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  • Практическая аэродинамика самолета Ан 2 М.Н. Шифрин

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    Алексей Рукан
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    Практическая-аэродинамика-самолета-Ан-2-М.Н.-Шифрин

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    12 views199 pages

    Практическая аэродинамика самолета Ан 2 М.Н. Шифрин

    Uploaded by

    Алексей Рукан

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    TUK 629,7.015:533.601.3.004.2 (075.3) Tpaktaveckaa asponunannxa camoseta Au-2. Hap, 2-¢, _ne- pepa6. u non. Wud pun M. H. Hsa-b0 Kenpr OcHOnne CBoticTRa HW saKONT ABIDKCHNST DOSAYXA MW ASPOAMMAMIMCCKNE chat Kputa, OcoGeHMOETH KOM: HOBKH M aspomMHaMAecKHe XapakTepHeTHKN caMoneTa AU-2, Rut coTlian XapakTepuctHKa H OCHOBIbIC peRiMM paGoria AUUTATe-!s, reomeTpHiccKne, KIHCMaTHUCcKHE XapakTepHeTAKN, asponttara Mm. 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Ecan xanoe oGosnauenne ueer neckoabko anauenli, TOK uemy mpuawaierer coorBerctay UMN HuAcKc, Faupie Mep, CKOpocTb, mOTpe6uad AAA 1NOADbeMa, MaKCHMaADNd CKO pocrs —Vmax, yrox Kayectna — Gx. 2. 3uawok A (qeabra) ykastaeT 1a MpupamenHe HaK pastiocTh ue amunH, 1epea KOroptimH ON noctapxen (AV, AN, AY). Tpeveckve 6ykpst, nerpevaiouuecs B TeKcre Vnoa, a ateshas Y— anya; 8 -- sera; p— po; 8 -- Gera; 3 — neawta; 7. aamena; ede yj — ramma; = mM; 2 —ancnaon. —9Ta; rr ABA OCHOBHbIE CBOMCTBA M 3AKOHbI QBMKEHMA BOSDYXA 1, OCHOBHBIE MAPAMETPbI BO3AYXA Bosayx upeycrasancr coGoli cMecb pasMulibIx ra30B, B COCTORHHI HCNOMBIDKUOCTH OH XApaKTepnayercs MapaMerpamn: papacunem (pj, remuepatypoi (T) 1 nnoTHocTbIO (0) Masacnue — cuaa, nepmenAnkyaipwo xelicrsyioman ua eAuHMLy TlOBePXHOCTH. 3a eMUIMLY LaBACIHA MpHHTa TeXUMNCcKaN aTMocde- pa (aT) — faBacnue, papnoe onnoMy KuAorpaMMy Ha O/H KBanpat- uni cautumetp (KI/cs). Tlo Mexaynapoanofi cucteme canunn (CH) MaBciHe H3MepACTCH B UbIOTOMAaX ia KBagpaTubit MeTp (H/x?) (cm. mpHaoKerue) '. TlaBaenne, BbrsbiBaeMoe Maccoll BHIMeTCAAUIHX CA0eB BO3LyYXa H YAapaMit XaOTHUCCKH ABHDKYILUXCH MOaCKYsI ero, HasbIBaeTeH aTMOC- (pepunM faBreuucm VW OGLUNO H3MepACTCA B MMAAKHMCTPaX BLICOTLI cTO6a KakOl-AH60 *KHAKOCTH. Aapnenne B | «F/c? ypasnopewusaetcs croa6om pTyTH BBICOTOII B735,6 am: = 3. P= 73556" rae B -—— atmoctbepnoe paBaenne, npipaxeHioc B 4M PT. CT. Teaneparypa — cremcib HarpeTocru — xapaktepusyeT cKopocty XAOTHUCCKOFO ABUXKCHHS MOJeKy.1: YeM Goble Temnepatypa, Tem GbicTpee ABMKYTCA MOACKYsIbI H HaoGopoT. Hsmepenne Temmepatypbl MoxeT NpOnsBonUTPCA NO AByM UlKa- siam: Lleavens u Keapsuna. 