Chapter 14 :PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

NUTRITION PRIOR TO PREGNANCY

 Achieve and maintain healthy body weight

 Choose an adequate balance diet
 Be physically active
 Receive regular medical care
 Manage chronic conditions(e.g..diabetes, HIV)
 Avoid harmful influences ( cigarettes, alcohol, drugs)

Growth and development during pregnancy

 Placental development
o Develops in the uterus
o Form 2 associated structure ( amniotic sac, umbilical cord)
o Placenta uses energy and nutrients to support its work
o Produce hormones that maintain pregnancy and prepare the mothers breast for
making milk
 Fetal growth and development
o The zygote
o The embryo
o The fetus
 Critical periods
o Times of intense development and rapid cell and division are called critical periods
o Neural tube development
 Beginning structure of the brain and spinal cord
 Any failure will lead to dysfunction
 Neural tube defect
 A personal or family history
 Maternal diabetes
 Maternal use of certain antiseizure
 Mutations in folate related enzymes
 Maternal obesity
 Folate supplement
o Taken one month before conception
o 0.4 miligrams of folate daily
o Prevent neural tube defect
 Chronic diseases
o Malnutrition
o Hypertension
 Fetal programming
o Genetic research can may help to explain phenomenal of substances that influencing
the development of diseases later in adulthood
o May influence succeeding generations
MATERNAL WEIGHT

Weight prior to conception

 Underweight
o High risk of low birthweight infant
o Rates of preterm births and infant death is higher
 Overweight and obesity
o High risk of medical complications(hypertension, diabetes ,infections
o Infants are more likely to be born post term and weigh more than 9 pounds
o Difficult labor and delivery, birth trauma, caesarean section
 Recommended weight gains
o Gain 25 to 35 pounds
o For underweight 28 to 40pounds
o For overweight 15 to 20 pounds
o Select food with high nutrients

Exercise during pregnancy

 Improve fitness
 Manage gestational diabetes
 Reduce stress

NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY

 Energy
 Carbohydrate
 Protein
 Essential fatty acids
 Nutrients for blood production and cell growth (zinc, iron, vitamin b12, folate)
 Nutrients for bone development ( vitamin d, calcium)
 Nutrients supplement

COMMON NUTRITION RELATED CONCERNS OF PREGNANCY

 Nausea
 Constipation and haemorrhoids
 Heartburn
 Food cravings and aversion
 Non-food craving

MALNUTRITION AND PREGNANCY

 Fertility
 Early pregnancy
 Fetal development
MATERNAL HEALTH

 Preexisting diabetes
 Gestational diabetes(glucose intolerance with onset)
 Chronic hypertension
 Gestational hypertension
 Preeclampsia( a condition characterized by hypertension and protein in the urine)

PRACTICES INCOMPATIBLE WITH PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

 Alcohol
 Medicinal drugs
 Herbal supplements
 Illicit drugs
 Smoking
 Environmental contaminant
 Foodborne illness
 Vitamin or mineral overdoses
 Caffeine
 Weight loss dieting
 Sugar substitutes

Nutrition during lactation

 Energy intake and exercise

 Energy nutrients
 Vitamins and minerals
 Water
 Nutrients supplement
 Food assistance program
Chapter 16 :NUTRITION DURING INFANCY

 Energy intake and activity

 Energy nutrients
 Vitamins and minerals
 Water

Breast milk

 Frequency and duration of breastfeeding

 Energy nutrients
 Vitamins
 Minerals
 Supplements
 Immunological protection
 Allergy and disease protection

Nutrition during childhood

 Carbohydrate and fiber

 Fat and fatty acids
 Protein
 Vitamins and minerals
 Supplements

The malnutrition lead connection

 Hyperactivity
 Misbehaving

Food allergy intolerance

 Detecting food allergies and symptoms

 Anaphylactic shock
 Food labelling

Childhood obesity

 Genetic environmental factors

 growth
 physical health
 Psychological development
 Diet
 Physical activity
Adolescence energy and nutrient needs

 Energy intake and activity

 Vitamins
 Iron
 Calcium

Food choices and health habits

 Snacks (combination of food from different groups to create healthy snacks)

 Beverages
 Eating away from home
 Peer influences
 Drug abuse
 Alcohol abuse
 Smoking
 Smokeless tobacco
Chapter 17 : ADULTHOOD AND LATER YEARS

Nutrition and longevity

 Healthy habits
o Eating well balanced diet
o Engaging physical activity
o Not using alcohol
o Maintaining healthy body weight
o Sleeping adequately
 The aging process
o Changes
 Body weight
 Body composition
 Immunity and inflammation
 Tooth loss
 Sensory losses
 Physical problem
 Nutrients needed
o Protein
o Carbohydrate and fiber
o Fat
o Vitamin b12
o Vitamin D
o Folate
o Calcium
o Iron
o Zinc

NUTRITION RELATED CONCERN OF OLDER ADULTS

 VISION
o Cataracts
o Macular degeneration
 Arthritis
o Oseoarthritis
o Rheumatoid arthritis
o Gout
 The aging brain
o Nutrient deficiencies
o Alzheimer