COMPARATIVE INDO-EUROPEAN LINGUISTICS AN INTRODUCTION ROBERT S.P. BEEKES University of Leiden JOHN BENIAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA.The far vied in thie poblion mess the minim seqarenets of | ‘Ameo aon! Shad Yor Infomation Scecer — Feranence | Caper fr Ped ity Meals, ANSI 239481984 Cigna pb a Vergliende tseochap. Ken ining inde vergeliende Indeurapse ttn. ‘rll by UWA Veraer/PtCabnt Tu wamlion war soporte hy the Needs Ozasation for Slniic Reseuch| cows Library of Congress Catlging-inPueaton rts ‘Desks, RSP (Rabe Shen Pat [Wergtiende wees. Eg) CCompuntve ldEarpean gus an aston / Robert SP Bess locas graphical frases.) sd inde. {inde European langage Gramm, Cenparve 2. CompariveHagusts. 3. ISBN 90 272 21502 ar) 15561-5044 (US) Ob: ak. pape) ‘a ISBN 90 272 2151 O bar) 3861-5 2 (US) Pak ape ‘© Copriht 1995 - aha Resjanine BY. No pot his bck may be ep in ny frm, by pi oor, or any (etme itt ween rman om pa ‘on Resins Pbishing Co «POBox 73571 M70 AN Amstela «Te Nes Soon Bejanis Neth Armes Bo 2519 «Pilly PAT9T1BUSI9 = USA Ge Ono ‘Table of contents Foreword List of Abbreviations Languages (Other Abeviations ‘Transcription Part General Section 1. Introduction LLL Historical and Comparative Linguistics 12 Comparaive Linguistics 13 Comparave Linguistics nd Ober Forms of Linguists TA The tanguage Fas ofthe Wold LAL The Old World 142 The New World 2 The Indo-Buropean Family of Languages 2.1 The Genesis of Comparative Linguistics 2.2 The Discovery ofthe Indo European Ful of Languages 23 The Indo-European Languages 231 Indo-ronion a India (ndo-Aryan) Iranian ©. The Marston Languages 4. Older Tracer 232 (Pre) Bangant 233 Tocharlan 234 Armeian 235. TheAnaolin Languages ft Hite an Related Languages 1 Lowion 236. Phoglan 237 BalirStovie Stove paleComparative Linguistics Table of contents wi 238 Decor 2 44 The Sound Law: Conditioning 8 239° Macedonian 2 445 The Sound Law: Formolton and Distinctive Features » 2310 Greet B 46 Phoremicizaton of Changes o 2311 Man u ‘47 Types of Sound Change abd the Phonemic System 6 23.12 Mesapian u 48 Phonetic CIasifeation of Sound Changes Consoants @ 2313 Albanian 25 ARI Losrof Features 6 23.14 Venee 23 482 Addition 6 2315 hale 25 $83 Change Lass + Addtion) 66 Latin Falcon 2s 449 Phonetic Classification of Sound Changes: Shot Vowels 6 1 Sabettan 2 $10 Phonetic Classification of Sound Changes: 2316 Cele 26 {Long Vows and Diphthoogs es Continental Cec % 411 Grates of Sound Change ° 1 Inadar Cote n 23.17 Lastaian a 5. Analogy n 2318 Germanic a 511 lneeduction n ‘2 Bart Germanle 2 52 Proportional Alon n 1B North Germanic 2B 53 Non Proportional Analogy: Leveling” B ©. West Germante 8 S54 Replicement, Sesondaty Function and Split 5 2319. Summary » 555 Arslogy and Sound Law 1% 24 The Spliting Up of Proto Indo-Euopean; Disets 30 56 Model and Mouse %6 25 _Kabe's Old Buopean 3 5.7 The Regulaity of Analogy: Dietion n 226 Extinct Indo-European Languages: Pelasian 2 8 The Regularity of Analogy: Change or No Change * 27 Relations