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com

SHS
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Module 16

Citing Related Literature Using

Standard Style
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 16 – Citing Related Literature Using Standard Style

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Anabelle B. Broso

Editor: Aladino B. Bonavente
Illustrator: Jason C. Borabo
Layout Artist: Atty. Catherine B. Panti
Reviewers: Lany M. Abainza and MASBATE PROVINCE DIVISION
(headed by Helen V. Titong)
www.shsph.blogspot.com
MODULE 16
Citing Related Literature Using Standard Style

Hello there budding researchers! Welcome to your next research

journey.

Research makes use of previous information and data from

statements of experts which are expressed in various sources most
common of which are books, journals and computer databases.

This lesson presents the varied sources that can be used for doing a
literature review and how they are cited in the text and reference list.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the study, you should be able to:

1. identify different ways of citing literature;
2. differentiate the different citation standard styles; and
3. cite related literature using standard styles.

Direction: Locate the words or acronyms from the box and write them on your notebook.

A P A S M H

B X C M L A

O S H L E R

N V I I B V

E I C F O A

W D A I O R

S E G K K D

B O O K S H

B S B I B V

A Z E L G A

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APA MLA CHICAGO NEWS
VIDEO FILM BOOKS E-BOOKS

Direction: Define the following terminologies. Write your answers on your

notebook.
1. APA
___________________________________________________
2. MLA
___________________________________________________
3. WWW
____________________________________________________
4. Books
___________________________________________________
5. Film
___________________________________________________
6. News
____________________________________________________
7. E - Books
___________________________________________________
8. Citation
____________________________________________________
9. Journals
____________________________________________________
10. Magazines
_____________________________________________________

Excellent! You can use those vocabulary words throughout

the discussions.

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Direction: Complete the table below by distinguishing the different citations - given in
the box, whether APA style or MLA style or CHICAGO/TURABIAN style. Write your
answer on your notebook.

APA Style MLA Style CHICAGO/TURABIAN Style

(Ramos, 2015)
(Rodriguez 2015)
(Bautista 183)
Ramos (2015)
(Fores et. Al 150 – 158)
(Ramos and Bautista 2000)

How did you fare in the activity? Did you score 5-6?
Congratulations you are almost a master! But if you scored 4
and below, don’t worry, I will guide youAll you have to do is go
along this module and practice all the activities. Also, don’t
forget to give it your best. Let’s go!

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Research makes use of previous information and data from statements of experts
which are expressed in various sources most common of which are books, journals and
computer databases. These data are utilized both for qualitative and quantitative
researches. For qualitative research, previous studies do not only serve as a basis for
the current study but more significantly, information culled from the said sources can
support in the process of interpretation and analysis of data. It is necessary that proper
citations are followed. Without library resources, researchers will find great difficulty in
doing a study.

What am I Citing?

• A collection of books that provides information

about a certaion topic.

• A popular work published periodically (weekly,

monthly, etc) focusing on aspecific subject of
interest.

• A periodical publication containing news, events,

interview and opinion article.

• A collection of electronic materials that

provides information about a certain

• A scholarly work published periodically

containing highly classified research.

• A motion picture or movie . Can be ficitional,

documentary or even YOUTUBE videos.

Source: www.citation machine.net/apa/cite-a book

These are the different sources of information that you can use for your literature
review. An alphabetical list of the references you cite in the text of your report should be

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provided. This section explains how to appropriate format for the different types of
sources in your reference section. ( Dempster and Hanna, 2016)

The reference in your text and your reference section must match perfectly, as well as
the citations. Check On the style used to ensure that each reference is formatted
correctly.

REFERENCING STYLES

Here are the styles for indicating your sources both in the body of the report or in the
reference section at the of your research paper.

• APA (American Psychological Association) is an author /date based style.

This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date a piece of work to
uniquely identify it.
• MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often applied in the arts and
humanities, particularly in the USA.
• HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is the most well used referencing style in the
UK and Australia, and it is encouraged for use with the humanities.
• CHICAGO AND TURABIAN are two separate styles but very similar. They are
widely used for economics and history.

Though there are choices from different referencing styles, you should use the
particular style your school recommends. Avoid mixing or combining referencing styles
(www.citethisform.com/guides)

Ways of Citing Related Literature

1. By author or writer
EXAMPLE: According to Felipe (2015)………………………..

2. By Topic
EXAMPLE: It has been found out that………………………..(Felipe 2015)
3. By Chronology- according to the year, the literatures were written, usually from
earliest to the latest.

Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles or conclusions in related materials
relevant to the problem should be cited. A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so
perfectly stated and is not too long.

Example: According to Felipe, “pregnancy is a condition where woman should take extra care of
themselves, there is also a need to consult with a doctor to check if everything, if both the
mother and the baby are doing fine” ( Felipe, 2015)

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Samples of Citations

Book (p. 799)

General Format
Full Note:
1. Author First Name Surname, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year), page #.
Shortened Note:
2. Author Surname, Book Title, page #.
Bibliography:
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year.
Example
Full Note:
1. Salman Rushdie, The Ground beneath Her Feet (New York: Henry Holt, 1999),
25.
Shortened Note:
2. Rushdie, The Ground beneath, 28.
Bibliography:
Rushdie, Salman. The Ground beneath Her Feet. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.

E-Book (p. 824-8)

General Format
Full Note:
1. Author First Name Surname, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year), Format, page #. Tip: page numbers may vary based on the e-
book viewer used. In these cases it is preferred to use chapter or paragraph
numbers if they are provided (eg. chap. 2 or para. 11)
Shortened Note:
2. Author Surname, Book Title, page #.
Bibliography:
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year. Format.
Example 1
Full Note:
1. William Rayner, Canada on the Doorstep: 1939 (Toronto: Dundurn, 2011),
Ebrary e-book, 93.
Shortened Note:
2. Rayner, Canada on the Doorstep, 93

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Bibliography:
Rayner, William. Canada on the Doorstep: 1939. Toronto: Dundurn, 2011. Ebrary
e-book.
Example 2
Full Note:
1. Elliot Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and
Bartok (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008),
doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.
Shortened Note:
2. Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism.
Bibliography:
Antokoletz, Elliot. Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartok. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.

General Format
Full Note:
1. Author First Name Surname, "Chapter Title in Quotation Marks," in Book Title:
Subtitle, ed. Editor First Name Surname (Place of Publication: Publisher,
Year), page #.
Shortened Note:
2. Author Surname, "Chapter Title in Quotation Marks," page #.
Bibliography:
Author Surname, First Name or Initial. "Chapter Title in Quotation Marks."
In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by Editor First Name Surname, page range of
chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Example
Full Note:
1. Bob Stewart, "Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership," in Enriching Our
Lives with Animals, ed. John Jaimeson, Tony Bannerman and Selena
Wong (Toronto, ON: Petlove Press, 2007),100.
Shortened Note:

2. Stewart, "Wag of the Tail," 102.

Bibliography:
Stewart, Bob. "Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership." In Enriching Our
Lives with Animals, edited by John Jaimeson, Tony Bannerman and Selena
Wong, 97-105. Toronto, ON: Petlove Press, 2007.

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Note
1. Donald Scott, "Mormonism and the American Mainstream," National
Humanities Center, last modified August 2004,
http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nmormon.htm.

2. Michael Geist, "The Canadian Wireless Story: Comparative Data Shows

World's Highest Carrier Revenues Per SIM," Michael Geist (blog), January 22,
2019, http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2019/01/the-canadian-wireless-story-
comparative-data-shows-worlds-highest-carrier-revenues-per-sim/.

Bibliography
Scott, Donald. "Mormonism and the American Mainstream." National Humanities
Center. Last modified August 2004.
http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nmormon.htm.

Geist, Michael. "The Canadian Wireless Story: Comparative Data Shows World's
Highest Carrier Revenues Per SIM." Michael Geist (blog). January 22, 2019.
http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2019/01/the-canadian-wireless-story-comparative-
data-shows-worlds-highest-carrier-revenues-per-sim/.

Comments

• Include the title and author/sponsor of cited websites in the body of your paper as well
as in the notes and bibliographic entries (14.206).
• Website citations should include: author, title, owner or sponsor of the site, date of
publication, modification or revision and URL (14.207).
• The title of a website is not put in quotation marks and is not italicized unless it is also
the title of a book. Titled sections or pages within a website are put in quotation marks
(14.206).
• If no publication, modification or revision date is available on the website, provide
an access date (e.g. accessed May 18, 2005) (14.207).
• A blog title needs to be italicized (e.g. Michael Geist) and the titles of blog entries put in
quotation marks. Include also the word "blog" in parentheses if not part of the blog title,
the date the blog entry was posted and a URL. Treat a blog entry in the same way you
would an article in a periodical (14.206, 14.208).
• References to website content (a webpage rather than the whole website or an entire
work) must be included in the notes but not necessarily in the bibliography (14.207).

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YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS

TASK 1

Fill out the Venn diagram below by providing the similarities and differences of the three citation
standard styles (APA Style; MLA Style; Chicago/Turabian Style).Write your answer on your
notebook.

TASK 2

Assume that you are going to do a research study on “Factors Affecting Students’
Performance in Practical Research 1”. Select at least 5 reference materials and provide
the correct citation for each source. Write your answer on a separate paper.

1. Book with one author

2. Magazine/journal article
3. Website/online document
4. E-book
5. Newspaper

TASK 3

Below is an excerpt from a research study entitled “School Violence: A Qualitative

Case Study” by Altuna, S. and Baker, O. (2010). Read the selection and encircle the
citations used in the text, then determine its citation standard style and the how the
literature were cited (i.e. By Author; By Topic; By Chronology). Write y our answer on a
separate paper.

School Violence: A Qualitative Case Study

By Sadegul Akbaba Altuna and Ozgur Erdur Baker 2010
Literature Review

School violence has been an international concern for more than a decade for
now. Despite the remarkable efforts of research, prevention and intervention, school
violence goes beyond school borders and becomes a larger concern that must be dealt
with not only by school and mental health professionals but also by parents, policy

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makers, professionals working in the area of media and the community at large. Turkish
school is no exception as these concerns have been substantiated by news in media
(e.g., Akbaba-Altun, Güneri, Erdur-Baker, 2006) and the scientific research reports
(Alikaúifo÷lu et. al, 2004; Eke & Ö÷el, 2006). For example a study by Alikaúifo÷lu et. al,
(2004) on the prevalence of school violence in Turkey reported that 42 percent of 1,720
inner city public high school students reported having been in a physical fight within the
last 12 months; 8 percent of female and 28 percent of male students had been in a fight
with a friend; 7.5 percent had been bullied with a weapon on school grounds; and 8
percent carried a weapon with them in schools.
Preventing school violence requires collaboration on the part of all school
personnel. The perceptions of teachers and school counsellors with regard to school
violence are perhaps the most important in terms of creating violencefree schools.
According to Fisher and Kettle (2003), teachers and school mental health professionals
have more experience and insight than anyone else in terms of what happens in school
and how school systems function within a larger schema; in spite of this their
understanding of school violence has not been studied sufficiently. Zeira, Astor, and
Benbenishty (2003) claim that a comparison of viewpoints of teachers from different
backgrounds may contribute to a deeper understanding of the issue, making this a vital
element for developing meaningful interventions.
A study by Schubarth (2000) utilized both qualitative and quantitative
methodology to examine the perspectives of teachers, school administrators, and
students on school violence. Each of the three groups in this study agreed in general
when ranking violent incidences they had observed, with the three leading types seen as
mental aggression against schoolmates, physical assaults and vandalism. However, the
study found that both student and teachers perceptions varied according to gender and
type of school (middle school, gymnasium and remedial school). Female teachers
reported more incidences of violence, especially physical violence, than male teachers.
Perceptions of the growth of violence in schools also differed between teachers and
administrators.
A qualitative study from Turkey also examined the perceptions of middle school
and high school counselors in low-income areas in Ankara, Yerin-Güneri and ÇakÕr
(2003) found that counselors defined violence mostly by physical terms (such as
shoving, punching, or kicking other students) and in terms of damage to school property.
Factors perceived to contribute violence by participants were grouped as individual (e.g.,
lack of social skills and life goals), family (e.g., violent parents, low SES, separated or
divorced parents), school (e.g., use of corporal punishment, ineffective discipline
practices), or community (e.g., exposure through media, political groups and cultures
that reinforce aggressive behavior).

LET’S SUM IT UP!

• The citation standard styles are American Psychological Association (APA), Modern
Language Association, Harvard and Chicago or Turabian.
• There are three ways of citing related literature namely: by author or writer, by topic, and
by chronology.
• Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles or conclusions in related
materials relevant to the problem should be cited.
• A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated and is not too long.

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YOUR FINAL TASK

Application:

Now focus on your research paper and related literature you selected for it. Cite them
using APA, MLA or Chicago/Turabian Style here. Your work will be evaluated using the rubric
below. Write your answers on a separate paper.

RUBRIC
15 pts. - Full Accomplishment - The literature were cited using the standard style completely,
in the proper format, and in clear and consistent manner.
10 pts. – Substantial Accomplishment – The literature were cited using the standard style in
a somewhat consistent manner.
5 pts. – Little or Partial Accomplishment – The literature were barely cited using the standard
style.

YOUR REFLECTIONS

Why do you need to know the different citation standard styles and different ways of citing
related literature review? In what way will it make you a better citizen in the society? Write your
answer on your notebook

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References:

https://rdc.libguides.com/c.php?g=372661&p=2697614

https://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/cite-write/citation-style-
guides/chicago/websites#:~:text=Website%20citations%20should%20include%3A%20a
uthor,the%20title%20of%20a%20book.

Prieto, Nelia G. Naval C. Victoria, Carey Teresita G. "Chapter 4 Learning from others
and Reviewing the Literature." Practical Research for Senior High School: Qualitative,p
87-96 110-112. Lorimar Publishing Company

Del Rosario Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, J. & Palencia, M. (2017) “ Chapter 4
Learning from others and reviewing literature.” Practical Research 1: Basics of
Qualitative Research 118 – 119. Fastbooks Ed.1

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Answer Key:

READINESS CHECK:

A P A S M H
B X C M L A
O S H L E R
N V I I B V
E I C F O A
W D A I O R
S E G K K D
B O O K S H
B S B I B V
A Z E L G A

APA MLA CHICAGO NEWS

VIDEO FILM BOOKS E-BOOKS

VOCABULARY BUILDER:

1. APA – American Psychological Association – an author – date based style

2. MLA – Modern Language Association – is most often applied in the arts and
humanities
3. WWW – worldwide web – is part of the internet where a vast reservoir of
information can be found.
4. Books – refers to written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn
together along one side and bound in covers.
5. Film – a motion picture or movie. Can be fictional, documentary or even youtube
videos.
6. News- a periodical publication containing news, events, interview and opinion
article.
7. E – Books – an electronic version of a printed book.
8. Citation – a quotation from or reference to a book, paper or author, especially in
a scholarly work.
9. Journals – a scholarly work published periodically containing highly classified
research.
10. Magazines – a popular work published periodically focusing on a specific subject
of interest.

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YOUR INITIAL TASK

APA Style MLA Style CHICAGO/TURABIAN Style

(Ramos, 2015) (Bautista 183) (Rodriguez 2015)

Ramos (2015) (Fores et. al 150 – 158) (Ramos and Bautista 2000)

YOUR DISCOVERY TASK

TASK 1

Answers may vary

TASK 2

Answers may vary

TASK 3

School Violence: A Qualitative Case Study

By Sadegul Akbaba Altuna and Ozgur Erdur Baker 2010
Literature Review

School violence has been an international concern for more than a decade for
now. Despite the remarkable efforts of research, prevention and intervention, school
violence goes beyond school borders and becomes a larger concern that must be dealt
with not only by school and mental health professionals but also by parents, policy
makers, professionals working in the area of media and the community at large. Turkish
school is no exception as these concerns have been substantiated by news in media
(e.g., Akbaba-Altun, Güneri, Erdur-Baker, 2006) and the scientific research reports
(Alikaúifo÷lu et. al, 2004; Eke & Ö÷el, 2006). For example a study by Alikaúifo÷lu et. al,
(2004) on the prevalence of school violence in Turkey reported that 42 percent of 1,720
inner city public high school students reported having been in a physical fight within the
last 12 months; 8 percent of female and 28 percent of male students had been in a fight
with a friend; 7.5 percent had been bullied with a weapon on school grounds; and 8
percent carried a weapon with them in schools.
Preventing school violence requires collaboration on the part of all school
personnel. The perceptions of teachers and school counsellors with regard to school
violence are perhaps the most important in terms of creating violence free schools.
According to Fisher and Kettle (2003), teachers and school mental health professionals
have more experience and insight than anyone else in terms of what happens in school
and how school systems function within a larger schema; in spite of this their
understanding of school violence has not been studied sufficiently. Zeira, Astor, and
Benbenishty (2003) claim that a comparison of viewpoints of teachers from different

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backgrounds may contribute to a deeper understanding of the issue, making this a vital
element for developing meaningful interventions.
A study by Schubarth (2000) utilized both qualitative and quantitative
methodology to examine the perspectives of teachers, school administrators, and
students on school violence. Each of the three groups in this study agreed in general
when ranking violent incidences they had observed, with the three leading types seen as
mental aggression against schoolmates, physical assaults and vandalism. However, the
study found that both student and teachers perceptions varied according to gender and
type of school (middle school, gymnasium and remedial school). Female teachers
reported more incidences of violence, especially physical violence, than male teachers.
Perceptions of the growth of violence in schools also differed between teachers and
administrators.
A qualitative study from Turkey also examined the perceptions of middle school
and high school counselors in low-income areas in Ankara, Yerin-Güneri and ÇakÕr
(2003) found that counselors defined violence mostly by physical terms (such as
shoving, punching, or kicking other students) and in terms of damage to school property.
Factors perceived to contribute violence by participants were grouped as individual (e.g.,
lack of social skills and life goals), family (e.g., violent parents, low SES, separated or
divorced parents), school (e.g., use of corporal punishment, ineffective discipline
practices), or community (e.g., exposure through media, political groups and cultures
that reinforce aggressive behavior).

YOUR FINAL TASK:

Responses of students are rated according to the rubric provided.

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