3a 0° uo urkase Lleavcun apunata tem- Nepatypa Taina apna; a 3a 100° — remnepatypa kKuncniaA BOLbI NpH JBAeHHH B OGOKX celyuanx, paBnom 760 a pr. cr. 3a 0° no uKkaac Keappuua mpiiata Temnepatypa, MpH KoTOpoli MpeKpautaetes xaoTH- ueckoe (TeMAsOBOC) ABHXKCHHe MOaeKya. Takaa TeMuepaTypa CcooTBeT- etpyet — 273° no mkase Lleabcna. 1B cansu ¢ auercunem cuerewm CH (ct snmapa 1963 r. OCT 9867-61) mpi- JOxenteM K yucSuOMY MOCOGHIO AANA TaGsMMA eRHTIMY MaMeperAit 4 slepenonHerx MHomuTeseH JIN Mepenora CAMINN HaMepeHKA ua TexHANecKOH cHeTeMAt MTCC 5 cuctemy CH, 5 Temnepatypa B rpastycax Lleibeus oGo3nauaerca f°C, a B rpany- cax Keappnna —- TK. Can3b Moxy HME BipaxKaeTca cbopmy.0n PK =¢C +273. HavtHocTo ea3zu — 3TO Macca, 3aK-NOUeNal B eLHHHUe OGbeMa. Oua onpenerserea 10 opmy.te rae im — macea, K0-cen?/t; 0 — OGbeM BOsAYXa, APL Tipn W3Mcnciua 2aB1enuA WAH TeMucpaTypLt H3McHAeTCA OObCM ra3a, a CICMOBATeAbHO, H3MeHseTCA H ero MaoTuOcTb. B cBasH C STHM AAA ONpedeaeuliA MAOTHOCTH BO3AYXA MeAecoOoGPasno WOALZOBaTHCH opmyatoit o = 0,0173 F (ASE) , rae B — papaenue, ua pr. cr; T — Temuepatypa nospyxa, °K. 2. OCHOBHbIE DU3KYECKHE CBOHCTBA BOSAYXA BosnyX XapakTepHayeTes TAKUMH PUSICCKHMH CROlCTBaMU, Kak IBeT, MPO3payHOcTs, TCH1O, I1eKTPONPOBO/MMOCT, HHCpPTHOCTH, BAS- KOCTb H CAKHMACMOCTE. CyulectBeHoe BIMSIIKE Ha CHAD, BO3IMKAIOIMe IPH ABWKCIHH TEI B BOSAYXe, OKASLIBAIOT HHCPTHOCTD, BASKOCTh H CKUMAEMOCTD. Hxeprxocr -— cnoco6uocth conporuBanTLcA H3aMclicHHio cocTos- UMA OTHOCHTeNbHOrO NOKOA HAK NpAMO.HNeiHOrO PaBHOMepHorO ABH- xkenus. Mepott wieptuocTu sBagerca ioTHOCTD, ¢ yBeaHYCHHeM KOTO; poli MIICPTHOCTh BO3/LyXa yBeANUNBaeTCs, Bsaskocre — cnoco6nocth BO3AyxXa COUPOTHBATLCA D3aHMHOMy eneury cBoux actu. TIpnynnoit Baskocru aBqtsHioTed CHD BHYyTpeH- Hero TpewHs wacTHy Apyr O Apyra MpH HX B3aXMHOM NepemelieuHH. Cxcusaenocre — CnOcoGilOCTh BO3AYXa H3MeILITh CBOl OODeM, a caedonaTesbHO, H NAOTHOCTL MPH USMCHeHMH AaBacunaA H TeMMepa- TYpbI. CRHMaeMOCTh XapakTepH3yeTCA OTHOWICHHCM H3MCHCHHA MA0T- noctH (Ap) K H3MeneHo AaBaeuia (Ap), T. ¢. Beano Uem Goupire ornoweune, Tem Gable CAKUMAeMOCTb H Hac6opor. Takum o6pagom, u3MeleHHe NapaMcTpoOB BO3AyXxa NOCpeACTBOM H3- MeHeHAA (PHIHYeECKHX cBOficTB ero OKA3LIBaeT BANATNG Na BeAMYHAY TCX CHT, KOTOPbIe BOSHHKAIOT Np ABIDKeHHH Teta B BO3Ayxc. TMosTo- MY OHH H TOT 2Ke CaMOJeT, HCbITAHNDI B pasazHutplxX MecTax 3cM- Horo Wapa (pn pas.m4ibIx tapamMeTpax Bo3lyXa) HAM HCMLITAHHBI B pasaHiHOe BPEMH CyTOK MPM OAMTAKOBLIX NPOYNX ycaoBHAX, NOKa- WET pasuble MeTHBIE AaHHEIe. 