Handling Chemicals Safely

Bunsen Burner & Glassware

Thermometer Safety
Glass Tubing Safety.
Centrifuge Safety.
Dressing For Safety.
Behavior in Lab.
Emergency Equipment.

Questions:
1. What is the rule in diluting acids? What is the basis of this rule?
When diluting acids, the guideline is to pour the water into a beaker first, then gently pour
the acid down a stirring rod into the water (when mixing them), not the other way around.
The basis for this rule is that if you pour the water in a beaker that has acids in it, the acids
would boil and may even spill out of the beaker. This is because heat is created when the two
are combined, causing it to boil. So, you must always Add the acid to the water
2. What are volatile chemicals? How do you handle volatile chemicals in the lab?
Volatile chemicals are chemicals that are give of vapors which can cause can irritation to the
eyes, nose and even throat, while also can cause difficulty breathing and nausea. To handle
volatile chemicals in the lab, one must be carefully and preform the experiment when dealing
with volatile chemicals in a fume hood which is an enclosure in which gases or vapors and fumes
are contained.

3. What is the correct way to light a Bunsen burner using a match?

The correct way of lighting a Bunsen burner is to first check whether the gas hose has any cracks
or holes should there be any get a new hose, next would be to make sure that the hose fits
securely on the gas valve and the Bunsen Burner, then after which stand back away from the
burner then with lighting it, strike the matches away from you and only turn on the gas after
lighting the match so, that gas won’t escape while striking the match, after which light the gas
from the side of the burner so that the match isn’t blown out.

4. Why do you need to balance the centrifuge?

Balancing a centrifuge is important since, Centrifuge spin extremely at high speeds to separate
the material in the test tubes. And should a centrifuge test tubes inside the centrifuge aren’t
evenly distributed the centrifuge would be unbalance resulting in it vibrating since the inside is
uneven which can result of it moving around and it may even fall off the bench top or damage
the instrument. So, it is important to keep the centrifuge balanced inside by placing a test tube
with an equal amount of water opposite to the test tube being used if you are using only one test
tube.

5. Why you should not wear contact lenses when performing chemistry experiments?
Wearing contact lenses in a lab can be a hazard since, wearing one may trap chemical vapors
against once eyes, if that does happen your eyelids may go into spasms that makes it impossible
to remove the lenses and wash out the chemicals, which can cause eye damage. Since some
vapors can be absorb by some lens which may cause irritation or even injury. Which is why
wearing contact lenses are advice to be removed to prevent such events. And why we have to
wear goggles.

6. In case chemicals was splattered on your eyes, how long should you use the eye shower?
In case an accident happened where a chemical was hit your eyes, you have to wash them
immediately in an eye wash fountain, they must wash there eyes thoroughly for at least 15 mins
however should they be wearing any contact lenses they have to remove the contact lenses as
soon as possible after giving your eyes a good rinsing, after which they should see a doctor
immediately to have a check up on whether their eyes were damage or not. Since chemical spills
and splashes are common lab accidents we should be carefully and prepared in case an accident
does happen.
7. What is the correct way of extinguishing fire on clothes
In case someone clothes catch on fire there are a couple of ways you can put out the fire. First, to
put out the fire by going to the safety shower however should there not be a safety shower or its
not close by you can do the “Stop, Drop, and Roll” this is where the victim stop immediately,
then drops to the ground, and cover their face with once hands. And roll then wait till the fire is
put out and a fire blanket put on the place of the fire and wait for it to extinguish after which
when the fire is put out they should get medical attention immediately.

Safety proceeds:

Handling Chemicals Safely:

 Handling Chemicals safely mean following rules design for them from contacting your
skin or eyes or someone else
 Important safety rule is to always use small containers that you can use easily. (Ignoring
this rule can cause accidents and if you have any accidents always inform you teacher)
pouring from small containers is far safer.

