CS341 - Signals and Systems

Dr. Muhammad Hanif

Important Info 2

 Instructor:
 Dr. Muhammad Hanif
 Email: muhammad.hanif@giki.edu.pk
 Office: G-12 FCSE
 Office Hours: With appointments
 TA:
 Mr. Haseeb
 Textbook & Reference book
 Signals and Systems (2nd Edition) by A.V. Oppenheim & A. S. Willsky
 Signals and Systems with MATLAB by W. Y. Yang
Timing

 Lectures:
 Tuesday : 09:00 to 10:15
 Thursday: 09:00 to 10:15
 Office hours:
 Monday: 11:00 to 14:00
 Wednesday: 09:00 to 11:00
Assessment

Assessment Item Weightage

Quizzes 10%
Assignments 10%
Projects 10% + Bonus
Mid Term 30%
Final Term 40%
Week 1 Introduction
Signals and types of signals
Systems and their properties

Week 2 Linear time-invariant systems: Discrete-time LTI systems, Continuous-time LTI systems 5
Week 3 Linear time-invariant systems: Properties of LTI systems, Continuous-time Fourier analysis,
Continuous-time Fourier series
Week 4 Continuous-time Fourier analysis: Continuous-time Fourier transform and its properties

Week 5 Continuous-time Fourier analysis: First-order and second-order systems

Week 6 Discrete-time Fourier analysis: Discrete-time Fourier series

Week 7 Discrete-time Fourier analysis: Discrete-time Fourier transform

Week 8 Filtering: Frequency-selective filters

Week 9 Filtering: Continuous-time frequency-selective filters

Week 10 Filtering: Discrete-time frequency-selective filters

Week 11 Filtering: Butterworth frequency-selective filters

Week 12 Laplace transforms: Laplace transforms, Properties of Laplace transform

Week 13 Laplace transforms: Inverse Laplace transform

Week 14 Laplace transforms: Analysis of LTI systems

Week 15 Z-transform: Z-transform and Inverse Z-transform

Basics: Signal

 A function containing information about the behavior or nature of

some phenomenon of interest.
 A function that conveys information about a phenomenon
 In the physical world, any quantity exhibiting variation in time and/or
space is potentially a signal.
Basics: Analog Vs Digital

 Analog signal uses a continuous range of values that help you to

represent information.
 Digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to represent information.
Analog vs Digital
Signals

 1D: tones, speech, audio, biomedical, remote sensing, etc

 2D: greyscale, color, multispectral, hyperspectral images, etc
 3D: video, 3D volume, etc
 MD: video of a volume, etc
1D Signal
2D Images
What are signals and systems? 12

 Signal
 A physical quantity that contain information
 Represented as function of one or more independent variables
 Examples: speech, images, ECG, EEG, MRI, etc.
 They are also known as functions

 System
 A combination of components that can be used to convert a signal
from one form to another form.
 Information processor
 Examples: noise filter, amplifier, speech recognizer, etc.
Signals and Systems 13

 For a function f , in the expression f(t1,t2,...,tn), each of the {tk} is

called an independent variable, while the function value itself is
referred to as a dependent va
 Some examples of signals include:
 a voltage or current in an electronic circuit
 the position, velocity, or acceleration of an object
 a force or torque in a mechanical system
 a flow rate of a liquid or gas in a chemical process
 a digital image, digital video, or digital audio
 a stock market index riable.
Signals Categorizations 14

 Continuous Time (CT) signal:

 A value of signal exists at every instant of time
 Also known as analog signal
 Represented by enclosing the independent variable (time) in parentheses ()
 Example:
Signals Categorizations 15

 Discrete Time (DT) Signal:

 The value of signal exist only for integers time value
 Represented by enclosing the independent variable (index) in square
brackets []
 Known as digital signal
 Example:
CT & DT Signals 16

 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

Discrete Signal

Continuous Signal
CT & DT Signals 17

 Signal representation
Sampling
Quantization
Signals Types 20

 Basics Types:
1. Continuous in time and value

2. Continuous in time discrete in value

3. Continuous in value and discrete in time

4. Discrete in time and value

Signal Operations 21

 The time domain operations

 Time shifting
 Time Scaling
 Time Reversal
 All these operations are applied in terms of independent variable
“time”.
 No effect on value (magnitude) of the signal.
Signal Operations: Time Shifting 22

 Given a signal x(t) find a new signal by adding/subtracting a finite time value
to/from it, represented as x(t ± t0)
 Graphically, a positive or negative “shift” of the signal along its time axis.
 Time-shifting operation only change the positioning of the signal without
affecting its amplitude or span.
 The minus “--” sign indicate “Delay” in time
 The plus “+” sign indicate “Advance” in time
Signal Operations: Time Shifting 23

 Example
 Delay:

 Advance:
Signal Operations: Time Scaling 24

 Time scaling compresses or expand a signal by multiplying the time

variable by a constant number.
 Given a signal x(t) find a new signal x(at)
 For a > 1, the signal compress by dividing time scale by a
 For a < 1, the signal expand by dividing time scale by a
Signal Operations: Time Reversal 25

 Reflect/flip the signal on y-axis.

 Given a signal x(t) find a new signal x(-at)
 Mirror image of the signal over the y-axis.
 Divide the signal time coordinates by -a