6 TaGauna 1 aeme,| Tesmepa- | Maorwers,|| pucors, | taseuc, Bucors, | Heeenm| Type, ee (ar scensral| MSE | JtNar o } 760 | 15.0 | 0,125 |} 2500 } S60 500 | 716 | 118 | 9,119 || 3000 } 526 1000 | 674 85 | 0,113 || 3500 | 493 1500 | 634 3:3 | 01108 |) 4000 | 462 2009 | 596 2,0 | 0,103 || 4500 | 433 I[puxevanie, B xaabueliutem 101 Biicoroit noacta caeayeT HomMMaTh mAco- TY, COOTRETETHYIOMY!O LJOTHOCTH wOsAYXAa NO CramtapTHOit aTMochepe. jaa cpapienua caMoacToOB MO HX JeTHLIM XapakTepHCTHKaM pe- SySbTATLL HCHLITANHA NPHBOAAT K CTANapTHLIM YCAOBMAM, As “cro nBejcHo moustHe MexkAyHapoguad crauaptHaa atmociepa (MCA). Mexcdyxapodxod crandaproti atrmocpepot wa3suBaerca npHNATan RCCMH CTpaHaMH MHpa TaOJlMLa H3MeHCHHIt OciOBULIX NapaMeTpoB BO3LYXa MPH H3MELICHIMH BbICOTDI lOeTA. Tlauupie, romemenubie B ta61Hty MCA, upnmepio coorsercTBytoT cpemicroqoBLiM MapaMeTpaM BO3AYXa B CpCAIHX WHpoTaX semuOro mapa (ta6.. 1). B nacrosuice spemsa a Teppuroput CopercKkoro Coto- 3a AelictByeT TaGAuKa Bpestennol cTaxdaprHoit aTsochepe - BC 60, 31auciitn KOTOpoH la MaabiX BEICOTAX CoBMasaioT c MCA. 3. BOSAYWWHBIA NOTOK H BHAbI ETO ABMKEHHA Bosdyweoim noroxom Wa3zuiBacten wanpanacnnoe onupercacitLM o6pa3om Teenne Maccbt ROsayxa. Tlo xapaktepy JeH2KeUMs BOsAyIU- Ubi NOTOK Beat Ha YcratlopnBinniien 1 Heycranosupustites, JlbuxkeuHe, npH KOTOpOM NapaMeTpL BO3LyXa B KAKO; TOKE NO- TOKA OCTAOTCH HENSMCMIUMIMH C TCHCHHCM BpeMCHH, XOTH mM MepaB- UDIMH B pa3iibixX TOUKAX ero, HasbiRacTca ycTanoBHBunMes. JiBHKe- LUC, TPH KOTOPOM HaPaMCTPLI BO3LYIUNOFO NOTOKa B ZaHNOit TOUKe C reueHeM BPCMCHH H3MCHMIOTCH, HasbIBaeTCA HeycTanoBnBimuMces. Io AABIOMLCe SOALUINHCTBO BCTPCUaIOIUHXCA B IpHpOAe ABHAKeHMIT BOS- AyXa sBasetca veycranoBuBwHMHcs. Mayucine leycranoBuBureroca ABKENMA UperctaBasteT cobof anauMieabHyIo CaMKoCcTh, Buy 9T0- rO B asposuilaMHke paccMarpHBaeted ycranloBHBUIeccA —ABMKeNTe HOSAYXA, YTO He CHWKACT MPAKTHYCCKOLO 3HAYeNNA DLIBOAOB, CeTall- MIN TPH MByNeHHH OCHOBILIN saKONOS arposMaMHKu, 4, 3AKOH MOCTOAHCTBA CEKYHAHOTO PACXOMA BOSAYXA 3akoH mocTosticrBa cekyMHOro pacxona BO3TyXa ABAACTCA BarkK- MeHMHM 3aKOHOM a9poannaMuKn. On OcHOBaH Ha 3aKOHe COXPaneHust MaTepHH, CylqNoctp Koroporo cocTOHT B TOM, TO MaTepHA Beulla. ona He co3qaetcA 1 Hc HcHe3aeT Geccacano. [Ipumenenute xToro 3a 7 Kowa MpMpogb K