 Accidents can also happen when mixing chemicals

 To be safe only mix chemicals if your teachers says so/too
 Always read the instruction for the experiment all the way through first before doing
anything.
 Read and re-read the labels of the chemicals before use to know if you are using the right
chemicals (note the concentration and the hazard warning)
 Accidents can happen when the wrong chemicals are mixed together or the right
chemicals are used in the wrong way (make sure to follow the instruction exactly)
 Example you have to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid with water
 Theirs an important rule for diluting concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid that
should always be followed: “Add the acid to the water, Never the reverse/other way
around.” (AA: Add, Acid). If you don’t follow this rule the “The acid boils and it can
splash out of the beaker”
 When acid and water are mixed correctly theirs less danger: Acid is poured in a
graduated cylinder or beaker, down a stirring rod into the water
 Whenever you work with chemicals theirs a chance of spill, a work tray under your set-
up
 Always move carefully when handling chemicals keep coin top-stoppers between your
fingers, not on the bench where they can pick up contaminants, hold bottles with your
hands over the label replace the stoppers immediately, covering the label set the bottle
away when finish so it wont get knock to the floor
 When handling chemicals always keep them away from your face never taste anything to
see what it is, and don’t touch it or smell it directly from the bottle (small amount of
some chemicals even vapors can harm your eyes, mouth and nasals membrane ) theres a
safe way of smelling a chemical safely: hold it away from your face and wharf the vapor
to your nose that way you wont get a strong whiff of them
 Certain chemicals give off vapors they’re called Volatite chemicals, you should work
with certain chemicals under a fume hood
 Chemicals should be kept pure and uncontaminated one way to prevent contamination is
to use only clean glassware another way is to pour out of a reagent bottle never pour
anything back in even excess chemicals you haven’t used its better to waste the excess
than to risk contaminating the entire bottle with particles from around the lab after
measuring out a reagent youll often have something left over instead of pouring it back in
the reagent bottle dispose of it in the proper waste container.
 When drawing out chemicals with a pipette don’t use your mouth use bulb or pipettor
you can collect the exact amount you need and never have to come in contact with it.
 Should you spill something in the laboratory you should always report spills immediately
stay away from the spilled chemicals and let your teacher clean it up. To keep a large
 spill from spreading its barricaded with an absorbent material such as kitty litter, its then
either mopped up or covered over completely with the absorbent then can be swept up
with a broom.
 What’s done with the residue depends on the type of chemicals it contains your lab
should have a container for each type of waste, don’t throw waste chemicals down the
sink unless your teacher says it’s alright.
 Waste paper that not contaminated by chemicals goes in a conventional trash can, and
broken glassware goes into a separate container
 The last chemical handling safety rile to keep in mind is to clean up when finished
 Glassware should be thoroughly scrubbed and rinsed so its as clean as possible for the
next experiment
 Liquid puddles or powders left behind on the lab can get on the next persons clothing or
skin wipe them up thoroughly and throw the paper towels away in the proper container
 And clean chemicals off your hands before leaving there may be invisible residues that
can damage your skin or contaminate your food

Handling Chemicals Safely:

 Work with small containers
 Mix chemicals only when told to (by the teacher)
 Read and re-read Chemical labels
 Read instruction all the way through first
 Use a work tray
 Move carefully and deliberately
 Add acid to water (Concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid to water)
 Hold the coin-top stoppers while pouring
 Hold your hands over the label
 Replace stoppers immediately
 Keep chemicals away from your face
 Work with harmful volatiles under a hood (Certain chemicals give off vapors
they’re called Volatite chemicals)
 Keep chemicals pure and uncontaminated
 Use a pipette filler never your mouth (draw out chemicals)
 Notify your teachers to clean up spills
 Put waste in proper container
 Clean up when finished

