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    Dr. Arijit Roy
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    Lecture notes on Operational Amplifier and Transconductance.

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    OpAmpAmplitudeModulation

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    Lecture notes on Operational Amplifier and Transconductance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    28 views11 pages

    Op Amp Amplitude Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Dr. Arijit Roy
    Lecture notes on Operational Amplifier and Transconductance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 11
    20-1 LECTURE 20: AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND THE TRANSCONDUCTANCE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Modulation A signal which consists of a pure sine wave can carry no information, since its amplitude, frequency or phase never change. To encode information on a sine wave, one of these three parameters must be varied. The parameter is said to be “modulated.” For a signal: v= Acos (t+) variation of A is called "amplitude modulation," variation of @ results in "frequency modulation," and time dependence of # is called "phase modulation In this lecture we will study amplitude modulation and a device which can be used as an amplitude modulator. Amplitude Modulation Let A in the above mentioned signal be: Ag(1 + meos mt) where m is called the "modulation index." The “percent modulation" is m x 100. A percent modulation of greater than 100% is usually to be avoided. The complete signal expression is now: Vv = Ag(1+mcos ot) cos wet in which we have added a subscript "c" to @ which stands for "carrier" and we have set $= 0. As an example @, might be 2m x 1160 KHz (KSL) and @m might be 2x x the high c of a singer. Using: c0s(x) cos(y) = Ye coslx +y) + % 08 (K- y) we obtain: V = Ag cos wogt + AmAg COSC (e+ tomy JE + 4 MAg COS (Dg ~ Om It In the frequency domain there are three signals: one at @, one atag + @m and one at G@e-@m. If our “information” were more than a single high c note, whole bands of frequencies near w, would result. If the maximum modulation frequency is denoted by om then a bandwidth of 2om around @e is needed to transmit the information contained in the modulation. 20-2 Though amplitude modulation (AM) is widely used, it is costly in band width and power. Since the same information is contained in the frequencies above w, as is contained in those below we, one of these sets of “sidebands" can be filtered out and thrown away. The resulting "single sideband" signal requires only one half the bandwidth. Further in our single @m example above, we see that the amplitude of the carrier signal is twice the amplitude of each sideband for m J. Since power is proportional to amplitude squared, we see that two thirds of the power is being used to provide the carrier without information. If this carrier signal is not transmitted, but rather is supplied by an @ oscillator in the receiver, we have the very efficient “single sideband suppressed carrier” system. The cost, of course, is more complicated circuitry Demodulation = Detection A “peak detector" is a simple method of recovering the infor- mation encoded onto a carrier with amplitude modulation. - The RC time constant is chosen long compared to the period of the carrier and short compared to the period of the modulation. The output will be de plus a signal at the modulation frequency plus a very small ripple at the carrier frequency. +0 ‘The peak detector V, Voltage |< Modulation Period Output waveform for a peak detector driven by an AM wave: Time Je— Cattier Period The de portion is usually removed with a blocking capacitor leaving the desired signal at @m. We shall return to some limitation of this form of detection when we discuss "phase sensitive detection." 20-3 Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) (Rev. RCA 1974 Databook. SSD-202b) With the usual op amp we know the important input-output relationship was: Vout = (voltage gain) (Vin) = AyD vin A model for the behavior of this device might be: Rs “O Source Device ' { \ { | 1 Ve SR Can Ye | Su ! | | | The output is a voltage source in series with a small output resistance. If we had a device whose output was basically a current source it could be modeled as the above diagram with a very large voltage source and a very large Ro. In this case the output current would be almost AyDVin/Ro for any load small compared to Ro. This model has at least the disadvantage that its open circuit behavior (i.e., RL = ©) is wrong. A more reasonable approach is to describe the device in terms of a transconductance. gmVin is then a current source: Rs V2 Device Load ' \ \ i | | Rn BVnSR Vol SR i | | Source | The voltage gain for RL<V., one term in the output is proportional to the product V,Vm. qhe first term represents the fixed carrier input established by the Vm=Obias condition. The second term represents the modulation Before continuing with other applications of the OTA a few useful connections are shown. 2N 4037 Vo 36KQ Vin O— AA od eA W_/2N 4037 24KQ. : +6 ; Higher Input Impedance I,gc Driver TTL Compatible On-Off Inge Driver The grounded base (common base) configuration is used to minimize capacitive feed through of switching transients. 10KQ Gated Unit-Voltage-Gain Amplifier The gating is done through control of Iagc. The 150 pfd and 620 Q network has 1/2nRC= 2 MHz and is included for stability of the feedback system. The fact that the amplifier gives unity gain is worth some discussion. Consider the case of the light loading of the output, Perhaps only the 10 kM feedback resistor. With IaBC= 500 pa, gm= 107 mhos and gm, = 10% x 10" = 100 = the voltage gain. Then ein

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