nd of this chapter you should be able to: ifferences between physical and chemical changes ids and other chemicals safely and describe what happens in various chemical reactions. igate a reaction which produces electricity n the Extensions you can. how temperature affects the rate of a reaction and test carbon dioxide gas.burning (or combustion). For example, heat energy shen petrol burns in an engine. Some of this move the car, and some is given off into the stances produced include water, carbon diox- de, and carbon. These escape from the car d heat to make them go. For example, you have nitrate before it will react (Experiment 18, MI not cook unless you heat it in an oven. electricity. For example, in Experiment ; tals in dilute acid. The reaction inst ity. A torch battery works the same CHEMICAL | Zinc _ case Chemical = pastes3 Is pure water acidic or basic? What colour would you expect if you tested water with pH paper? 4 What kind of solution has a pH of 4 or 5? 5 Use the pH chart on page 176 to arrange these substan in order from the most acidic to the most basic: houseb cleaner, baking soda, dilute hydrochloric acid, lemon juice, pure water. 6 Match up the following: pH 4 neutral pH7 moderately acidic pH1 moderately basic pH8 very acidic 20 drops pH 10 slightly basic ‘of dilute hydrochloric acid 7 What do people mean when they say that bases destroy acids? 8 Gino has four different liquids in four test tubes labelle OB, Gand D. The liquids are VINEGAR, SALT SOLUTION, at Sal TIC SODA. But he doesn’t HYDROCHLORIC ACID and CAUS ted them with blue litmus a! Ee +| ’ i y ‘ know which is which. He tes A with pH paper. His results are shown below. . B Name the liquid in each tube. ; Colour of blue Htmus pH S Liquid 40 mLof 40 mLof rat er 1 solution solution iF be i ontainin contai c ; og caustic oor g caustic C blu 8 Soda Soda i hea ne on A needed 20 drops of ram for Exercise 9. 9 Look at Fig 25. If soluti eae. hydrochloric acid to neutralise tt how many will solution B need? Explain your reasoning- EXTRAS 1 Brad spilt s white Tshirt But when he ru from yellow to pin (a) Soap contains an alkali. colour? (b) What would have happened if Brad had poured vinegar onto his shirt after rubbing it with soap? Mean Mick has been arfested for stealing diesel fuel fron Meat ers shed. The police say that powder found on his “hoes is important evidence. They think that itis lime shoes the shed floor. Mick says he is innocent. He says tha otras been at the beach, and that the white powder is sa ‘sragine you are the police forensic scientist. How con you use pH paper 10 check whether Mean Mick is lying? ‘ from his take-away meal on his cle: dit the stain was still there ‘pbed it with soap the stain changed colot k. The stain then came out in the wast Why did the stain change ome gravy When he washes xaFig 1 Turning a light on isa physical change. The change is versed when you turn the light 9.1 WHAT IS A REACTION? Changes occur around us all the time. For example, bread goc mouldy, nails rust, milk goes sour, seeds sprout, water eva} orates These changes can be classified as physical or chemical. Dui ing a ph change, but the substance is still the same. For example, whe 1 change some of the properties of the substanc liquid water freezes to ice its properties change. It is now a soli which cannot be poured — but itis still v And it can easi be changed back to liquid water The tungsten filament ina light bulb becomes white hot whe electricity passes through it, but the filament is s| agster This is a physical change, because no new substance ec formed, When you turn the light off, the. filame m as it was before. That is, you can easily reverse a physic change swito# on Switch OFF