Bunsen Burner & Glassware

 Main heat source in most chemistry labs is the Bunsen burner it produces an open gas
flame burning at high temp. (danger of an accidents: burns if not use properly)
 Should never be used to heat volatile organic liquids that give off flammable vapors.
  These substances should be heated in a heating mantle or steam bath in a hood.
 Types of Bunsen Burners but have the same basic parts: The gas comes from an outlet on
the lab
Bench a rubber hose over the tip and over a similar fitting on the Bunsen burner, most
burners have a valve at the bottom to control the flow of gas air inlets control the amount
of oxygen in the flame and a wing top can be placed on the burner to spread the flame out
 Important rules when using a Bunsen burner safety:
 first check the gas hose for cracks if you see any get a new hose.
 Make sure the hose fits securely on the gas valve at the bottom of the burner should be
open
 You can light a Bunsen burner with a striker or a match
 Open the gas line valve and light the burner
 If the flame is properly adjusted you can place the burner under your setup
 Turn on the gas on after the match is lit that way gas wont escape while youre striking the
match, light the gas from the side so the match isn’t blown out
 A yellow flame is too cool opening the air holes lets in more oxygen for combustion
adjust the bottom valve if the flame is too large or small the flame should be blue with a
lighter inner cone the tip of the inner cone is the hottest part of the flame
 If the flame begins to sputter or flare tun the gas off immediately
 Also turn the gas off immediately if the flame goes out (unburned gas escaping into the
room could ignite and cause an explosion)
 Even when the burner seems to be working properly if you smell gas turn it off
 Cracks or start and glassware are dangerous they break open when heated. (so before you
heat glassware check it carefully for cracks or stars)
 Flat bottomed containers are normally heated on a wire screen on a ring stands
 Erlenmeyer flasks and other narrow necked containers should be secured to the stand
with a clamp
 Test tubes can be heated in a water bath the water bath transfers heat slowly and evenly
to the test tube and helps keeps it from boiling over.
 Also can heat test tubes directly in the flame hold it at an angle while moving it back and
forth to distribute the heat evenly ( aim it away from yourself and your neighbors in care
it boils over)
 Only heat containers with openings a boiling liquid changes to gas must be able to
escape, gas cant escape form a closed container and pressure that builds up can burst it
 Be extra careful when working with heated equipment hold hot glassware in beaker tongs
never your hands
 Remember that the wire screen and rings stand are also hot
 If you don’t have tongs protect your hands with gloves designed for hot glassware

Bunsen Burner & Glassware

  Heat volatiles in a heating mantle or steam bath in a hood (not in a Bunsen
burner)
 Check the gas hose for cracks
 Make sure the hose fits securely on the gas valve and Bunsen burner
 Stand back from the burner with lighting it
 Strike matches away from you
 Turn on gas after lighting the match
 Turn gas off if flame sputters, flares, goes out or if you smell gas
 Check glassware for stars and cracks
 Clamp narrow-necked containers (to the ring stand)
 Move test tubes back and forth at an angle (while heating)
 Don’t heat closed containers
 Hold hot glassware in beaker tongs or hot mitts
Thermometer Safety
 Thermometers are one of the most important tools in the lab
 Easy to use, but since they are made of glass they have to be handled properly
 One common misconception is the lab thermometers needs to be shaken down
(unnecessary and can be dangerous)
 Temp of oxidation in a Bunsen burner flame is around 600 Celsius that high temp will
vaporaze the liquid inside which will result in the glass breaking
 Most experiments are conducted at temp from 120 degrees Celsius to -20 degree
 In that range either a mercury thermometer or an alcohol thermometer is suitable
 Which type you use always treat it carefully when finish with it lay it down in a bench on
a wire screen or towel so it can’t roll off
 When a thermometer breaks any glass or any liquid that spills out must be cleaned up and
disposed of properly (job of the teacher)
 Cleaning up a broken mercury thermometer is more difficult and also a job for your
teacher since mercury is poisonous and it wont soak into a paper towel and mercury
vapors can also escape into the air
 Mercury cleanup kit or sponge

Thermometer Safety
 Don’t shake the Thermometers
 Use thermometers in suitable temperature range
 Lay thermometers down on a towel or wire screen away from edge
 Let your teacher clean up broken thermometers
Glass Tubing Safety.
 Most common lab injuries are cuts from broken glass especially glass tubing a typical
accident comes form using too much force to push a tube through the hole in the stopper
one
  One way to avoid this kind of accidents is to use an inserter
 First dip the Teflon tip in glass lubricant such as glycerin
 Then push it through the stopper then remove the tip and slide the tubing through the
hollow inserter shaft removing the shaft leaves the tubing behind make sure to wash the
lubricant off the tubing and stopper before using them and replace the Teflon tip so it
doesn’t get lost
 To remove the tubing take out the tip and lubricate the end of the hollow shaft
 Then push it through the stopper hole around the tubing then slide the tubing out through
the shaft and remove the inserter
 Remember to wash the lubricant off before returning the stopper and tubing to the storage
and don’t forget to replace the tip
 If you don’t have an inserter lubricate the tubing instead and protect your hands with
leather gloves push the tubing gently through rotate if there’s any resistance use the same
carer when removing it
 And don’t forget to wash of the lubricant
Glass Tubing Safety
 Use an inserter (to place glass tubing and a stopper or remove)
 Lubricate the tubing and wear leather gloves

Centrifuge Safety.
 A centrifuge spins mixtures around in test tubes to separate solids from liquids the solids
move towards the bottom of the tubes and the liquids stay in top
 When the test tubes inside aren’t evenly distributed the centrifuge is unbalanced
 It vibrates like a washing machine with an unbalanced load if the vibration is bad enough
it can fall off the bench top
 To prevent vibration a centrifuge must be balance
 If your only centrifuging one test tube place another one opposite it with an equal amount
of water
 Once it is balanced you turn it on and when its finish turn it off and wait till it stops
spinning on its own never try to stop a centrifuge with your hand

Centrifuge Safety.
 Place equalize test tubes for balance
 Don’t try to stop it from spinning with your hand

Dressing For Safety.

 A safe lab session starts with proper clothes you must wear clothing and
equipment that will protect you from chemicals and flames and at the same time
stay out of your way
 Example sleeves that are too loose can drag through a chemical puddle or knock
things over
 The wrong material is also dangerous as fuzzy sweaters or filmy fabrics can easily
catch on fire
 Synthetics such as polyester melt when burn and stick to the skin
 The right kind of clothing includes sleeves and shirts that fit fairly close but aren’t
too tight to restrict movement and fabrics made of sturdy cotton or wool that wont
melt and stick to your skin
 A lab apron keeps most splashes off your clothes but you should still wear older
clothes underneath in case any chemicals get pas t the apron
 Legs are vulnerable to chemical splashes and broken glass
 So long pants or a long skirt should be worn to protect them
 Open shoes can’t protect your feet from spills, closed leather shoes are much
better and shoes made of cloth woven material can absorb spills and hold harmful
chemicals against your skins
 Other precautions like tie up loose long hair (it could knock something over or
catch fire)
 Remove rings and watches they can trap corrosive chemicals against your skin
and the chemicals can damage your jewelry
 Don’t wear contact lenses in lab they may trap chemical vapors against your eyes
 If that happens your eyelids may go into spasms that make it impossible to
remove the lenses and wash out the chemicals
 Always wear goggles with side shields to completely protect your eyes even when
your wearing your glasses
 And protect your hands never use bare hands with concentrated acids, bases, or
other reactive chemicals such as concentrated hydrogen peroxide

Dressing for Safety.

