‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

CE 370
Reinforced Concrete Design-I

Lecture #8
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I 1 September 28, 2019

 Contents
2

 Objectives of the present lecture

 Determination of moment capacity
 Strength reduction factors
 Nominal moment strength of RC beams
 Steps in determining the design moment capacity
 Maximum and minimum tension steel
 Lumping of tension steel layers at centroid

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Objectives of the Present lecture
3

 To illustrate how to calculate nominal and design

moment capacity of singly reinforced rectangular RC
beams when (i) tension steel is yielded and (ii) tension
steel is not yielded.
 To explain how to estimate nominal and design moment
capacity of singly reinforced rectangular RC beams if
tension steel is arranged in two or more layers.

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Analysis of RC Beams
Determination of Moment Capacity
4

 Analysis of existing RC beams is somewhat different from

the analysis and check involved in the design stage.
 For new beams to be designed, all code provisions must be
enforced. If any condition is not satisfied, the design must be
repeated.
 For existing beams, the analysis must be completed and any
deficiencies reported. If for instance the section is not tension
controlled or not satisfying minimum steel condition, its
nominal and design moments must still be determined using
appropriate strength reduction factors.

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Strength Reduction Factors, ϕ f
5

Strength reduction factors (f) account for:

 Uncertainties in material strength
 Inaccuracies in design equations
 Approximations in analysis
 Variations in dimensions
 Variations in placement of reinforcement

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Strength Reduction factors ϕ (Contd.)
6
As per SBC 304-18

Note: For Grade 420 rebars, equation (d) can be simplified as:
ε𝑡 − ε𝑡𝑦 ε𝑡 − 0.002
𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.65 + 0.25
(0.005 − ε𝑡𝑦 ) (0.005 − 0.002)
250
𝜙 = 0.65 + (𝜀𝑡 − 0.002)
3
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui September 28, 2019
 Variation of f with Tensile Strain
7
As per SBC 304-18

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Nominal Moment Strength of RC Beams
8

 The main difficulty in analysis

problems is that it is not known
whether steel has yielded or not.
Existing beams may have been
designed as over reinforced with
steel not yielding at failure.
 Yielding case is much simpler as
the steel stress is then known and
constant fy
 It is usually first assumed that
steel has yielded and if it turns
out that it has not, then a different
method is used.

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Nominal and Design Moment Strength
(Tension Steel Yielding)
9
0.85 f c'
 cu  0.003

1c  a Cc  0.85 f c' ab

Neutral
Axis d
a
h d 2
As
T  As f y

b
s   y
(a) Beam (b) Strain (c) Stress distribution and
section distribution internal forces
As f y f y d As
For equilibrium, Cc  T  0.85 f c' ab  As f y  a   
bd
 tensile steel ratio.
0.85 f c' b 0.85 f c'
The reinforcing steel is
 a  a limited to an amount
Nominal strength : M n  T  d    M n  As f y  d   that it will yield well
 2  2 before the concrete
 a reaches its ultimate
Design strength : fM n  fAs f y  d   strength
 2
CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019
 Nominal and Design Moment Strength
(Tension Steel Not Yielding)
10

0.85 f c'
 cu  0.003

1c  a Cc  0.85 f c' ab

Neutral
Axis d
a
h d 2
As
T  As f s  As Es s

b
s   y
(a) Beam (b) Strain (c) Stress distribution and internal
section distribution forces

d c d c
T  As f s  As Es s  As Es  
 cu  As s
E 0.003
 c   c 
Cc  0.85 f c'ba  0.85 f c'b1c
CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019
 Contd.
11
d c
T  As Es  0.003; Cc  0.85 f c b1c
'
d c  c 
Cc  T  0.85 f c'b1c  As Es   cu
 c  T  Cc  Take average of the two as T
d c
 0.85 f c'b1c  As Es cu  0
 c   a
Nominal strength : M n  T  d  
  0.85 f c'b1 ;   As Es cu  2
d c
 c    0
 c 
 c 2   ( d  c )  0  c 2   c  (   d )  0
    2  4 d )
c  (Take positive solution)
2