ofthe fndo European Family the Nosate Theory 2 59° The Limits of Anlosy 2 3. The Culture and Origin of the Indo-Buropeans o 6 Other Rorm-Changes; The Accent 80 31 The Cube ofthe Indo-Europeans co 61 Addons 0 3M. Material Cale 4 62 Adopted Forms #0 312 Organization and Religion 38 {63 The Creation of New Formations a si 4 64 Accent Shit a1 321 An Indo-European Poetic Language a 5322 ndo-vopean Merics 2 7. Vocabulary Changes 2 33 The Anal ofthe Indo-Europeans “ 711 troduction 2 3A The Origin fhe lado-Europeans a 72, The Disappearance of Ol Worl andthe Appearance of New Ones 83 73. Changes of Meaning: Redection or Expansion of Features 5 LANGUAGE CHANGE 7 Change of Meaning: Other Cases 8% 4 Causes Wor und Sacken a 4 Sound Change a 76 Ober Causes se 44.1 The Sound Law: the “Ausnabmslosieit? st 42 Sporadic Sound Changes 36 §.— Morphologeal and Syntactic Change » 403 The Sound Laws: Place and Time (Inglis and Relative Chronology)57 1 Togedcton °°42 83 on 92 93 94 9s wo. io 102 103, toa wos 1, ma 2 3 na Comparative Linguistics Morplogial Change E21 The disappearance of Morphological Categories 822. The Rie of New Categories 823 Change ‘Syntactic Change Canes RECONSTRUCTION Internal Reconstruction Induction Examples ‘owel Aleman olan) ‘The Laryngeal Theory “The pace of Internal Reconstucton ‘The Comparative Method Fowoduction OCS nebese- Ge nipheos ‘The Mile Partie “The Ino European Vela: the Thee Series “The Declenson ofthe Indo-European mens 10S. The Singular 1052 The Plural 1053. The ABautof the Su Perttt ‘Comparative Indo-European Lingustics PHONOLOGY “The Sounds and the Accent “The PIE Phonemic Sytem Preliminary Remarks o the Ablau Preliminary Remarks on the Laryngeal Tory ‘The Stops Tit Labial and Dewats M982 Palatal, Velars and Lablovetrs 1143. Grasoman's and Bartholomae's Lows HAS The Three Series 0 0 3 3 98 95 oe 9% 101 ir 103, 3 10s iw 109) 13 na 6 us mt 25 135 ry ra rd 138 19 Table. us 6 ut us ng 10 mat 2 mt 1145 Centum and Stem Languages 1146 The German, Armenia and he Old High German Sound Sits; Verner’ Lew M147 The Viele Aspirater M48 The Glonalied Consonants MAS) Shi Gr dre PIE s ‘The Sonans 1161 thm m Gwas Consonant; Sievers’ Law 162 Lm miwas Vowels ‘The Vowels L171” The Shr Vowels *0) 1172. NoPIE 1173. The Long Vowels(*,%0) ‘The Diphinongs HRI The Shor: Diphongs 182. The Long Diphihones The Layngele 119.1 Laryngeal berween Consonants 11.92 Laryngeal before Consonant atthe Bepaning ofthe Word 1193. Lanngea before Vowel 1.9.8 Lange after owe! Before Consonant M195 Lanngea afer Sonant 1196 Laryngeal before Sonant 1197 General Remarks ‘Accentuation T1101 Inreducton 11.102 The Indo-European Languages 1.1033 Santrit Grek and Germanic 110A BaltoStave 1405 Ablauand Accent 11106 PiBa Tone Langusge? From Prow-Indo-Earopean 19 English ULL The Consonants ULL The Vowel MORPHOLOGY Introduction “The Stmctae ofthe Momphames TLL The Root 19 130 BI 2 BT oT 138 12 “a 13 13. Ms 16 1 re as 18 a9 150 18, 15 155 ist 182 12 12a ns ry ba ne mia m3 mia wus Alou raat 