 Don’t wear extremely loose clothing
 Wear sturdy natural fabrics
 Wear older clothes and a lab apron
 Wear long pants or long skirt
 Wear closed leather shoes
 Tie up long hair
 Remove rings and watches
 Take out contact lenses
 Cover eyes with googles with side shields
 Protect your hand with the right kind of gloves
Behavior in Lab.
 A chemistry lab full of beakers and bottles holding chemicals
 Fooling around can have disastrous consequences you could scar yourself or others for
life even cause blindness
 The most important rule of all in a lab “No, fooling around”
 Don’t run, push or wrestle or even move fast even if you’re not fooling around
 Accidents can happen personal belongings in the middle of aisles can trip someone
 Even a job as simple as reading a burette can lead to an accidents for greatest accuracy
your eyes should be on the same level as the number your reading if your cant rea
aburette accurately lower it down to eye level if you can do that stand on a step stool
 There are behavioral rules to protect you against less obvious hazards too
 Applying makeup but chemical vapors and spills in the lab can contaminate it
 Of if you apply it to your face you put on the chemical too so keep makeup outside the
lab
 Eating and drinking in the lab can cause similar problems chemicals can contaminate
your food or splash into a drink get rid of them before entering the chem lab
Behavior in Lab.
 Don’t fool around
 Keep aisles clear
 Stand on a step stool when you have to reach
 Keep makeup in your purse
 Keep food and drinks outside the lab

Emergency Equipment.
 In spite of safety precautions people get careless and accidents happen
 That’s why a well-equipped chem lab jas emergency equipment
 If you’ve cut yourself wash the wound to remove any chemical traces make sure
there are no pieces of glass in the cut
 Dry your skin carefully so a bandage will stick
 Notify your teacher whenever you have an accident and make sure to get
immediate medical attention after any injury in the lab
 Chemical spills and splashes are also common lab accidents
 If a chemical hit your eyes wash them immediately in an eye wash fountain
 Hold your eyes open and roll them around so the water can wash them thoroughly
you shouldn’t be wearing contacts but if you are get them out as soon as you’ve
given your eyes a good initial rinsing continue washing for at least 15 mins then
see a doctor immediately to check your eyes for damage
  Non corrosive chemical splashes on bare skin should be rinsed off in the lab sink
with plenty of water
 Spills of corrosive materials require a lot more water don’t wait till you feel pain
from the chemical head for the safety shower immediately rinse your body
thoroughly as fast as possible take off all your clothes
 Stay under the shower for at least 15 mins
 Fires are always a potential hazard in chem lab especially when organic liquids
are involved small fires in containers can often be put out by covering them
 Then turn off the burner so the fire wont reignite
 Larger fires require a fire extinguisher (by teacher)
 If the fire is too large to control clear out of the building call the fire department
when you’re safely outside and tell them what chemicals are involved
 Clothing fires can be put out in a couple of ways as best way is In the safety
shower and if the showers not close by the rules is stop, drop, and roll the victims
wait on the fire put some of it out and a fire blanket gets the rest flames should be
kept away from the victims face anyone who’s been burned must get medical
attention immediately
Emergency Equipment.
 Clean and dry cut
 Rinse eyes in the eye wash fountain
 Rinse hands and arms in sink
 Remove clothes and rinse large spills in safety shower
 Cover small fires (extinguish small fires in containers)
 Let teacher handle larger fires (extinguisher)
 Put out clothing fires in safety shower
 (if there’s no other way to put out a clothing fire) use fire blankets carefully to
keep flames away from face and neck
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9o77QEeM-68

Introduction to Glassware and Apparatus

 Glassware are generally separated into two types
 “To contain”
Used to contain a certain amount of volume, it is designed to contain liquid but when
transferring liquids it delivers less than the indicated volume due to the liquids clinging to
the sides
- Volumetric Flask: Contain a precise volume at a particular temp and can be found in
different volumes and sizes, solutions are made up until the graduation line which
indicates the desired volume the Volumetric Flask is used to dilute samples precisely
and for the preparation of standard solutions a
 - Beaker: has a cylindrical shape with a flat bottom and is available in a wide range of
sizes a beaker is used for stirring, mixing or heating liquids, and not used for
volumetric measurements (for precise measurements)
- Conical Flask: it possesses a flat base conical body and a cylindrical neck, a conical
flask is found in different volumes, this is also not for accurate volumetric
measurements but used to mix contents by swirling without the risk of spillage one
example of its use is during a titration
- Measuring Cylinder: used to measure a certain volume of liquids but is not as precise
as a pipette or burette it is found in different volumes,
- Weighing bottle: is used for the precise weighing of solids
- Test tubes: Long U-shaped glassware that is open at the top and closed at the bottom,
which are used for qualitative experiments, they are used to mix hold and heat
solutions and then observe the changes.
 “To deliver”
Used and designed to deliver a precise volume they are designed to contain a little
more solution than the indicated volume so as to deliver the precise volume stated on
the glassware this is due to some of the liquid sticking ot the sides of the glassware
- Pipette: used to measure a volume of solution with extreme precision this is done by
using a purple pipe to suck up the solution, pipette are found in different sizes this
once all the solution has been expelled you will need to continue to expel for
approximately this period of time to ensure you have delivered all of the liquid, a
single graduated ring indicates the calibrated volume for.
- Burette: volumetric burette delivers a measured volume of solution the flow of the
liquid is controlled by the stopcock valve, barrettes are available in different sizes, a
burette is usually used during a titration the volume is recorded to two decimal places
for example 25.56 milliliters

 General apparatus
- Glass Rod: used to mix chemicals and liquids and dip a paper with a solution to
determine the pH
- Pestle & Mortar: is used for grinding and crashing samples into a powder the mortar
is the bowl and pestle is the object used for grinding and crashing samples
- Evaporation dish: is used for the evaporation of a solution
- Wire gauze: are placed between the beaker and the tripod to support the beaker while
heating the solution with a Bunsen Burner
- Thermometer: measures the temp of a solution the bulb of the thermometer should be
immersed in the solution and the bulb should not touch the bottom of the beaker, if
needed the thermometer can be secured with a clamp
- Glass funnel: has a wide mouth and narrow stem a glass funnel is used when a
solution of a solid needs to be added to a flask or period without spilling
- Watch Glass: is a circular concave piece of glass it can be used to cover the mouth of
the beaker or to weigh out a solid in the absence of a weighing bottle
 - Test-tube peg: is a peg that has an extended handle it is used while heating the tube to
prevent burning oneself

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp2DI32X4wE

Common Lab Techniques

Chemistry: is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
What are the most common laboratory tools and techniques used in an introductory chemistry
course?
How are these tools and techniques used and performed effectively?

Techniques I
Measuring the mass of a substance using an Electronic Balance
(Use and operation)

Step 1: turn the balance on, or re-zeroing the balance (make sure that the balance is zero before using
it)

Step 2: place a weighing boat or plastic weighing boat on the balance (one rule never place a substance
directly on the metal) to prevent the substance coming contact with the pan

Step 3: Re-zero the balance (press the zero button the balance will automatically re-zero itself and
subtract the weight of the plastic weighing dish)

Step 4: begin adding substance into the weighing boat (when adding never use your hand but spoon or
some other apparatus )

Step 5: stop adding substance when you have reached the required amount needed (should you spill
any substance around the balance clean it up)
Technique 2

Measuring specific volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder

Important point: lots of glassware can measure volume… graduated cylinders do it better than beakers
and flasks

Step 1: Using a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder, measure exactly 95.0 milliliters of di-water

Step 2: use the Di-water wash bottle to “top off” the level of water in the graduated cylinder to 95.0 ml

(remember to carefully read the volume on the graduated cylinder at eye level and remember to
measure from the bottom of the meniscus formed by the surface of the water not the top)

At this point you should have 0.50 grams of salt and sand in beaker and 95.0ml of water measured (they
should be in a 250 milliliter beaker at this point you should be ready to combine those substances)

Step 3: Combine the water with the salt and sand… swirl until the salt dissolves (by combining the water
with the salt and sand you’ve created a mixture swirling will allow the salt to dissolve and the sand will
settle to the bottom of the beaker)