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Steps in Determining the Design Moment Capacity
12
 f ' 1 .4 
,  min  Max. c ,  If   
As
1. Find stee ratio   min OK. Go to the next step.
bd  4f fy 
 y 
As f y a
2. Assume tension steel yielding; find a  and c 
0.85 f c' b 1
d c d c
3. Find strain in tensile steel  s  (0.003) T  As Es  0.003; Cc  0.85 f c b1c
'
c
 c 
 a T  Cc  Take average of the two as T
4a. If  s   y  OK yielding : M n  As f y  d  
 2  a
Nominal strength : M n  T  d  
4b. If  s   y : Steel not yielding. Then  2

    2  4 d ) 5. Design moment capacity  fM n

c (Take positive solution)
2
  0.85 f c'b1 ;   As Es cu

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Upper limit on Beam Reinforcement
(Maximum Steel Ratio)
13

In order to have the member

ductile enough steel tensile strain
should not be less than 0.005
(when the concrete strain reaches
0.003). Maximum steel ratio is
thus a steel ratio corresponding to
steel tensile strain = 0.005
 C  T  0.85 f c' ab  As f y
f y d  0.851 f c'  3 
a
As f y
 where  
As f y d 3d
    
;
0.85 f c' b 0.85 f c'  
bd
0.851 f c'
8  fy  8 
a f y d  
 a  c1  c  
1 0.85 1 f c'  0.851 f c'  3 
  max    
d c  fy  8 
c

c
 
0.003  
0.003 0.005 d 0.003  0.005
This is the maximum steel in order to
c 0.003 c 3 3
     c  d  0.375d have section fully ductile.
d 0.008 d 8 8
CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019
 Minimum Percentage of Steel
14

 When a beam cracks in tension, the crack usually propagates to a point

near the centroid of the section and there is a sudden transfer of tension
force from the concrete to the reinforcing steel in the tension zone.
 Unless a minimum amount of reinforcement is present in the tension
zone, the beam would fail suddenly. This type of failure may occur
without warning.
 To prevent such a possibility codes specify a certain amount of
reinforcing that must be used at every section of flexural members.
 According to Section 9.6.1.2, SBC 304-18: 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be the greater
of (a) and (b)

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Effect of Tension Steel ratio
15

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Problem-1
16

Determine the design moment capacity ϕ𝑀𝑛 of the beam section shown in
figure below if 𝑓𝑐′ = 30 MPa and 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa. Take 𝛽1 ≅ 0.85.

600
675
4  f 28 All dimensions are in mm.
75 Note: if 𝛽1 is not given, calculate
375 the value of 𝛽1 as per SBC 304-18 as:
0.05 𝑓𝑐′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 −
7
0.05 30 − 28
= 0.85 − = 0.84
7
CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019
 Solution
17
 
4    282 
A
Stee ratio   s  4   2461.76  0.0109
bd 375  600 225000

 f ' 1 .4 
 min  Max  c ,   Max  30 , 1.4   Max 0.0033,0.0033  0.0033
 4 fy fy   4  420 420 
   

    min OK

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 0.003
Assume that the tension steel is
yielding, so fs = fy. Then
127.2
600
675
472.8
4  f 28
As f y 2461.76  420
a   108.12 mm
0.85 f c' b 0.85  30  375 75 s
a 108.12 375
 a  1c  c    127.20 mm All dimensions are in mm.
1 0.85
d c
s  (0.003)  a  a
c  M n  T  d    As f y  d  
600  127.2  2  2
 s  (0.003)  0.0111  108.12 
127.2  M n  2461.76  420 600  
  s  0.0111  0.005  2 
Section is tension controlled.  M n  564.46  106 Nmm  M n  564.46 kNm
 f  0.90  Design moment capacity fM n  0.9  564.46 kNm
 fM n  508.0 kNm