222 1223 24 nas Comparative Linguists The Supces The Endings Pronouns, Prise Prevand ifs Introduction The Normal Series bla with Laryngeals The Function of the About ‘The Origin ofthe Aba Word Types ‘The Substantive Word Formation Bit na nia Baa oot Nouns Derived Nouns Reduced Nous Compounds Iefestion a Baa 1323 naa nas 526 “The Type ofthe Indo-European Infection Number and Case Gender The Iflectional Types ‘The Hyserdymanic Inflection tems laryngeal stems stems ‘neste (he astems) desems (ype rk) ‘The Proteradynamic Inflection eee eer 163 18 163 163 16 It ot 16h 16s 166, 16 16 1658 19 m m m m 3 1m v4 16 16 Table of contents ‘laryngeal stems ystems ‘stems (det) nem fe hestems (and Un) 1327. The Static nection 128 Root Nowe a Siac Th Hyterdymamic 229 The ostoms 132.10 The iistrioal Rlaion benveen the Iflectional Types 13211 The Dual 14 Theaajectve 1 Stems 142. Feminine and Nester 143 lation 144 Comparison 15, The Pronoun 151 Inredaction 182. The NomPeronal Pronouns 1521 The Demonsrates Stems 1 Inflection 15.22 The nerogative and Indfite Pronouns 1523 The Reamer 153 The personal pronouns ISR The Non Refleive) Peron Pronoun 1532 The Reflexive 1533. The Posessies 16, The Numerals 16.1 The Carina Names 16.1 From ‘one to ten 16.12 From ‘leven’ to ‘nineteen’ 1613 TheDecinals 618 From tundred 10 thousand! 162 The Onlisal Numbers 187 189 190 193 194 196, 196, 19 198, 199 21 201 21 201Comparative Linguist Tobe of contents sii 163 Collective Adjectives 216 1833. Infection 236 164. Adverts an 184 The Perot a 165 Compounds a7 184.1 Stem Formation 27 1RA2 Peron Endings Be 17, Indectinabe Words 28 143 fection 2 IT Adverbs 28 185 The Mile 2 1711 Introduction 218 1851 Sem Formation 29 1712 Cases of Substantive and Adetives a8 1852. Personal Endings 240 1713 Sibsantves and Adectves wih a Suc 20 1653. fection 2a W714 Sylacte Grows 20 186 Tre Dual 28 1713 The Laer Propositions and Peers 20 187 The Siac Inletion 2s 172. Negation Pasties m 188 The Moot 2s 173 Paites m 1881 The Indicative 2s 174. Conjancins Pa 1882 The nine 2s 175 jets zs 1883 The Sujnctve as 1884 The Ope 26 1 Thee us 1885 The Imperative 28 181 Gener zs 189. The Nominal Fors 29 TRL troduction zs 1891 The Patol 29 612 The Augment 2s 169.2 The Verbal Adjective 20 1813 Redaplcaton mi 189.3 The Verbal Nouns andthe Ives 251 182 The Present ns 18.10 The PIEerbal System as 1821 Sem Formation 28 IITA Paradigm a Exe 25, Roo press 1 Redupicated presents ‘Appendix ©. Sufi 1. From Poto-indo-Euopean Albanian 2% 4 Sash Prone 269 Safest € Siecn {isto Terms mm 1 Oher Sufees Nasal present iiograpty 288 1822 Penna! Enings 2 A sony A GRIUREOF HE SCHNT ND EERMEAN OS 284 rhe Ahomale Endings (ofthe Present and Aorist) Beem 2s, 1 The Thoma Endings Carbon 286 1823. Ifecton Pay Deru AND mG OFTEN ROE 236 183 The dort Bs commie seus Py 185.1 Sem Formation Bs F noostnornscees 287 0 The Rot Aorist 6ceainaars ND beDLETONS = 1h The Thema doris H ermoeocrst nemo 231 ©. The: Cigmatie Aorist 1 gon, eons 2 183.2 Personal Endings 236 aucune 29