrtcs `c dhicstmes enhrdeics1 pucsths `c
trejekh fhn rmcsoh eith h euthrcphrtcs `c dhicstmes suprcdedcntc eites y cxådcncs gäsmfhs
Vc iicverå e fejh une mntcrvcnfmön shjrc ihs pucsths `c trejekh `c dencre mndc`mete y
02
Mnfiush, lerån pertmfmpefmön `ci prhorede prhpucsth phr ie fhdpeõäe shjrc fepefmtefmön, cn
scoumdmcnth fe`e 0 dcscs fhdh dänmdh. @c efucr`h fhn ie ncfcsm`e` sc cstu`merå ie vmejmim`e`
It`e.
2
@ctcrdmnefmön `c ihs `mgcrcntcs gefthrcs
`c rmcsoh
Cxådcncs hfupefmhneics
Mnspcffmhncs dmnufmhses `c ies årces h
pucsths `c trejekh
Fepefmtefmhncs ghrdetmves; Låjmths `c
peuses eftmves
05
Oödcz
Feroh; Mno. Vedere Vcrreth
Feroh; Wmvmene
Feroh; Jerrcth @urån
Feroh; Cstcjen Zedärcz
Feroh; @mrcfthr
Mno. KHSICV
D.C.F. It`e.
FHNPZHI @C FEDJMHV @CI @HFSDCNPH
ÄPCD-WCZVMÖN @CVFZMRFMÖN @CI FEDJMH GCFLE
25 Rrhycffmön mnmfmei ::/26/:2:2
Effmhncs mn`mvm`ueics.
Dentcncrsc croum`h.
0:
Rere iicoer e cste phsture cs ncfcsermh un ’cntrcnedmcnth— pere cvmter ie mncrfme `c cfler
5» Eprhxmdersc e ie feroe.
Ci fcntrh `c orevc`e` `ci lhdjrc tmcnc quc cster ih dås pröxmdh phsmjic ei `c ie feroe.
:» Jusfer ci cqumimjrmh.
Nucstrh cqumimjrmh `cpcn`c gun`edcnteidcntc `c ie phsmfmön `c ihs pmcs, quc `cjcn cster;
Cnderfen`h e ie feroe.
Imocredcntc scpere`hs.
Fhocr dei un hjkcth prhvhfe une fhntreffmön mnvhiunterme `c ihs dûsfuihs `c th`h ci
fucrph.
Rere fhocr un pcsh `cjcdhs `c lefcrie fhn ie peide `c ie denh y ie jesc `c ihs `c`hs,
Ies feroes `cjcn icventersc dentcnmcn`h ie fhiudne rcfte y eimnce`e, pere lefcrih;
06
@c cste dencre rcpertmdhs ci pcsh shjrc th`e ie supcrgmfmc `c ihs `msfhs mntcrvcrtcjreics.
Vmcdprc `cjcdhs icventer ies feroes fhn ies pmcrnes, ye quc shn ihs dûsfuihs dås
Gicxmhnedhs ies pmcrnes `hjien`h ies rh`miies smn iicoer e scnternhs cn ihs teihncs.
Ihs dûsfuihs `c ies pmcrnes `cjcn utmimzersc tedjmín pere cdpuker un hjkcth.
Cn ie dc`m`e `c ih phsmjic ihs jrezhs `cjcn trejeker e treffmön smdpic, cs `cfmr, cstmre`hs.
Ie feroe `cjc pcrdencfcr pcoe`e ei fucrph sukctån`hie fhn ihs jrezhs cxtcn`m`hs.
Fhn csths dhvmdmcnths nh getmoedhs ihs jäfcps quc cn htrh fesh leräen un csgucrzh
Effmhncs fhicftmves.
00
Rrhdhfmön `c låjmths seiu`ejics tenth eimdcntmfmhs y fhtm`menhs `cntrh `ci pien enuei
`c fepefmtefmön.
rcvmstes, ctf).
trejekh.
hstchdusfuiercs.
iejhrethrmh.
Effmhncs `c iejhrethrmh.
E th`hs ihs scrvm`hrcs quc mnorcscn ei dc`mh, sc ics rcqucrmrå `c un cxedcn dí`mfh
ci rcspcftmvh mnorcsh.
03
`hn`c ihs rcsuite`hs `cjcn scr fhdpere`hs kunth fhn ihs `c veihrefmön mnmfmei `c mnorcsh,
Pedmzekcs.
Cxådcncs.
Zeyhs \.
Cfhoregäes.
Phdhoregäes.
Zcshnenfmes.
Dmcihoregmes.
@msfhoregäes.
Vpcft `c fhiudne.