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I 18 September 28, 2019

 Lumping of Tension steel layers at Centroid
19

 If tension steel is arranged in two or

more layers, these can be, in the
calculations, replaced by a single
steel area at their centroid.
 This Layer lumping (assembly)
simplifies analysis and design
equations.
 Standard beam design cannot in
fact deal with more than one
tension steel layer. Notation details :
 As layer strains are different,
d min , εmin : At minimum depth layer
lumping is only justified if all
d t , εt : At max.depth (bottom) layer
tension layers have yielded (and
d , ε s : At tension steel centroid
have the same yield stress).
CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019
 Contd.
20

 Tension steel depth d must therefore

be computed at the centroid of the
layers.
 Yielding must be checked at the
least tensioned layer with minimum
depth dmin as it is unsafe to check
yielding at the centroid
 The tension control check should be Required steel-strain checks:
performed at the most tensioned One layer :  t  0.005
extreme bottom layer (dt) as εmin   y
performing tension control check at Many layers : 
 t  0.005
the centroid is uneconomical.
One layer : εmin   s   t
Many layers : εmin   s   t
CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019
 Problem-2
21

Determine the design moment capacity ϕ𝑀𝑛 of the beam section shown in
figure below if 𝑓𝑐′ = 30 MPa;𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa;. Take 𝛽1 ≅ 0.85; Clear Cover
= 40 mm; and Size of stirrups = 10 mm.

500
6  f 20
Note: if 𝛽1 is not given, calculate
30
the value of 𝛽1 as per SBC 304-18 as:
300 0.05 𝑓𝑐′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 −
7
All dimensions are in mm
0.05 30 − 28
= 0.85 − = 0.84
7
CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019
 Solution
22
Calculation of dt and d

dt d
d 500
d t  h  Clear Cover  d s  b
2 6  f 20
 d t  500  40  10  20 / 2  440 mm 30 g
300 40  10  20 / 2  60
Distance of tension reinforcement centroid
from the bottom of the beam ( g ) : All dimensions are in mm

g
A y si i

As1 y1  As 2 y2
A si As1  As 2

g
4   / 4  20 (40  10  10)  2   / 4  20 (10  30  10  60)
2 2

4   / 4  20   2   / 4  20 
2 2

1256  60  628  110

g  76.7 mm
1256  628
 d  h  g  500  76.7  423.3 mm

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Solution (Contd.)
23

 
6    20 2 
A
Stee ratio   s  4   1884  0.0145
bd 300  423.3 126990
 f ' 1 .4 
 min  Max  c ,   Max  30 , 1.4   Max 0.0033,0.0033  0.0033
 4 fy fy   4  420 420 
   

    min OK

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Solution (Contd.)
24
Assume that the tension steel is  a  a
yielding, so fs = fy. Then  M n  T  d    As f y  d  
 2  2
 103.44 
As f y 1884  420  M n  1884  420 423.3  
a   103.44 mm  2 
0.85 f c' b 0.85  30  300
 M n  294.02  10 6 Nmm  M n  294.02 kNm
a 103.44
 a  1c  c    121.7 mm  Design moment capacity fM n  0.9  294.02 kNm
1 0.85
 fM n  264.6 kNm

Let us perform tension control test at the steel centroid

d c
s  (0.003)
c
423.3  121.7
 s  (0.003)  0.0074
121.7
  s  0.0074  0.005
Section is tension controlled  f  0.90

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Problem-3
25

Determine the design moment capacity ϕ𝑀𝑛 of the beam section shown in
figure below if 𝑓𝑐′ = 30 MPa;𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa;. Take 𝛽1 ≅ 0.85; Clear Cover
= 40 mm; and Size of stirrups = 10 mm.

