REVIEWER IN PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

POINTERS (PPG)
MODULE 1:
Politics- come from the Greek word politikos or polis which means city states. Another
Greek word that it is associated with is politeia which means the whole order of social
and political relationships in a polis.
A process that determines the distribution of power and resources (Joven, 2017)
A exercise of power, the science of government, the making of collective decisions, the
allocation of scarce resources, and the practice of deception and manipulation (Tabajen &
Pulma, 2016)

Government- political order that maintains and perpetuates the community (Peñaflor &
Peñaflor, 2017)

It must possess sovereignty (freedom from external control)and legitimacy (right to

exercise authority).
It is the agency wherein the will of the state is manifested (Francisco & Francisco, 2016)

The government is usually consisted of three branches and these are:

1. Executive – the branch that carries out the law.
2. Legislative – the branch that creates the law.
3. Judiciary – the branch that interprets the law.

Natural Law is proposed by John Locke. - While giving up some liberty to the
government, the people still has inalienable rights that must be protected
Social Contract Theory proposed by Jean Jacques Rousseau- since the power of the
government is given by the people, they must protect and be answerable to the people
as well.
Governance- Governance focuses on the roles played by the policy makers

It is defined as the process of decision making and the process by which decisions
are implemented or not implemented (Tabajen & Pulma, 2016)
Characteristics of good governance
1. Participation
2. Rule of law
3. Transparency
4. Responsiveness
5. Consensus oriented
6. Effectiveness and efficiency
7. Accountability
Forms of Government
Based on authority
1. Monarchy
2. Aristocrat
3. Democracy
Based on sharing of power by local and national government
1. Unitary
2. Federal
Based on the relationshipof executive and legislative
1. Presidential system
2. Parliamentary system
3. Presidential-parliamentary system

MODULE 2

Ideologies- are set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual’s or a group’s views,
actions, and interactions with the world.

Political Ideologies- are the set of ideas and beliefs that define politics, policies, and
other political events.

Political spectrum- provides us with a graph representing political ideologies from

left to right.

The left represents liberal views, the right represents the conservative view, and
the center represents the neutral view.

LEFT WING RIGHT WING OTHER IDEOLOGIES

LIBERALISM CONSERVATISM RELIGIOUS FUNDALISM

SOCIAL DEMOCRACY NEOLIBERALISM FEMINISM

SOCIALISM FASCISM ENVIRONMENTALISM

COMMUNISM

ANARCHISM

MODULE 3

Power- Considered as a prime ingredient of politics.

It is one’s personal ability to carry out its own will.

Kinds of power
 1. Power to-
2. Power with-
3. Power over-

Sources of power
1. Organizational power
2. Individual/Personal power
Under organizational power
1. Reward power
2. Coercive power
3. Legitimate power
4. Information power
5. Process power
6. Representative power
Under individual/personal power
1. Expert power
2. Rational persuasion
3. Referent power
4.
Powers of the Government
1. Sovereignty- ability of the government to exercise its power and function free
from or without external control from others.
2. Legitimacy- is the recognized and accepted role of the government to exercise its
power.

AUTHORITY- It gives a person the ability to control the people by legal means.
AUTHORITY VS POWER.

TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1. TRADITIONAL
2. CHARISMATIC
3. LEGAL-RATIONAL

THE RESPONSIBILITIES BROUGHT BY POWER AND AUTHORITY

•Installation of peace, order, and security.
•Presence of legal and moral values.
•Presence of safeguards against possible abuses

MODULE 4
State- refers to the political structure of an organized community that lives under
a government
Origins of state
 1. Divine theory
2. Necessity of force theory
3. Paternalistic theory

4. Social contract theory

a.Thomas Hobbes
b. John Locke
c.Jean Jacques Rosseau

Elements of the State

1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

Inherent powers of the state

1. Police power
2. Eminent domain
3. Power of taxation

Nation- unified group of people having the same affinities with regards to culture,
tradition, language and history.
They can be characterized as to having the same goals and aspirations
Benedict Anderson in his book Imagined Communities, described a nation as an
imagined political community that is both inherently sovereign and limited

The State Distinguished from both Nation and Government

1. State and nation
2. State and government
3. Nation states
Globalization- a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing
multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information.

