CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TI-10Mo-20Nb, TI-6Al-4V AND TI-Cp

ALLOYS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Patrick de Lima Vieira

Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University Center of Volta Redonda, UniFOA
Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil
http://lattes.cnpq.br/6827457061434519
Lucas de Mendonça Neuba
Post-Graduation Program in Material Science, Department of Materials, SE/8,
Military Institute of Engineering, IME
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
http://lattes.cnpq.br/8936653944979318
Raí Felipe Pereira Junio
Post-Graduation Program in Material Science, Department of Materials, SE/8,
Military Institute of Engineering, IME
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
http://lattes.cnpq.br/8990097179504095
Sergio Neves Monteiro
Post-Graduation Program in Material Science, Department of Materials, SE/8,
Military Institute of Engineering, IME
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
http://lattes.cnpq.br/2962183322412029
Abstract: One of the main biomedical material for implants, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy,
over time generates oxides of V and Al that accumulate in the body and cause
cytotoxic effects. Researches have been making an effort for developing an
alternative β metaestable Ti alloy that combines corrosion resistance,
biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. In view of this scenario, the
present work aims to characterize a Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy and compare the
results obtained with a commercial purity Ti alloy and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Ti-10Mo-
20Nb samples were subjected to heat treatment at 1000°C, after that they were
water quenched. A hot swagging process at 900°C was applied resulting on a
cross section reduction of 80%. The alloy was characterized by optical
microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers microhardness and
the linear polarization technique. For the Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy the ratio between
the hardness and the elastic modulus was of 3.22, the hardness value of 238
HV and the elastic modulus of 74 GPa. The Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy showed a
better mechanical as well as biological compatibility due to the non-cytotoxic of
its alloy elements, Mo and NB, in spite of the lower corrosion resistance value
when compared to other alloys, it is still possessing reasonable resistance to
corrosion and develops a remarkable passivation layer. As such Ti-10Mo-20Nb
is a promising alternative for biomedical applications due to its superior
mechanical properties and better biocompatibility with human bone.
Keywords: Ti-10Mo-20Nb; Linear polarization; SEM; Vickers microhardness;
biomaterial.
 1. INTRODUCTION

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used as materials for orthopedic
implants. This is due to their excellent mechanical property, satisfactory
biocompatibility, and low density compared to stainless steel alloys or Co-Cr
based alloys, both used as orthopedic biomaterials (NOURI et al., 2015; CHEN
et al., 2015; GEETHA et al., 2013). However, many Ti alloys, such as Ti-6Al-4V,
are at risk of releasing toxic ions such as aluminum (Al) and vanadium (V). The
release of these ions causes a series of cytotoxic effects over time and
promotes the appearance of diseases such as Alzheimer's and other mental
disorders (KRÖGER et al., 1998).

Therefore, an urgent demand for the development of new Ti alloys that

have non-toxic elements such as Mo, Zr, Sn, Ta and Nb (FERRANDINI et al.,
2007; GUO et al., 2014; JUNG et al., 2013). The addition of beta (β) stabilizers
can reduce the elastic modulus (E), contributing to the increase of the implant
lifetime since avoids the stress shielding phenomenon. This occurs when the
implant is on a direct contact with the bone tissue and have a higher value of E
than the bone. The difference will cause a resorption on the bone, weakening
the bone structure around the implant (JOSHI et al., 2000; SUL, 2003).

The titanium β alloys provides an excellent corrosion resistance for the

human body fluids, as well as display a low E and a higher hardness when
compared to the Ti α and Ti α + β alloys. Many authors investigated different Ti-
Mo-Nb alloys as possible orthopedic implants candidates by their good
mechanical properties and outstanding corrosion resistance in conditions that
simulate the body fluids (CHELARIU et al., 2014; XU et al., 2008, 2013).
Although Ti and Nb possess a relatively high E when compared to the bone
tissue (LEVINE et al., 2006; MATSUNO et al., 2001; RHO et al., 1993), the Nb
as an alloying element provides desirable conditions of Ti alloys having lower E
(NNAMCHI et al., 2016; ZHOU et al., 2008).

Therefore, the present study investigates the microstructure, corrosion

potential and mechanical properties of Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy and compare them
with commercially pure titanium (Ti-cp) and Ti-6Al-4V alloys. The Ti-10Mo-20Nb
ingot received heat treatment at 1000 °C for 24 hours by means of a tubular
furnace and was then quenched in water at RT. Thereafter, the ingot was
forged at 900 °C, which reduced its area to a total of 80% approximately. The
Ti-10Mo-20Nb can be a possible replacement for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, currently
one of the most employed, although releases toxic ions causing injuries to the
human health throughout life.

2. Materials and methods

Commercial purity titanium (Ti-cp), molybdenum (Mo-cp) and niobium

(Nb-cp) supplied by x fornecedor x were used to fabricate a titanium alloy. Ti-
10Mo-20Nb alloy has the composition of 70 wt.% of Ti, 10 wt.% of Mo and 20%
of Nb. This alloy was obtained by arc fusion process with a tungsten electrode
and an argon atmosphere. The alloy ingot obtained received a heat treatment at
1000 °C for 24 hours using a tubular furnace and then quenched in water at RT.
A forging process was carried out at 900 °C and generated an 80% reduction in
the cross section. In addition, two plates of Ti-6Al-4V with dimensions of 10 x 20
x 1 mm and other two plates of Ti-cp with 10 x 20 x 1 mm, were fabricated.

The linear polarization corrosion test was performed using the equipment
GALVANOSTAT AUTOLAB model PGSTAT302N. In a support container, the
sample was introduced in such a way as to leave only the area of the sample's
contact surface in contact with the fluid of the 0.9% NaCl ringer's solution in
distilled H2O, which later filled the container. The tests were carried out in a cell
with three corrosion electrodes. A platinum wire and an Ag / AgCl electrode
saturated in KCl (calomel) solution were used as counter electrode and
reference electrode, respectively. The linear polarization curves were obtained
with a potential scan rate of 0.050 V / min in the potential range of -2.0 to 2.0 V
vs Ag / AgCl at RT.

In addition, two samples of Ti-6Al-4V and two samples of Ti-cp were

embedded through the metallographic embedding EM30D in bakelite (phenolic
resin), having a diameter of 30 mm and a maximum height of 20 mm. All
samples were hot embedded in black bakelite, the heating process took
approximately 15 minutes and the cooling process 10 minutes at a pressure of
120 kg / cm2. Subsequently, the embedded samples were sanded in an Aropol
2V-PU metallographic polisher, using silicon carbide sandpaper (220 to 1500).
Then, polishing was performed with the OP-CHEM polishing cloth (Struers)
bathed in OP-S (colloidal silica) suspension.

Then, the samples undergone a chemical attack in order to reveal the

microstructure, using a Kroll solution. The samples were attacked by immersion,
for periods ranging from 30 to 120 s. After this procedure, micrographs were
obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a Hitachi model TM3000
equipment. In addition, an Opton trinocular optical microscope (OM) model
TNM-08T-PL has been used. After the preparation and metallographic analysis,
Vickers microhardness measurements were performed. A PANTEC brand,
model HR150, was used, which has a conical tip with diamond indenter, with an
angle of 136 °, the adopted load of 0.2 kgf for an indentation time of 30 s, taking
the average of 10 measurements for each sample. The elastic modulus (E) was
measured by the impulse excitation method. The sample undergoes a short-
term impact and responds with vibrations at its natural vibration frequencies
which has its values converter and correlated to the E by the software
Sonelastic 3.0 of the directional acoustic pickup model CA-DP.

3. Results and discussions

Figure 1 shows the average Vickers microhardness for the investigated

alloys. The hardness average value of the Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy was
approximately 238 ± 11.4 HV, the same procedure was adopted for the Ti-cp
and Ti-6Al-4V samples and displayed the values of 170 ± 19 HV and 340 ± 24
HV, respectively. This occurs since, the addition of the element Mo, the alloy
has a tendency to increase the value of mechanical strength (LI et al., 2020),
moreover, a higher Nb content acts by decreasing the hardness value, due to
Nb be a stabilizer of the β phase preventing the formation of other phases that
increase hardness, such as α' (hexagonal martensite), α' (orthorhombic
martensite) and ω (omega phase) (BAHL et al., 2020; COSSÚ et al., 2019).
This explains the hardness reduction behavior when compared to Ti-6Al-4V
alloy.

The average hardness values found in the tests of the Ti-10Mo-20Nb, Ti-
cp and Ti-6Al-4V materials were compared with the hardness values of different
regions of the femur bone of a 75-year-old male donor, according to a study by
Zysset and collaborators (1999). The areas were divided and named as follows:
Osteonal femoral diaphysis (OFD), Lamellar interstitial femoral diaphysis
(LIFD), Osteonal femoral neck (OFN), Lamellar interstitial femoral neck (LIFN),
Lamellar trabecular femoral neck (LTFN). In addition to these regions, a general
average was performed, being referred to as Femoral Average (FA), for Which
the corresponding value is 57.10 ± 19.6 HV.