Note: Problem-3 and 2 are the same; they differ

only in the area of tension steel.
500
6  f 32 Note: if 𝛽1 is not given, calculate
30 the value of 𝛽1 as per SBC 304-18 as:
0.05 𝑓𝑐′ − 28
300 𝛽1 = 0.85 −
7
All dimensions are in mm 0.05 30 − 28
= 0.85 − = 0.84
7

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Solution
26
Calculation of dt and d

dt d
d 500
d t  h  Clear Cover  d s  b
2 6  f 32
 d t  500  40  10  32 / 2  434 mm 30 g
Distance of tension reinforcement centroid 300 40  10  32 / 2  66
from the bottom of the beam ( g ) :
All dimensions are in mm
g
 Asi yi 
As1 y1  As 2 y2
A si As1  As 2

g
4   / 4  32 (40  10  32 / 2)  2   / 4  32 (32 / 2  30  32 / 2  66)
2 2

4   / 4  20   2   / 4  20 
2 2

3215.4  66  1607.7  128

g  86.7 mm
3215.4  1607.7
 d  h  g  500  86.7  413.3 mm

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Solution (Contd.)
27
 
6    32 2 
A
Stee ratio   s  4   4823.04  0.0389
bd 300  413.3 123990

 f ' 1 .4 
 min  Max  c ,   Max  30 , 1.4   Max 0.0033,0.0033  0.0033
 4 fy fy   4  420 420 
   

    min OK

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Solution (Contd.)
28
Note: If section is not tension-
Assume that the tension steel is controlled at the tension steel
yielding, so fs = fy. Then centroid. Then find the strain at
bottom most layer of tension steel to
As f y 4823.04  420
a   264.8 mm calculate the ϕ.
0.85 f c' b 0.85  30  300
a 264.8
 a  1c  c    311.5 mm
1 0.85

Let us perform tension control test at the steel centroid

d c
s  (0.003)
c
413.3  311.5
 s  (0.003)  0.0009
311.5
  s  0.0009   y ( 0.002 for Grade - 420 steel)
Tension steel is not yielding  Over reinforced section

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Solution (contd.)
29

Calculation of c, T and Cc d c

T  As f s  As Es s  As Es   cu
 c 
Since the section is over reinforced,  413.3  260.7 
T  4823.04  2  105    0.003
tension steel stress is not equal to fy  260 . 7 
 T  1693,891 N  1693.9 kN
    2  4 d
c Cc  0.85 f c'ba  0.85 f c'b1c  0.85  30  300  0.85  260.7
2
where,  Cc  1695,201 N  1695.2 kN
  0.85 f c'b1 ; and   As Es cu  T  1693.9 kN  Cc  1695.2 kN

  0.85 f c'b1  0.85  30  300  0.85  6502.5

  As Es cu  4823.04  2 105  0.003  2.89 10 6

c
 2.89  10 6  2.89 10 
6 2
 4  6502.5  2.89  10 6  413.3
2  6502.5
 2.89  10 6  6.28  10 6
c
2  6502.5
3.39  10 6
c  260.7 mm (Taking positive sign)
13005

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Solution (contd.)
30
1693.9  1695.2
An average value of T  Cc   1694.6 kN will be used to calculate M n .
2
Then, using a  1c  0.85  260.7  221.6 mm
 a  221.6 
 M n  T  d    1694.6  103   413.3  
 2   2 
 M n  512.6  10 6 Nmm  M n  512.6 kNm

dt  c
t  (0.003)
c
434  221.6
 t  (0.003)  0.0029
221.6
  t  0.002  0.0029  0.005
Section is a transition zone section.
250 250
f  0.65  ( t  0.002)  0.65  (0.0029  0.002)  0.73
3 3
 Design moment capacity fM n  0.73  512.6 kNm
 fM n  374.2 kNm
CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019
 Further Reading
31
Read more about this lecture from:

• Reinforced concrete, Mechanics and Design by James K.

Wight, Seventh Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.
• Design of Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition by J.C.
McCormac and R. H. Brown, Wiley, USA.

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019

 Thank You
32

CE 370 : Reinforced Concrete Design -I September 28, 2019