Dimensions of Globalization and its Effects

1. Political globalization
2. Economic globalization
3. Cultural globalization

Module 5
Pre-colonial times
Balangay or Barangay- refers to the boats used by seafarers
-composed of 100 families
-led by a datu who exercises executive, legislative and judicial functions
-groups of barangay formed rajanates led by a raja

The Sultanates
-first introduced by Sayyid Abu Bakr in sulu on 1450s. Shariff Kabunsuan in
Maguindanao on 1520s
-a sultan serves as its highest leader.

Spanish Colonization
-Started 1565 because of counquest of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
-Governador General as head
-Concejo de Indias Created laws
-Royal Audiencia practices judicial function
-Pueblo are large town consist of Barangay.
-Pueblo is led by Gobernadorcillo.
-Barangays are led by Cabeza de Barangay
-Pueblo can create an Alcadia that is led byan Alcalde Mayor

WHAT TO BE REMEMBERED?
-THE 3Gs (Gold, God, and Glory)
-Former members of Nobilities (Family of Datu, Maharlika) became members of
Principalia and Encomienderos
-The imposition of polo y servicio
-The Galleon Trade
-Governor Generals Carlos Maria Dela Torre and Rafael de Izquerdo

REVOLTS AND REFORM MOVEMENTS

-The Dagohoy Revolt
-The Silang Revolt
-The Period of Enlightenment
-The Propaganda Movement
-Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang
-Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.

Propaganda Movement (1872-1892)

-Newspaper called La Solidaridad was launched 1889 with Jaena as Editor and Chief
that is later on replaced by Del Pilar. It expressed their aims on it
-Led by MH. DEL PILAR, JOSE RIZAL, GL. LUNA and MARIANO PONCE
Major Goals:
-Equality between Filipinos and Spaniards
-The Philippines to be a province of Spain
-Representative in the Spanish Cortes
-Secularization of the church
-Fight for the rights of the Filipinos

Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

-Formed on July 7, 1892 in Calle Azcarraga.

-Founded by Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, and Deodato Arellano
-Main aim is to fight for the freedom
-Started war on Aug. 23, 1896 w/ the Cry of Balintawak
 KATIPUNAN

-Formed By Bonifacio On Aug. 1892

-Deodato Arellano was First President
-Bonifacio took over In 1895
-He eventually lost to Aguinaldo during Tejeros
-Convention on March 22, 1897.
-Bonifacio was then charged with treason and sentenced to death.

FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

 CREATED UNDER THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION.

 ESTABLISHED ON JANUARY 23, 1899.
 AGUINALDO IS ITS FIRST AND ONLY PRESIDENT.
 WAS NOT RECOGNIZED BY THE FAMILY OF NATIONS
 ENDED IN 1901 BY VIRTUE OF THE LOST IN THE PHILIPPINEAMERICAN
WAR
 ENDED WITH AGUINALDO PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO THE
USA.
 UNDER THE AMERICANS

 The Philippines was handed over to the Americans through the Treaty of Paris in
December 10, 1898.
 They conquered through the idea of BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION.
 At the height of the Philippine-American War (1898-1901), a Military government
was established.
 Its governors were Wesley Merritt, Elwell Otis, and Arthur McArthur.

THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

 JAPANESE OCCUPATION

Philippines at war
 The Japanese took over the country in 1942
 They advocated the Greater East Asia Co-Prospreity Sphere.
 Japanese Occupation were brutally led by the Kempetai
 They also formed collaborations with Filipinos by creating the Presidential Executive
Commission and the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI).
 Members include Recto, Vargas, Laurel, and Aquino Sr.
3RD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
BRIDGING THE 3RD AND 4TH; THE MARCOS REGIME
 5TH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
The 1987 Constiution
Constitutional Commission (April 23, 1986)
48 people led by Cecilia Munoz-Palma
109 Pages (18 Articles, 321 Sections)
Ratified on February 2, 1987 through a Plebiscite.

THE PREAMBLE

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid

of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society and establish a Government that
shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote
the common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity the blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of
truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
 Other Constitutions

The Biak-na-Bato Constitution (1897) – for the revolutionary movement.

Malolos Constitution (1898) – for the First Republic
1935 Constitution – for the Third Republic
1943 Constitution – for the Second Republic