According to Figure 1, it is evident that the Ti-6Al-4V alloy is the one with
the highest Vickers hardness and the Ti-cp alloy is closest to the bone
hardness. The hardness value of the Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy (238 ± 11.4 HV) have
been shown to be intermediate between the two alloys. Its value being 30%
lower than the Ti-6Al-4V (340 ± 24 HV) but still 4.16 times greater than that of
FA (57.10 ± 19.6 HV). This reduction in hardness tends to imply a lower
maintenance rate of the implants compared to the current most used alloy of Ti-
6Al-4V, helping to reduce the effects of stress shielding (JOSHI et al., 2000;
SUL, 2003).
 Figure 1: Vickers Hardness value of the respective materials (ZYSSET et al., 1999).

The values of the elastic modulus (E) of different regions of a human

femur from a 75-year-old male donor were also compiled (ZYSSET et al.,
1999). The values of the elastic modulus of the samples Ti-10Mo-20Nb, Ti-cp
and Ti-6Al-4V are shown in Figure 2, with corresponding average values of 74 ±
4 GPa, 113.5 ± 10.5 GPa and 112.5 ± 7.5 GPa, respectively. These values
were compared with the values of the elastic modulus of some regions of a
femoral bone, in which the average E is reported as 15.68 ± 4.4 GPa (ZYSSET
et al., 1999).
 Figure 2: Elastic modulus of the materials (ZYSSET et al., 1999).

Figure 3: Hardness ratio per elastic modulus of the materials (ZYSSET et al., 1999).

The Ti-cp and Ti-6Al-4V alloys have the highest elastic modulus, 112.5 ±
7.5 GPa and 113.5 ± 10.5 GPa respectively, Ti-10Mo-20Nb, on the other hand,
has an elastic modulus of 74 ± 4 GPa, which is closer to the value of 15.68 ±
4.4 GPa for the bones. The decay in the average value of the Ti-10Mo-20Nb
alloy is justified by the alloy elements Nb and Mo which tend to decrease the
elastic modulus as the percentage content of the two elements tend to increase
(COSSÚ et al., 2019; LI et al., 2020). It is more interesting that the required
value of the E is as close as possible to the bones as well as to the hardness, in
order to mitigate the effects of stress shielding (JOSHI et al., 2000; SUL, 2003).
The value of the elastic modulus in the Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy is approximately 4.4
times greater than the average of the bone, but still 35% less than the average
of the other two alloys. This decrease in the elastic modulus together with a
more adequate hardness, tend to cause a lower rate of maintenance of the
implants compared to the currently most used Ti-6Al-4V alloy (RACK et al.,
2006; XU et al., 2020).

The ratio of the hardness per elastic modulus is an important parameter

to evaluate the application for biocompatibility. In general, the closer the ratio
value is to that of the bone, the better are the possible implant applications. This
ratio indicates that the mechanical behavior is closer to the bones that will then
cause a reduction in the stress shielding effect (JOSHI et al., 2000; SUL, 2003).
The ratio of hardness per elastic modulus for the different areas of the femur
bone lead to a femoral average value of 3.64, according to Zysset (1999). As
shown in Figure 3, the alloy with the highest hardness / elastic modulus ratio is
the TI-10Mo-20Nb with a value of 3.22, although the Ti-6Al-4V alloy ratio of 3.02
is a very close value, only 6.62% lower. This indicates that both alloys are better
for this type of application than Ti-cp, whose ratio of hardness per modulus is
much lower (Gabriel et al., 2015). The Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy has a ratio of 3.22 of
hardness per elastic modulus, which is only 13% lower than that of 3.64 for the
femoral average. Therefore, Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy is an excellent alternative for
replacement associated with a reduced stress shielding effect. In addition, the
Ti 6Al-4V alloy has elements that are cytotoxic, causing damage to the health of
the implant user (KRÖGER et al., 1998).