07
Fhn ci ephyh `c ie EZI JHIMWEZ ie cdprcse MNOCNMCZÄE KHSICV D.C.F. It`e, epimfe une
scrmc `c teiicrcs mnghrdetmvhs ‖ c`ufetmvhs pere quc ci pcrshnei tcnoe fhnhfmdmcnth `c födh
Zcfhdcn`efmhncs.
Ei fhn`ufmr;
0?
Cvmter;
Cstmrersc pere eifenzer ci vhientc h ihs pc`eics (cs pcrku`mfmei pere |su cspei`e.
Lefcr;
Zcouic ci esmcnth `c su euth, `c ghrde tei, quc ic pcrdmte dentcncr ies rh`miies gicfte`es y
Ei scntersc;
Cvmter;
Lun`mrsc cn ie smiie.
Lefcr;
Sne jucne smiie `cjc scr rcouiejic, cn su eiture y cn su rcspei`h, `er un jucn ephyh e ie
Vmcdprc rcouic ie eiture `c ie smiie, `c tei ghrde quc ic pcrdmtc ephyer edjhs pmcs cn ci
0<
Zcomstrhs ghthorågmfhs.
0=
32
5. Icv
Icvente
enterr pcsh h phs
phstur
tures
es ghrze`es
ghrze`es gucre
gucre `c
`cii smtm
smtmhh `c trejekh;
trejekh;
VM NH
3%
=3%
Ci =3% `c ihs trejeke`hrcs cnfucste`hs nmcoe rceimzer eftmvm`e`cs gucre `ci smtmh `c trejekh cn ies
fueics icventc pcshs y e`hptc phstures ghrze`es prhihnoe`es phr dås `c une lhre.
:. Gef
Gefthrc
thrcss `c rmc
rmcsoh
soh mn`
mn`mvm
mvm`uei
`ueics;
cs;
CVPZÍV 5<%
VC@CNPEZMVDH 53%
VHJZCRCVH 63%
NMNOSNE 65%
35
% 2
, 2
2
% 3
, 2
2
% 5
2
, 2
2
% 5
3
, 2
2
6. Entcfc`
Entcfc`cntcs
cntcs esh
eshfme`hs
fme`hs e pethi
pethihoäes
hoäes jm
jmhdcfån
hdcfånmfes
mfes (e
(entcfc`c
ntcfc`cntcs
ntcs peth
pethiöomf
iöomfhs);
hs);
Ci 50% `c ihs cnfucste`hs escouren prcscnter h lejcr prcscnte`h iudjeoh, ci 56% len
PCN@MNMPMV
3:
0. EFFM@C
EFFM@CNPCV
NPCV @C PZEJE
PZEJEKH
KH FHN ICVMHN
ICVMHNCV
CV JM
JMHDCFÅ
HDCFÅNMFEV;
NMFEV;
NH VM
6%
=?%
VM NH
6<%
7:%
36
Ci 6<% `c ihs cnfucste`hs `cfieren lejcr scntm`h eioûn `hihr cn ie cspei`e cn ihs ûitmdhs
5: dcscs.
3. @hihrc
@hihrcss jm
jmhdcfånm
hdcfånmfhs
fhs etr
etrmjum`
mjum`hs
hs eeii tr
trejekh
ejekh quc rce
rceimze;
imze;
E vcfcs
02
63
62
:3
:2
53
52
3
2 h
i
i
c
u
F
.
h
l
f
`
h
z
e
J
r
.
Ci `hihr `c fuciih y ie zhne iudjer shn ihs dås fhduncs cntrc equciihs quc sc `en
csphrå`mfedcntc.
30
E dcnu`h
7
3
0
6
:
5
2
Ci fuciih y ie zhne iudjer sc dentmcncn fhdh ihs punths `c `hihr quc hfurrcn
scoum`h.
Duy e dcnu`h
6,3
6
:,3
:
5,3
5
2,32
33
:2%
<2%
2
<2%
5
2
:
2
6
2
0
2
3
2
NEPEFMÖN
Ci `cphrtc dås preftmfe`h cs ci gutjhi, scoum`h `ci omdnesmh.
RCVEV
FEDMNEZ
JEIHNFCVPH
PZHPEZ
37
Fhnfiusmhncs
Ihs cvcnths `c seiu` shn ihs sufcshs quc puc`cn mnfm`mr cn ie smtuefmön `c seiu` `c une
VWC cn ies pråftmfes `c cdprcses shn ie eite rhtefmön `ci pcrshnei, ie rcujmfefmön `c
trejeke`hrcs rcfmín iicoe`hs `c htrhs punths h `cstmnhs `ci peäs y phr ûitmdh ci fhnscnsh
3?
`ci fhntcxth `c ie mnghrdefmön1 th`h csth feuse `cjm`h e ie geite `c mdpicdcntefmön `ci
nhs pcrdmtmö m`cntmgmfer ihs `ígmfmts prcscnte`hs cn ci edjmcntc `c ihs trejeke`hrcs1 y esä,
Zcgcrcnfmes jmjimhorågmfes
C pm`cdmhihoäe y
Imjrh ouäe. Wmiie, Z. E., Dhrcnh, E. I. y Oerfäe `c ie Phrrc, O. (:255). C pm`cdmhihoäe
Dusfuihcsquciítmfhs (@DC)
(@DC).. Zcfupcre`h ci :< `c Deyh `c :2:2, `c
lttps;//www.dmnseiu`.ohv.fh/@hfudcnths%:2y%:2Rujimfefmhncs/OEPMVH-
@CVHZ@CNCV%:2DSVFSIEZCV%:2CVUSCICPMFHV.p`g
NOZ@. Snm`e` Nefmhnei pere ie Ocstmön `ci Zmcsoh cn @csestrcs. (:? `c Kuimh `c :250).
3<
lttp;//phrtei.ocstmhn`cirmcsoh.ohv.fh/@hfudcnts/ImncedmcnthsXMnt/RZH-5725-OPL-
20XRZHOZEDEX@CXWMOMIENFMEXCRM@CDMHIHOMFEXHVPCHDSVFSIEZ.p`g
lttp;//smstcde`vmomienfmec.jihospht.fhd/:256/23/ctepes-jesmfes-`c-ihs-smstcdes-`c.ltdi
Ciscvmcr Cspeõe V.I.S. © :2:2. Ph`hs ihs `crcflhs rcscrve`hs. Iöpcz, V., Iukån, @.,
lttps;//www.gmstcrre.fhd/oumes-fimnmfes/fcrvmfeiome-`hrseiome/
lttps;//www.senmtes.cs/senmtes/scourhs/cs/pertmfuiercs/jmjimhtcfe-`c-
seiu`/Icsmhncs/icsmhn-dusfuier/cpmfhn`mimtms-ietcrei.ltdi
lttps;//dc`imncpius.ohv/spenmsl/cnfy/ertmfic/22?76<.ltd
0<2=-e0=:-?f7<j2=<?60`/cpm`cdmhihome-vctcrmnerme.espx
:2:2). Csfhimhsms. Zcfupcre`h
Dc`imnc Rius. (20 `c Derzh `c :2:2). Csfhimhsms. Zcfupcre`h ci :< `c Deyh `c :2:2, `c
lttps;//dc`imncpius.ohv/spenmsl/cnfy/ertmfic/225:05.ltd
3=
:2:2, `c
lttps;//www.erisure.fhd/mdeocs/fhnstruffmhnscoure/`hfudcnths/lcrredmcnteXoume.p`g
© :2:2 Snm`e` C`mthrmei Zcvmstes, V.I.S. Ph`hs ihs `crcflhs rcscrve`hs. (:: `c Deyh
`c :2:2, `c lttps;//www.enm.ohv.fh/oihsermh/mn`mfe`hrcs-2
MVHPhhis ©:2:2. (27 `c Vcptmcdjrc `c :257). ¸Cn quí fhnsmstc ci Vmstcde `c Ocstmön `c
lttps;//www.mshthhis.hro/:257/2=/27/fhnsmstc-smstcde-ocstmhn-ie-scourm`e`-seiu`-trejekh-
so-sst/
lttps;//www.mshthhis.fhd.fh/msh-=225-:22<-rcqumsmths-smstcde-ocstmhn-feim`e`/
03225.fhd/:253/52/quc-cs-hlses-5<225-`c-:22?/
72
(:257). MN@SFFMÖN EI
© :2:2 Vim`cRieycr.cs Mnf. Eii rmolts rcscrvc`. Veiezer, K. (:257). MN@SFFMÖN
lttps;//sim`cpieycr.cs/sim`c/0:=7=<=/
© :25= RHNIC FEZE E IE CNGCZDC@E@. (s.e.). (s.g.). ¸Uuí shn ies cngcrdc`e`cs
hstchdusfuiercs prhgcsmhneics8 Zcfupcre`h
prhgcsmhneics8 Zcfupcre`h ci :< `c Deyh `c :2:2, `c
lttp;//tuseiu`nhcstecnnhdmne.fhd/cngcrdc`e`cs-hstchdusfuiercs/
lttps;//www.prcvcnfmhnmntcorei.fhd/fenei-hrp/pepcrs/hrp-:252/vmomienfme-
cpm`cdmhihomfe-cn-seiu`-iejhrei-un-esunth-quc-rcqumcrc
lttps;//cs.sim`cslerc.nct/aetlcrmnimn`mte/`cfrcth-635<-`c-:227