Technique 3

Measuring temp using a thermometer

Step 1: Submerge a thermometer into the mixture of salt, sand, and water as far as possible without
touching the beaker (in order to obtain the most accurate temp reading possible thermometer must be
submerged as far as possible without touching the bottom or the walls of the container)

For quick measurements you can hold the thermometer by hand... or use a stand and clamp (but for
longer periods of time you can use the stand with a clamp)

Never allow a thermometer to rest in a beaker unsupported it can tip over (for if you bump into it it will
easily tip over after using it a thermometer make sure to set it down flat on the countertop when done
using)

Step 2: read the thermometer to the correct level of precision… in this case 20.0 Celsius (remember that
when using any instrument with a printed scale you must round to the nearest tenth) (remember to
record your findings)

Technique 4

Separation of a mixture using filtration

Step 1: set up equipment as shown… a funnel supported by a ring and triangle with a clean empty flask
beneath ()
Step 2: obtain a piece of filter paper (use a filter paper to separate the sand from salt water)

Step 3: Fold the filter paper so it fits into the funnel… first in half (fold the filter paper in half then in half
again)

Then Finally grad three of the four layers of the fold and pull them to one side forming a cone

Step 4: place the paper cone into the funnel (then you can begin the process of filtration)

Step 5: prepare to decant the liquid into the funnel using a glass rod (to more carefully pour the salt
water into the funnel containing the filter paper were going to use a technique that called decanting
hold a glass rod against the top of beaker, the rod will serve as conduit for the flow of water so can aim
that flow of water directly where I want too)

Step 6: Decanting is a technique that allows you to control exactly where the water pours into the funnel
(this will keep me from spilling salt water in the lab table)

Step 7: To get all of the sand into the filter paper you may need to rinse the beaker with the di-water
wash bottle (collect all the sand in the filter paper and the salt water in the beaker)

Technique 5

Lighting and adjusting a Bunsen Burner

Step 1 : gather the appropriate tools… including goggles, Bunsen burner, and striker (remove any
combustible materials, any long sleeves or loose clothing should be rolled up or secured)

Before lighting the burner, you should put on an apron and safety goggles

Step 2: turn the gas valve on the bottom of the burner off (clockwise) (before hooking the burner up to
the gas jet at your table please be sure to turn this valve off until its tight)

Step 3 : turn the combustion column down (clockwise) (should also adjust the combustion column
downward by turning it, this will prevent there from being too much oxygen mixing with the gas )

Step 4: hook up the burner to the gas at your lab table (valve is off) (please be sure that they are
connection of the rubber tube to the outlet of the gas jet is tight)

Step 5: turn on the gas at the table (valve is in on position) ()

Step 6: open the gas valve on the bottom of the Bunsen burner and use a striker to light the gas ()

Step 7: turn the combustion column counterclockwise to increase the amount of oxygen… flame gets
blue and hot (the inner cone is the hottest most part of the Bunsen burner flame)

If time allows you can evaporate the water to separate it from the salt

Safety Data Sheets - GHS -Top Ten Things to Know - Hazcom Safety for Work & Home
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) = 16 sections
Formerly known as material safety data sheets (MSDS)

Section 1 – Identification (manufacturer or distributors name, address, and phone number in front of
section 1 along with 24/7 emergency phone)

Section 2 – Hazard(s) Identification (include all hazards regarding the chemical)

Section 4 - first air measures (signs and symptoms of exposure to the chemicals )

Section 6 – accidental release measures

Section 7 – handling & storage (provides information about where to store this)

Section 8 – exposure controls/personal protection (this tells us what we need to do to engineer a safe
environment when using)

Section 9 - physical & chemical properties (lists the chemical characteristics we should know)

Section 10 -stability & reactivity (outlines these cautions along with any known hazardous reactions)

Section 11 – toxicological information (could repeated exposure cause allergic reaction, any short or
long-term health effects to exposure)