crpyiixe nreaty- Horo ra3a HW CCT 3aKkO MOCTOAICT- Ba CeKYHAMOrO pacxona, KOTOPLIit bopmyaupyeren caegzyiouyum oOpa- 30M. IlIpuH yctanopupmemca ApUxeIHH raza uvepes atwGoe monepeynoe ceue- une annoh crpyiiku 3a 7 ITT OANyY CeKYHAy mMpoxonut omua H Ta xe Macca ra- Puc. 1. Yeranopubmeeca Anwxenue 3 a, cTpyii eat ‘a Mpit yc crn ACT gen JET YS" Hdeasenoia caton nastisacren Moxy etpyiikolt a siemnen cpeyoh a3, He OOmaxaiowntt cBolicrBoM BaskocTn. Ha pic. 1 H306paxcna crpyfika uepemennoro — ceuenna. O6vem Bosayxa, Upoxoaznumit vepes cevenua crpyiika = J—I n I—IT 3a OMY CCKYHAY, MOKCT ObITb ONpeseicH NpOnsBexeHHeM NaAOMAaTH ceucuusa (F) wa ckopocrb crpyiiku B qannom ceucuuu (V). Iponsne- wenHe CeKyHAHOrO OGbeMa BOSAyXa 1a cro MAoTHOCTS (p) onpexcaner CCKVHANBIH MaCCOBbI Pacxos BO3AYXa. Corsacio 3akouy COXpaHcHHa MaTCpHH, Macca BO3AzyXxa my, Mpo- xossmmas vepes ceucne fy, H Macca BOSAYXa mz, NpOXoAAIad epes ceucime fy) 3a onny cekyimy, Mexay co6oit paBiE, H BeTHUNNA no- cToaulas: my = my = const Ha pV iF; = p,V2F_ = const. TIpu ycrobHu, uro BostyxX HeCXKMMaeM, cro ILMOTHOCTL NocToAnHan (pi=pa=const), sto NOsBOAReT ynpocTHTh ypaBHenMe HM 3anticath CTO CACHYIOMLHM O6pa3om: V,F, = VF» = const. 3 pannoro ypapienua BbITeKacT OUeHb Baku mpaktusecKnii BbIBOM: YEM MeHbMe noncpeynoe ceueHHe maHnnol CTpyiiku, TeM CKOpOCTb BO3RYXa B HEM GOOnbME Wy, HaoGopot, vem 6oa4bme MONepeynoe ceucnHne cTpytiku, TeM CKOPOCTB B cM McTbme. Takum O6pasom, Sako NOcTOAHCTBAa CeKyHANOTO pacxoma BOsnyxXa yeTaHagtuBaerT 3aBHCHMOCTh MexkAy ceucuHeM cTpyl mt ckopocTLIo BOZAYNa, ITO H CocranaAMeT ero SH3HUCCKYIO CYIMHOCTH. 5. 3AKOH BEPHYSINM 3axon Bepnyaan mpenctanaser co6oil mpamenenne 3aKoua coxpa- HeHHA SHCPrHH K CTPylike MMCaAbUOrO rasa, CyLLNOCT KOTOPoro co- CTOHT B TOM, YO SIlepruA He HCYesaeT GeccaecAHO MM Ne Bo3MKaer U3 HHMCLO, a MOAET TOAHKO NepeXOAHTS H3 OANOYO BHAA B Apyroil, 8 Tipu yerosun, uro o6mewa sutep- Heit M@XKMY CTPYiKol H OKpyrKa- joureli cpetoli HeT (cM. puc. 1), na> 3 ociopaHHH 3aKOHa = coxpaHenus +| gHepral MONO YTBepxAaTb, YTO 3a OHH H TOT Ke MpOMerKyTOK Bpe- MeHH CYMMa BCeX BHAOB sieprHn posayxa B ceuenin /—/ panitacyM- Puc. 2. Manpassenue xefiernun evar MC BCEX BULOB SHePriiH B CeYETIHH —UCcKOTO AARACHMA HW cKOpOeTHOTO —a- nopa: HH 8c. 4 csupmcttod wauop (ry re “erat Eroan, = Fwoau, = const. ueckoe Aanaeme (-) Tomas suepraa (Enos CyMMa SIlepran KHHCTHYeCKOli, MoTel- muaabHoli, BuyTpenHell H Beca. Tipu ycaoBuH, uTo uepe3 cesenHa /—J 4 TI—II upoxoauy Macca Bo3pyxa B 1 #8, KaneTHuccKyio sneprHto (Eyam mV? ="y) MOXH0 BbIPa3HTbh NMpOnsBexeHnem (p) Ha KBadpaT CkOpocTH, Tak Kak Macca Ofmoro KyGuuecKoro McTpa BO3LyXa eCTb ero U0T- HocTb. v2 Kuunetnueckyio suepruio 113 posuyxa (Eran = 55) na3uiBaloT JMNAaMHYCCKHM DABACHMeM HIM CKOpOCTHLIM Haflopom (q). Ono xefi- cTByeT Ha MOBCpxNOcTb NorpyxkKcnHOrO B NOTOK Tela B HanpaBlenun, TepleHAMKYAAPHOM JNIHAM TOKOB, KaK 3TO TOKa3ano Ha puc. 2 sna- Kom (-++). JIunuamu TOKA Wa3LIBAeTCA TpacKTOpHA ABINKCNHA YacTHu BoOsAy- Xa ycTaHoBnBweroca BostyuHoro noToKa. IIpu ycaoBnH, uTO Bo3spyx MecKUMAeM, MOK LY CipyHkofi HW BileuiNelt cpemoit oTCyTcTByeT TelL10- o6Mel, a SHeprueii cH Boca 3a HC3NaYHTeAbIOCTLIO Ce MOXKIO Mpe- ue6petb, TO Mp TopH30NTanbHOM TeyeNNMH crpyiiKu, Korga hy=hy (cm. pue. 1), norenimanbuaa sueprust Im5 Bostyxa Gyner pabita cra- THYCKOMY LABMCHIO (Per). Craruueckum Oasacnues HasEIBaeTCA jaBactiue Coe BO3LyxXAa Na TloBepxuocTs norpy2KeHNOro B Hero Tea, Napataerbhywo AMNAM TOKa, Kak 9TO MOKasailo Ha puc. 2 snakom (—). IIponsnegza coorser- cTBYIOWLyIO saMeny, ypapnelte nocrosicTBa SNCprAn MOx*HO 3anH- cari Ps Flannoe ypabuenve wasbipaetca ypaBHenvem Bepuyaan — yueuoro, UPUMeHHBIero 3akOH COXpaliClIHA SUCPrHH K CTpyiike BoszyxXa (oKHZ- kocTH). Ms ypapuenna Bepuyann Morkno cyeratb BbIBOs, uTO CyMMa ra ve crarmuceKoro (per) w auuamuueckoro (q=%) nam 9 acHnit B wto6om ccuentHh ctpyfiku ycTanHoBusme- rocs uoToOKa HACAaAbUOTO HecKHMaeMOFO BO3HY- Xa CCTb BCANYHHA TOcTORHHAA. @Musuyeckas cymuocta 3akona Bepuyaau co- cTOHT B TOM, YTO ON ycTAHaBAHBacT CBA3b MeK- AY ckKOpOCTBHO HOTOKA B AAHHOM cetenun cTpyl- Ki MH RaBaennemM: 4M OOabmc CKOPOCTH BOsRyXa, TeM Mcubme AaBIcHHe H HaOGOpoT. 6. FPAHUKN M3MEPEHKA CKOPOCTK Ain onpegeacnns CKOpocTH UCHOMb3yeTeA 3aBHCHMOCTD MerxKAy Zapeuwem H CKOpOcTbIO HoTOKa, ycTanossienHasd ypaBneduem Bep- yaa. Ha puc. 3, @ noKka3ano, v0 opr OGreKannn npOduay Kpbiia B TOU- ke K, Koropax NaspBactes! KPHTUECKO! TONKO/, MpONCXoAHT HOMHOL TOPMOACHHE CTPYiiKH BOSLYyXa. Tlockonpky V2=0, To ypasucune Bepuysan JI—II moxuo 3anucatp: ag cerenutt /—/ 0 ov? ye : n= at OTKyMa IIpH p = fp vie Veep). Takum o6pa30m, 3amMep CKOpocTH noacTa NpoHsBOANTCH Ha pHi wile onpexencuna pasuocTi NaBaennit Moxy NoaiLiIM Nanopom 2 es) HM CTATHYCCKHM — laBaeeM, KoTopast 3aMe- / Pi\P2= Pb a I I v = TR qr Puc. 3, Hpamaimaasnas exesa uaxepentst exopocti a pun iiasepeltns! eKopocts; 6 = npHEMIMK HOIAYIIHOTO -GanAeIMT, [-

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