From the values found in Table 1 it was evident that the Ti-6Al-4V alloy
present the best results in corrosion resistance. Even so, the difference
between the three alloys in these aspects is small. Indeed, all three alloys are
very resistant to corrosion in biological environment. Figure 4 even indicates the
formation of an oxide film of a passive layer on Ti-cp and Ti-10Mo-20Nb, the Ti-
cp layer being the most notable followed by Ti-10Mo-20Nb. This occurs due to
the addition of Nb instead of V, because it stabilizes the oxide layer, responsible
for both the corrosion resistance of the material and its passivation (KAUR et
al., 2019; ALMEIDA et al., 2014).

Table 1: Current density and corrosion potential.

Materials Ecorr. (V) Icorr. (A/cm²)

Ti – 6Al – 4V - 0.32 2.89 x 10-8
Ti-cp - 0.65 7.87 x 10-7
Ti – 10Mo – 20Nb - 0.40 7.91 x 10-6
 Figure 4: Linear polarization curve of Ti-10Mo-20Nb, Ti-cp and Ti-6Al-4V alloys.

In Figure 4, it is also revealed that the passivation layer, as well as the

characteristics of corrosion potential and current density of the Ti-10Mo-20Nb
alloy present slightly worst results than the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, however, it is
suitable for biological applications. In addition, it is a fact that the alloy elements
Mo and Nb are non-cytotoxic elements (KURODA et al., 1998; MORAES et al.,
2014; QAZI et al., 2005). In case their ions are released by physical wear or
corrosion, they will not cause damage to the health of implant users.
 Figure 5 shows the microstructure obtained in a Ti-cp optical microscope
while Figure 6 shows the SEM micrographs of the same material. The alloy
structure appears to be heterogeneous, being formed by only two phases. One
is the typical Widmanstätten microstructure, where the white acicular plates
represent the α phase (HC) and the thin black lines indicate the β phase (CCC),
as well as other reported studies (GANJEH et al., 2013).

Figure 5: OM of Ti-cp having a magnification of (a) 200X e (b) 400X.

Figure 6: Microstructure of the Ti-cp analyzed by SEM having a magnification of (a) 1500X e (b)
2000X.
 Figure 7 shows the microstructure obtained in an optical micrograph of
the Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy while Figure 8 demonstrates as SEM micrographs of
the same alloy. It is possible to observe that the microstructure of the alloy is
basically composed of the β phase, and that it does not have a typical
Widmanstätten microstructure found in the Ti-6Al-V and Ti-cp alloys. This
occurs because the addition of Mo inhibits the transition of α phase and
stabilizes the β phase in Ti-Mo-Nb alloys. The same behavior occurs for Ti-xMo-
Nb alloys of various Mo contents (LI et al., 2020; Gabriel et al., 2008).

Figure 7: OM of Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy having a magnification of (a) 200X e (b) 400X.

Figure 8: Microstructure of the Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy analyzed by SEM having a magnification of

(a) 1000X e (b) 2000X.
 4. Summary and Conclusion

In the present work, Vickers microhardness, linear polarization curve, stress

shielding effect and a morphological characterization were investigated for the
Ti-10Mo-20Nb. The main conclusions are:

 The hardness value of the Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy is 30% lower than the
Ti-6Al-4V and the elastic modulus of the Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy is
approximately 4.4 times greater than the average of the bone, but
still 35% less than the average of the other two investigated alloys.
This decrease in the elastic modulus combined with a more suitable
hardness, contributes to a lower rate of maintenance of the implants
as compared to the currently most used alloy of Ti-6Al-4V.

 The Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy has a ratio of hardness per elastic modulus

only 13% lower than that of the femoral average and 6.62% higher
than Ti-6Al-4V. Therefore, being an outstanding alternative for
replacement of implants and with reduced stress shielding effect.

 All three alloys have good corrosion resistance, but the sample of Ti-
6Al-4V alloy showed better corrosion resistance than Ti-10Mo-20Nb
and Ti-cp. However, the addition of Nb and Mo instead of V and Al,
improved the biocompatibility of the Ti alloy, since it stabilizes the
oxide layer, which is responsible for the passivation layer. In addition,
it is a fact that the alloy elements Mo and Nb are non-cytotoxic
elements, being a better alternative than Ti-6Al-4V that might cause
damage to the health of implant users.

 In Ti-10Mo-20Nb alloy is possible to observe that its microstructure is

practically composed only of the β phase, and that it does not have a
typical Widmanstätten microstructure found in the Ti-6Al-V and Ti-cp
alloys. This possible occurs because the addition of Mo inhibits the
transition of α phase and stabilizes the β phase in Ti-Mo-Nb alloys.
 Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the support to this investigation by the

Brazilian agencies: CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ for the funding.

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