REVIEWER IN ETHICS

1. MORALS - Principles and values based on what a person or society believes are the right, proper or
acceptable ways of behaving
2. VALUES - Moral principles and beliefs that they think are important in life and that they tend to
live their lives by such values as guiding principles.
3. TRUSTWORTHINESS - A quality of all relationships are created.being honest, dependable and
being reliable to get things done right.
4. RESPECT - a way of treating or thinking about something or someone;‘do unto others as you would
have them do unto you’Respect prohibits violence, humiliation, manipulation and exploitation

5. RESPONSIBILITY - the obligation of an individual to perform the duty or task assigned to him;
recognizing that our actions matter and we are morally on the hook for the consequences

6. FAIRNESS - implies adherence to a balanced standard of justice without relevance to one’s own
feelings or inclinations; treating people justly, not letting your personal feelings bias your decisions
about others; Consider all stakeholders and the possible short- and long-term consequences of
decisions
7. CARING - the heart of ethics, and ethical decision-making; Strive for harmonious, mutually
beneficial relationships; Show kindness and sensitivity to the feelings of others
8. CITIZENSHIP - the status of a person recognized under the law of a country of belonging to thereof
membership to a sovereign
9. Moral Relativism - It is a view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some
particular standpoint.

10. Socialization - It is an activity of mixing and joining the society in the process of learning and their
culture and morals, This is when one internalizes the norms and ideologies of the society
11. Western Ethics: ethics that focuses on finding the truth
12. Eastern Ethics: giving respect
13.

14. KHOLBERG’S THEORY IN DEVELOPMENT

PRECONVENTIONAL

 STAGE 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation: focuses on the child’s desire to obey
rules and avoid being punished.

 STAGE 2: Instrumental Purpose and Exchange Orientation what’s in it for me?”

People recognize that others also have needs; right behavior is defined by whatever the
individual believes to be in their best interest

CONVENTIONAL
  STAGE 3: Good Boy Nice Girl Orientation: children want the approval of others and act
in ways to avoid disapproval;

 STAGE 4: Law-and-Order Orientation: Rules are seen as being the same for everyone,
and obeying rules by doing what one is “supposed” to do is seen as valuable and
important

POST CONVENTIONAL

 STAGE 5: Social-Contract Orientation world is viewed as holding different opinions,

rights, and values; Individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the
good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of
particular individuals

 STAGE 6: Universal-ethical-Principle Orientation People choose the ethical principles

they want to follow, and if they violate those principles, they feel guilty. 

15. Moral Character: Refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude,
honesty, and loyalty. To say that a certain person has a good moral character means that he/she is
a good person citizen with a sound moral compass.

 The term “character” is derived from the Greek word “charakter” which was initially used as a
mark impressed upon a coin. The word “character” later came to mean a distinct mark by which
one thing was distinguish from others, and then chiefly one person from another. This stress on
distinctiveness or individuality tends to merge “character” with “personality” in modern usage

16. VIRTUES: For humans, it refers to habitual, excellent traits that are intentionally developed
throughout one’s life

Virtues are called “arête” in Greek which, since the time of Aristotle and Plato, has referred to
excellences in regard to persons or objects being the best that they can be in accordance with
their purpose.

TAKE NOTE OF THIS SECTION

MORAL CHARACTER AND VIRTUES

The use in ethics of the word “character” however, has a different linguistic history. At the
beginning of book II of the Nicomachean Ethics, the Greek philosopher Aristotle tells us that
 there are two distinct human excellences, “the excellences of thought and excellences of
character.” His phrase for excellences of moral character is often translated as moral virtues.
“Moral Character” therefore, in philosophical sense, refers to having or lacking moral virtue. If
one lacks virtue, he/she may have any of the moral vices, or maybe marked by a condition
somewhere in between virtue and vice, such as continence or incontinence.
Moral Character” therefore, in philosophical sense, refers to having or lacking moral virtue. If
one lacks virtue, he/she may have any of the moral vices, or maybe marked by a condition
somewhere in between virtue and vice, such as continence or incontinence.

17. Pakikisama The Filipino moral character that pertains to having and maintaining ‘good public
relations
18. Hiya The Filipino moral character that pertains to fear of losing face’
19. Amor Propio The Filipino moral character that pertains to the Concept of Face; ‘self-respect’ or
‘self-esteem’
20. Utang na loob The Filipino moral character that pertains to reciprocity or returning the received
favor.
21. Kapwa. It is the shared inner self – Core Value of Filipino Psychology
22. EMOTIVISM - The theory of emotivism believes that moral laws are non existent, hence this moral
laws are more of terms that express personal and emotional attitudes
23. SYNTHETIC STATEMENTS - This can be verified by the sense experience .
24. ANALYTIC STATEMENTS - True by definition of the subject therefor verification is redundant
25. AJ AYER – Proponent of emotivism
26. EMOTIVE RESPONSE-ethical statements and moral judgements
27. BOO- HURRAH THEORY - According to Ayer The ouch I express when I tread on a pin is true but it
is meaningless Ayer saw ethical language as and expression of approval or disapproval
Ayer Called this the BOO- HURRAH THEORY

28. CULTURE - How people live within their moral behaviors, Knowledge and belief. (way of life)
29. David Hume - The philosopher that influenced Ayer on his theory of Emotivism.
30. Sentiment – the root of right and wrong
31. Moral Standards force others to act accordingly; Normally promote the good; What humans have
to do in terms of right and their obligation. Are based on impartial considerations; associated with
special emotions and vocabulary
32. Non moral Standards Refer to the rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations
33. Standard an idea or thing used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations