17 Finite Differences 17.1 INTRODUCTION In practical life some problems consist of numbers which can be represented by equation. Sometime it is not possible to write down exact solution of the equation. Numerical methods are very important methods for finding the solutions of problems in applied mathematics to a desired accuracy. Problems in the fields of engineering, scientific, industry are solved with the help of computers etc. 17.2 FINITE DIFFERENCES Consider the function y = f(x), where x is known as argument and y is called entry, Here, the values of the argument are at equal intervals. \ a, ath, a+2h, at3h, a+ nh, The corresponding values of y are : F(a), flat h), flat 2h), f(a+ 3h), . The following differences are called finite differences S(a + h)-f(a) f(a + 2h)-f(a +h) S(a + 3h)-f(a + 2h) S(a+nh)-flat(n- IA) \ 17.3 FORWARD DIFFERENCE (U.P, IIT Semester. Dec. 2009) If the above differences are denoted by the forward operator A then these differences are known as forward differences. Af(a) = flat h)-f(a) ’ Af(ath) = f(at2h)-f(a + h) Af(a+2h) = f(at3h)-f(a + 2h) | Af (atn—1h) = f(atnh) -f(a+n-1h) 515* Introduction to Engineering Mathematics 4 516 An general = -f) . , Af le) = Seri) “FE dh is known as the inten, A isan operator ia called a forward difference operator an al op differences. First Forward Difference \ 7 Af (a) = flat h)-f@ Second Forward difference “f(a = AlAs(a)] = AL f(a+h)-f@) = Af(at h)-Af(a) = (fa + 2h)—f(a + h)]-[f(@ + )-F@) =S (a+ 2h) - 2 (a+ h) + f(a) ~Q) Third Forward difference A F(a) = AtAF(a)] ~Q) Putting the value of A? f(a) from (2) in (3), we get BS = ALf@+2%)-2¢(a+ W)+f(@) = Af (a+ 2h)-24 f(a+ h)+ Af(@) = F@*3h)~ F(a 2) -21F(a+ 2h) -S(a+ WN] + Fat h)—Fle = f(a+3h)-3 f (a+2h)+3f (a+h)-f (a) Similarly, A" (a) = ara s@ =a" [F(a+h)-s(a)] A" £@) = A" f@th-a" F@ Note. 1. A f(a) means f(a) is to be subtracted from next entry. 2. The difference f (a + A) —f (a) is denoted by placing A before the second entry. 3. A? is not the square of the operator A but A? means A operated by A. Example 1. Construct a forward difference table and find At FD, if SM =1LF@=3, £0) =8 F(A) = 15, f(5) = 25, Solution. > fo) | 4f@ | 87a 77 are) | aye l 1 —_| 2 3 3 8 4 15 3 s 10 25 — From the table, we have at f() =2‘Table of Forward differences g : [Argument | Entry First Difference ‘Second. Difference Third Difference Fourth Difference = £6) ase) ase) aso) stro, “~ 4 Asla+ h=asca) = fla ars | fern ee a+ thy-flas h)=afla+h)| f+ 9-850) =8 Fo arth | se+2m Asta +2h)~ayto+h [posers b iedebed =asern Sla+ 3h)-f(a + 28) = 8 fas W-Sf a+ h sya + 2h] asta + hy arth | slash Afla+3h~ afta + 2h) Sle + 4h)-F(a + 3h) = = 8 fa + 2h) AY (a + 3h ash | fash asIntroduction to Engineering Mathematics ~ Il 518 174 BACKWARD DIFFERENCE OPERATOR (UB, III Semester, Dec. 2009) Ifthe difference f(x) —/ (x ~ h) is denoted by the backward difference operator V then the difference V f(x) =/(a) ~f (&— h) is called backward difference. VS =f (x)- fA) The operator V is called as backward difference operator. It is to be noted that it is only the notation which changes and not the difference y, Yo = Avo = V- ‘Second backward difference is denoted by V f(x) and Vv? S@=V IV/@l] = VLF@)-fE-A] = VF ()- Vfee-h) = [F@)-£(x-h)] = [fA -f @-2h)] = f(s)-2f (> h) + fGe~ 2h) Third backward difference. VI) = VVS@]=VLL@)-Se-A] = VW? F)-V? f(x-A) = $)=2f-B) +f (= 2h)- fe h)— A (e— 2h) + f(@—3h)] = £08) —3F(@— A) + 3f & - 2h) -f (« - 3h) In General VLG) = VV SGI = VF ()-S(x-A)] = Vl f(e) - 0"! f(x-A) Note: 1. The backward difference f (a) — f (a — h) is denoted ct (@- hi by placi . et On a) i r Placing backward differen: Example 2. Construct a backward di pcos ba wt iene table, f(1) = 4, f (2) = 8, f(3) = 12, f()= 18 Solution. a SL) VS (x) 2 T 7 vse) vife) | vif 2 A . } 4 3 12 > 2 6 8 4 18 3 — _ $ a eee | From the ——I e table, we have v‘s(s) 38 Ar”seouer9qig oyu Table of bachard aieenes [argument | Eanry Fist Dilfownce Second Difeece Third Difereee Fourth Difence = fe, vse vse) vise vise | 5 fe | Sarh-s0 =v seh Vfle+2H- vfle+ vfla* 2) ath | farm 2 Ifie+2)-fa+h = 9 se+ 20 V?s(043h)~ V3/le6 2h V>sf(a + 3h) a+2h | f(a + 2h) Vsla + 3h)- V fla + 2h) IV *fla + 4h) V3 f(a + 3h) Vi fla + 3h) = ViF(a + shy S(a + 3h) f(a + 2h) V? sla + 4h) 7 ¥ta + 3A)| = v sie +38 = 9410 + a) ash | s@+ 3m 0 4h)~ f+ 3) Se th-flo+ 3h [7 teeta vies ara | ser wg) sis520 Vv The operator E Again, / 17.5 THE SHIFTING OPERATOR E Introduction to Engineering Mathematics _ y Fin (UP, III Semester, Dec. 2099) Ef(x) =f(x +h) wy E is called the shifting operator. AS) =S4H-$0) => ASO) = ES) -SO) [Using (1 > Ef (x) = Af) +f) = Ef) =(4+ DF) =A+1 or A=E-1 Q E’ f(x) = EE f(x) =Ef(e + h) =f x + 2h) E'f() = EE? f(x) =Ef(e + 2h) =f +3h) EXfQ) = EE’ f(x) = Ef (x + 3h) =f + 4h) E" f(x)_ = f(x tanh), ETS) =f(x-h) 17.71 Similarly, we In general JE" () =f(x— mh) 17.6 PROPERTIES OF A AND E 1, Commutative property (A, E and constant). A and-E are commutative with regard t constant. @4laf@l=aaf@ ; (i) Elaf@|=aEk f(x). Proof. (i) Afaf(x)] af (x+h)-af (x) (i) EfafQ@y af(x+h) 78 C. = aEf x) 2, Commutative Property (A and £). A and E are commutative i.e,; 5 Proof. EAS ()=AES() EAS) = ELS +h) -SO) = Efe +b) Ef) =f(x + 2m) f(x +h) ill BE f(x)= Af (xt+h) =f (x+2h)-f (x+h) wl From (1) and (2), EAS (x)=AE f(x) Proved 3. Associative Property A and E are associative (AE) AS (x) = A(EA) f(x) prodFinite Differences 521 ) 4. Distributive Property y A and E are distributive @ Alf@+ocy] = AS (x) + d(x) ] @ EYL) +00) = EF) + E4(x) Proof. » ® A[f@+o@] = [Fe+i) + 96044] -[reysocn)] = [f@+m-s(0] +[6+A) - 4(9)] = AF) + Ab(x) @) ELF) +o@] = S(R+A) + O(x +h) = Ef (x) + £4(x) Proved. 5. Law of indices Law of indices are applicable on A and E. @ amar FR) =A"™ F(x) (BM EN SG) = EB" fo), 17.7 DIFFERENCE FORMULA, 1, Difference Formula of A, E and Let k be the constant @ Ak=o0 @ Ek=k Proof, Let k= (0), k= f(x +A) @ Ak=Aso) = S(x+h)- f(x) | = k-k=0 | @) E® =EsF() =S@+h=k 17.8 CENTRAL DIFFERENCE OPERATOR as) s(x+da) - sed) Sis called as the central difference operator. » M Tere seed) se-4) 2) wd. 8s) = & (constant) to 4 th 2 f(x) ~ £2 f(y ae Bf (x) = [# ‘Jr > Ga] (GP, H. Semester, Dec, 2009) E" f(x)= S (x+nh)y \ FS () = a(x + 3)duction 10 at Intro’ or Mati oe erence 1% ‘init: spitference TABI cont By [SRE EY [a Argument © ~ ao . om | 3 ey ath a 6 bys % ey a, | a+2h 2 ays aa ‘ a+3h ays Bb yr 7 a+4h Example 3. Evaluate 84 (2) given const po=& sini F2)= 70 Q=34 SO=0 ‘ Solution. C Argument Entry y Ist Diff. 2nd Diff. 3rd Diff. 4th DE ° 7 1 “"0) ' » 4587 yy 8. B= by r=8y 0) @ 6=8 5 (3) 10. ee dp Thus, 84 £(2)= 4.~W Finite Ditterences 623 EXERCISE 17.1 Construct a table of forward differences for the following data : 1 x 10 20] 30 40 y li 20 | 44 | 79 2 x 0 3 10 15 20 25 y 7 n 14 18 24 32 Evaluate A}y (0), Ans. 2 3. Wu = 3.0, 100, calculate A‘, Ans, ~ 7459 4 [x 0 1 2 3 4 Ly 10 is | 22 [oar [a6 | Evaluate A*y (2), Ans. 0.4 sh © 7 z 3 4 3 6 7 8 soo 7 26 | 63 | 24 [ais | 3az [sn — Evaluate 43 / (4). Ans, 6 ‘Construct a table of backward differences for the following data : 6 x [0 1 2 3 4 3 » [2 9 | 2 [ 6 | 12% | a7 Find vy (5). Ans, 6 7. ¥ 0 7 z 3 a 3 6 » | 4 to | 30 | a5 [160294 a0 Find yy (4). Ans, 15 | (8. + 70 7 2 3 a 3 6 7 | » [oo 0 1 6 24 60 [120 | 2i0 Find vy (7), Ans, 0 2PAonstruct central difference table for the following data + %. x 0 2 4 6 8 » [os 9 [6 | 209 | sor Find 6y (3) and 8 ind By (3) and 8}y (5). Ans. 48, 48 0 [To H 2 3 4 Y 0 3 22 37 “ Find 6%y (2) ne ns. af18 Interpolation With Equal Intervals (Newton's Forward & Backward Interpolation) e— 18.1 INTERPOLATION Let y= f(x) be a function of x. The corresponding values of y for a set of a, a+ hy a+ 2h, vo @ + nh are given a y= fla) 3, = flat hy J f(a + 2h) ¥, = flat nh) Interpolation is the pro aand a+ nh, S of finding the values of y for any intermediate value of x, between Extrapolation. Extrapolation is the process of obtaining the value of y for a value of x outside the interval @ and a+ nh, 18,2 ASSUMPTIONS FOR INTERPOLATION 1, The function is a polynomial function, 2. There is no sudden jump or fall in the value of the function under the given interval of argument, 3. The function is ei er increasing or dec 18.3 METHODS OF INT (a) For equal Interval RPOLATION 1. Newton ~ Gregory Forward Interpolation method 2. Newton's Backward Interpolation method 3. Stirling formula (Cental difference) (b) For Unequal Interval 1. Lagranges Method 2. Newton's divided difference method, 184 NEWTON-GREGORY FORWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA FOR EQUAL INTERVALS Weknow tha this formula is applied for interpolation near the beginning ofthe tabulated values, Weknow that, — f(a+ph) = E” f(a) S(at ph) = (1+ A)? f(a) 563 Y= Crt ayyIntroduction to Engineering Mathematics _ j, 564 On expanding (1 + A)’ by Binomial theorem, we get as P(p-l) 42 ore [!- p+ PED 92+] Fa) PP: 2 = Slat ph) = f(a)* pAf(at —Z— 8 IL + Itisknown as the Newton-Gregory formula of interpolation. =) ,2 This formula can also be written as ¥ = Yo +PA3o + oe y+ Observations. The converse of this theorem is also true ice. if the nth differences of a Junction tabulated at equally spaced intervals are constant, the function is a polynomial of degree n. This fact is important in numerical analysis as it enables us to approximate a function by a polynomial of nth degree, ifits nth order difference becomes nearly constant. : Example 1. Ifu,= 1, u,= 0, uy=5, uy= 22, uy= 57, find uy Solution. The Difference Table is as under : x 4, Au, wu | Mu atu, 0 1 -T 1 0 6 f@ 5 6 2 5 12 0 ft 17 6 3 2 18 f( ” 35 4 57 Here, atph= 0.5, hat 0+p(1) = 05 > By Newton's Forward interpolation formula, we have -)) =] — fla+ phy = seep ascays PE a? f(a) + PEDO 09 50) +0 0. 2 ug + = My +0.! tg = MotOS Ati + 0.5(0 2 0 0+ (0.5)(-1)+ 25 eo) on oso) 19) 6) 4 1-0.5-0.75 + 0.375 0.125 Ans.Interpolation with Equal Intervals 565 62, State the appropriate interpolation formula which is (0 be used to calculate Exampl a ei due of exp (1.75) from the following data and hence evaluate i from the given data : x T7 | 18 | 19 | 20 ye 5474 | 6.050| 6686 | 7.389 Solution. ‘The difference table is as under : x y=f@)| Ay wy ay 7 547 }—_| 0.576 18 6.050 pee ona 19 6.686 0.067 0.703 20 7.389 atph= 1.75, a=17, h=01 17+p(0.1) = 1.75, p=05 By Newton's forward interpolation formula, we have flat phy= flo pasta) 22a f(a) + PRDOD » faye 0.5(0.5—' = i! (1.78) = f(T) + 0.58f(1.7)+ 25022) a 50.7) + SOS OSD 98 Fa. +~ .5(0.5=1) a1 (0.060) + 0. = m (1.15) = (1.7) + 0.5 (0.576) + 95 05-95 (a.007) = 5.474 + 0.288 — 0.0075 + 0.0004375 57624375 — 0.0075 = 5.7549375 5.7549 (Rounded upto four decimal places) Ans. Example 3. Applying Newton's forward interpolation formula, compute the value of (5.5 given that J5 = 2.236, 6 = 2.449, V7 = 2.646 and J§ = 2.828, correct upto three places of decimal. Solution, The difference table is as under : x » Ay ay Ay 5 2.236 j}——_| 0.213 6 2.449 Pera ost | 7 2.646 0015 0.182 8 2.828Introduction to Engineering Mathematics _ 566 Interpol n= 5.5, a=5, ane a+ ph=5.5, 5+p(I)=55, p=05s By Newton's forward interpolation formula, we have (p-) 2 PIP=D PAD 0? f(a) + flarph = sar pass 5 ALO * (p=) (p=) 3! 0.5(0.5—1) (0.5 -2) 3! He 0.5 (05-1) 0505-DUOW A} £(5 F(5.5) = £5) +05 4f(5)+ eee a £(5) + +. 5 (0.5=1 0.5 (0.5=1) (05-2) F(5.5) = 2.236 + 0.5 x 0.213 + 8505-9 0.016) + 31 (0.001) = 2.236 + 0.1065 + 0.00200 + 0.000625 = 2,3445625 = 2.345 (upto three decimal places). Ans, Example 4. Estimate from the following table the number of students who obtained marks between 40 and 45 : Marks 30-40 | 40-50| 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | No. of students | 31 42 S51 35 31 (RGR, Bhopal, II Semester, June 2001) Solution. The difference table below is : Marks | No. of students y| Ay Ay Aty Aty Below 40 31 4 [a Below 50 B )-—~Lo9 51 --——_] = 25 Below 60 124 * =.16 37, 35 12 Below 70 159 -4 31 Below 80 190 Here, a+ ph= 45, h=10 40 +p(10)=45, — p=05 By Newton's forward interpolation formula, we have S(atphy = S(a+pAf(a)+ PRD 2 oq PEED (a) 4 PP), ie) (P-3) A+ f(a)W Interpolation with Equal Intervals 567 0.5 (0.5-1) (45) = 31+ 0.5 (42) + (9) ‘ as03-) (05-2) _55) 2 4 2:5(0:5-D (05-2) 05-3) (59) 4! = 31+ 21- 1.125 ~ 1.5625 - 1.4453125 47.8671875 = 48 nearly Hence the number of students getting marks between 40 and 45 = 48-31=17, Ans. Example 5. Find the lowest degree polynomial y («) that will fit the data x 0 2 4 6 8 [In ca folalirs > 5 9 6t_| 209 | sor pelpromvel; Also find y (5). Solution, The difference table is as shown x y Ay ay Ay aty ae ; 5 ee ee 52 pa] 4 61 96 148 48 6 209 144 292 8 501 a+ph=x, a= 0, h=2 > 0+pQ)=x = p= By Newton's forward interpolation formula -) =| ia Ye Sle ph)= Fa) pAs(ays BEAD a? fq) POYP2) 3 49 P(p=l) (p-2) (p-3) +a eee at f(a) 4 -) 4, iG) =542 a5 2 2 > ¥) S++ a (48) + (48) * SEI, 6x? + Br =~ 245, > YO)" 5+ 2x4 62 1204 3_ ‘This is the required polynomial Now, y (5) = (5)3 2*54+5= 125-1045 125-5 = 120 Hence, y (5) = 129 Ans,= 568 Introduction to Engineering Mathematigg 4 Example 6. Using Newton's forward interpolation formula find the cubic polynomial yp, takes on the following values :- x 0 1 2 3 y 1 2 1 10 Solution. The difference table is as under : x y Ay ay Ay | 2 1 10 9 3 10 atph=x, a hel => O+p(I)=x or p=x By Newton's forward interpolation formula, we have S(a+ph) = f(a)+pAfta+ a D9? £(@ p+ PPD PH?) 93 S(a+.. xe (3-2) an 2 7 SF) = (+x AfO)+ FO) + YF) +. fe) = 1+x(1)+ 72 Sr D 2) 0DE-2 oy DOD gy 4. £@) = ears seas eet SG) = 2-72 +641 oe Example 7. Using Newton's forward interpolation formula, find the cubic polynomial and hence evaluate f (0.5) by the following data : x o 1 2 3 4 f@) ok 0 13 50 123 Solution, The Newton's forward difference table is given below : x f@) 4f@ | ae) | ro | a¥@ 0

= D 92 6g) 42D O-I ype... = = 1x(y +2 G2) aay 4 2EDV OM (19) 2 6 = 14x + 6x? - Gr + 2x — Or? + dy = W-x-1 . => f05) = 2 (0.5) -(0.5)-1 = 0.25-0.5-1=-1.25 Ans. Example 8. Find the interpolating polynomial that fits the data and estimate f (0.2) and S (1) from the following table. x 0 1 2, 3. [| 4 f@. | 1 7 25 | 61 Solution. Newton's Forward Difference Table is as under x | f@_ |4f@|_ a7@)] a¥e lave | 0 0 1 1st 6 Here a= 6 6 2 7 2 I, a+nh 18 6 = 0FA(1)= x 3 25 18 a E 36 4 61 . n(n-l) f(a nh) = f(a)+ ndf(a)+ ue P F(a) +E) a f(a) SO) 1+x@)+ (x-1) =I) (x= xe (6 42& Te 2 @ 143 @)@-1)+x@-1)(-2) 14 3x? 3x4 93,2 + 2y Baxtl Ans,introduction to Engineering Mathemay. i 570 Interpc L = 0.808 my $02) = (0.2) = (0.2) + 1 = 0,008 - 0.2 +1 f(x) = 3- £6 /F) = 30F ann ing table : ae \ fixample 9. Estimate the missing term in the following table : ; z a I Z smal ? : y=f@ | 1 3 Z - a Explain why value differs from 3? or 27.) (R.GRV., Bhopal HI Semester; Dee, 2p Solution, Here, four entries are given so y can be represénted by third degree polynons — Cay = contnt) aty = 0 => E-Ity = 0 > (B-4B+6R-4E+1)y = 0 => E*y—4By +6E7y- bey +y =0 > Y4-4Y3 + 62-44 + Yo => 81—4y, +609)—4(3) 41 = 0 => 81-4y, 454-1241 = 9 > 4y, = 124 => wr Als. Example 10. Find the first term of the series whose second and subsequent terms are 8, 3, 0-1, 0. (RGRY, Bhopal lll Semester, Dec. 2007, June 2003) x 1 2 3 4 5 6 |\ fe | 2 {os 3 0 -1 flo IK Solution. First Method. We have * Here, 5 values out of 6 values of f(x) are given of degree 4. Hence, arf) = > af) = > -n¥@) = 0 => (E°-SE* +108? -10£? +5E-1) f (x) So, we can assume f(x) to be a polynomial constant 0 0 [+ A=E-1)| Interpolation with Equal intervals en For x= 1, (the first tabulated value), we have S(O ~S/(5)* 10f(4)- 1013) + S7(2)-fM) = 0 7 => 0-5x(-1)+0-10x3+5x8-f(1) = 0 > SQ) = 5-30+40 > fQ) = 15 Second Method. We have, FQ) = EXfQ)= (1+ Ay'fQ)=(1-A+ =A +.) £(2) a SQ) = fQ)-AF(2)+ A fQ)-AF(2)+.... (1) To evaluate A f(2), A* f(2)..... the difference table is x f£@) 4f@)_|_ as@) | 4's@) 4 0 ~ 2 7 6 0 Thus A f(2) = 5, A F(2)=2, APF (2)=0 ete. Substituting these values in (1), we get F(I)=84+542-0=15 fans Example 11. The number of members of a Civil Engineering Society are given below : x 1987 | 1988 | 1989 [1990 | 1991 f@) | iso] 192] 241 o 374 Make the best estimate you can do of the number of members in 1990. Solution, Since four enteries are given so y can be represented by the third degree polynomial. Hence A’y = constant at f(x) = 0 for all x (y=f@)] (E-Df@) = 0 > (E-4B+ 6-46 + 1) F(x) =0 = [E-4 +6 B— 4B +1) (1987) = 0 = Now E*f(1987)~ 48? (1987) + 6 Ef(1987)—4 E f(1987) +£(1987)=0a Int 2 a ) —4.f (1988) + /(1987) = 0 = Again £(1991)—4f(1990) + 6f(1989) => 374-4 (1990) + 6 (241) — 4 (192) + 150 =0 => 374—4,/(1990) + 1446-768 + 150=0 = Again 4f(1990) = 374 + 1446-768 + 150 4f (1990) = 1202 f(1990) = 300.5 Number ofmembers in 1990 is 301. Example 12. Find the missing values in the following table: x 45 50 55 60, 65 2 y 3 = =24 roduction to Engineering Mathemay,, ‘interpol Any, (R.GPY, Bhopal, Ill Semester, June 2007, Solution, Here, three enteries are given sof (x) can be represented by two degree polynomial, A? f(x) = constant > Afa) = 0 ad (E-I¥f@) = 0 > {E°-3E°+3E-Q f(x) = 0 = EB f(x)-3E? f(@)43ES() -f@) = = $(60) = 3f(55) +3 F(50)-f(45) = > £(60)-3 (2)+3,(50)-3 = £(60) + 3,f(50) = Again from (1), we have £(65)-3,f(60) + 3 (55) -f(50) = 0 —2.4-3,f(60)+ 3 (2)-f(50) = 0 > 3F(60)+f(50) = 3.6 Solving (2) and (3), we get f(60) = 0.225 and f(50)= 2.925 Example 13. Finding the missing values in the following table : x 0] 5 10 15 20 [25 y | 6 10 - 17 = 31 Hence, A3/(x) = constant Atf@) = 0 = (E-1f@) = 0 wo (I) ww (2) 3) Ans. (RGRY., Bhopal, Ill Semester, June 2006) Solution. Here, there are four given enteries sof (x) can be represented by third degree polynomial. 7Interpolation with Equal Intervals 573 => (E— 4B + 6E-4E + 1) (0) =0 w (1) => Ef (0)- 4E°f (0) + 6E f(0)-4 Ef(0)+f(0) = 0 = £(20)—4 F(15) +6 f(10)~4f(5) + (0) = 0 => S(20)—4 (17) + 6f(10)-4 (10) +6 = 0 = f(20)- 68+ 6 f(10)-40+6 = 0 = F(20)+ 6f(10) = 102 w= (2) Again from (1), we have | F(25)-4f(20) + 6f(15)—4F(10) + f(5) = 0 | > 31-4 f(20) + 6(17)-4f(10) +10 = 0 | > 31-4 f(20) + 102-4 f(10)+10 = 0 : = 4f(20)+4F(10) = 143 w=) | Solving (2) and (3), we get (10) = 13.25 and f(20)=22.5 Ans. | Example 14, Find out the missing values from the following : | 5 5 | 10 15 20 25 | 30 | y 7 ? B 15 ? 25 | Solution. Since we are given four enteries so y can be represented by the third | degree polynomial. Hence A*f(x) = constant | > AY@)= 0 forall x | = (E-'f@) = 0 => (E\- 4 B+ 6E-4E+ I) f(5)= 0 => f(25)-4f(20) + 6f(15)—4f(10)+f(5) = 0 od F(25)-4 (15) + 6(13)-4f(10)+7 = 0 > F(25)-4f(10)-60+78+7= 0 > Ff (25)-4f(10) = -25 wal) Aen (E-tf(10) = 0 > (E'- 4B + 6-4 + 1)f(10) = 0 * £0) ~4F(25) +6 F(20)-4f(15) +F(10) = 0 3 25-4 F(25)+ 6 (15)-4 (13) + (10) = 0574 Introduction to Engineering Mathoma, = = 4 (25) +f(10) + 25+ 90-52 = 0 = 4 (25) +f(10) = - 63 (10) = 10.87 Solving (1) and (2), we get and f(25) = 18.47 Example 15. Obtain the estimate of the missing figures in the following table : 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 0.100 | — | 0.082 | 0.07% (R.GPY, Bhopal, Il Semester, June ; x y | ons] — | am Solution. Here five values of f(x) are given. So, we can assume f(x) to be a polynomial of degree 4 in x. Hence, A‘y = constant > AYf(X) =0ie(E-I8f(x) = 0 > “[E°-SE*+ 10 B- 10 E7+ 5E-1] f(x) = E*SQ2)—SE‘f(2)+ 10 B f(2)- 10 f(2)+ SEF(2)-F(2) F(2.5)— 5f(24)+ 10 f(2.3)-10f (2.2) + $f(2.1)-F(2.0) Putting the values from table, we get (0.082) — $f(2.4) + 10 (0.100) - 10 (0.111) + $/(2.1) (0.135) = 0 = SF(24)-SF(2.1) = -0.163 > FRA)-f(2.1) = ~ 0.0326... 0 coo Again from (1), we have Ef21)- SES21)+ WES (2.1)- 10 BfQ.1)+ SEF21)-f2.1)= 0 S (26) - 5 (2.5) + 10f (2.4) - 10f(2.3) + $f(2.2)-F(2.1) = 9 Putting the values from the table, we get 0.074 — 5 (0,082) + 10 f(2.4) ~ 19 (0.100) + 5 (0.111)-(2.1) = 0 = 10f(2.4)-f21) = 0.781 6 Solving (2) and (3), we have F(2.1) = 0.123 and f(2.4) = 0.0904 ‘Ans Third method for one missing term. Example 16. Find missing term, given that zoo | 101 | 102 | 103 104 2.0128 | 2.0170 2 2.0043 iu_ with Equal Intervals . ng value be y, then difference table is : " igterplation 2) : 2.0000 0.0043 2.0043 s, y, — 2.0043 6.0257 - 3y, | y 4.0171 — 2y, *T 6y,— 12.0514 2.0128 - y, 3y, - 6.0257] * | 2.0128 ¥,- 2.0086 |? 0.0042 4) 2.0170 | ree ourth differences must be zero by assumption, we have | = 12.0514 =0 | 6, = 12.0514 | 12.0514 | = = GE = 2.0086 (approx) Ans. YD) Example 17. Assuming thae the following values of y belong to the polynomial of degree 4, | compute the next three values : | 7, 0|[/ [2 [3 [4]5]6)]7 | yf) te fat? [a fr | -f-f— (R.GPY, Bhopal, III Semester, June 2004) Solution. The difference table for given values of x and y is : | x y Ay Ay Ady Aty 2») = ) | 0 I=y, “ea, eats *) 4=a, 2= Ay -8 =A, | 1 0O | a =, ~4=A4, ; 16= AYy, -2=Ay, 8= Ay 3 = 2 1 7 ley, 4= Ay, ; ty, 2= Ay A¥y, 4 - ‘ A ley, ay, : a, 3) 5 dy, Ay, , % ay, oy, 6 ay, ay, y, 2, as, . ay, 1 4y; ony or z) a th Tha "2 belongs to @ polynomial of degree 4, therefore fourth difference are Wy =o ty Aly, = 0 => Aly, = A= 16 Sint ay, =ay. = Aya, = 2 = 16 ~ AY, but Ay,=0 => Ab,= Ay, = 16 _—_576 Introduction to Engineering Mathematics - i Inter To evaluate y, we have, Ay, = => AY, =AYy,+ Ay, =8 + 16= 24 Now, Ay, = > 4+24=28 Again, dy, = Ayyt => Ay, =2+28=30 Atlast ye = yt dy, => y= 1+30=31 ‘To evaluate y, we have, Ay, = AYA, = AY =A y+ A= 24+ 16=40 Now, Ay, = Ayt Ay, = A’y,=28+40=68 Again, Ay = Ayr dy, => Ay, = 30+ 68=98 Atlast y= yet by = To evaluate y, we have, Ay, = Ay-Ay, => A,=A'y,t Aty,= 40+ 16= 56 Now, Ay, = byt dy, => — Ay,= 68 + 56= 124 Again, Ay, = Ayt Ay, = Ay, =98 + 124= 222 Atlast v= Wty, = — -y,=129+222=351 Hence, Ye = 31, y= 129, y,=351 Ans 18.5 REMAINDER TERMS IN NEWTON’S FORWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA Letay yx, _x, be given at equal intervals h. + ph G+) [ey saxo th] =(e-x)-h [ex = x9 + ph => x—xy = ph] 2 = Np +2h] xox, Newton’s forward formula is S(é>+ph) =S (2%) +pds(jrLod A(x) ban 4 P=W(p~2)...(p=n=i) ) nl Af (3) +PRAD (=D (DM) yet feat vas e (n+! Remainder= Rp = 242=(p~2)...(p—n) 7 a mainder = R, Gap ASO) EXERCISE 18,1 1. Construct Ne 's ‘a ; : rc sor fo “Nerpolation polynomial for the following data : 8 10 y 1 3 8 16. Hence evaluate y for x = 5 aswith Equal intervals sn ion 1g data gives the melting point of an alloy of lead and zine hy . interpola 2, The followin ‘ead in the alloy (Py: | 50 60. 70 80 205 225 | 248 | 274 Percentage OF emperaure (0°C) A the alloy containing 54% of lead, using appropriate interpola melting point of t propriate interpolation Find the Ans. 212.64 mula. ference interpolation for the following table fo «yas a polynomial in x by Newton's forward difference interpotat the following table: 3. Expres 0 1 2 3 4 F4 3 6 u 18 27 Ans. y= 27 + 2x + 3, ‘Te fallowing ae data from the steam table, Find the pressure upto four places of decimal ifthe temperature of the steam is 145°C. Temperature °C_| 140 150 160 | 170 | 180 | Pressure kgfiem? | 3.685 | 4.854 6.302 | 8.076 | 10.225 ‘Ans, 4.2375 | |g. A function f (2) is given by the following table, Find / (0.2) by a suitable formula : | x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 | 7m jie | 19s | 194 | 203 “| 212 | 220 | 229 A Ans, 177.718036736 | 6. Using a polynomial of the third degree, complete the record given below of the export of a certain | commodity during five years : } Year 1989_| 1990 1991 | 1992 | 1993 Export (in tons) | 443 384 — | 397 [467 Ans, 369 tons | 1. Obtin the estimate of the missing figures in the following table : | x 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 38 f@) 1 8 ? 64 ? 216 | 343 | 512 Ans. f (8) = 125, £3) = 27 | - | & Find by interpolation the missing values in the following data : | x 0 5 lo Is 20 25 | 2 6 lo - 7 — 31 Ans, 13.25, 22.5 9, i A Obain the missing terms in the following table : ui 2.0 21 2.2 2.3 2.4 25 | 26 fe) [ois [> out 0.100} 2 | 0.080 | 0.074 "tthe table below th ‘Ans, f (2.1) = 0.123,f i ie 21.6 is the Sixth term, Feo the values of y are consecutive terms of a series of which the number Find the fst and the fenth term of the series. x Cos 4 5 6 1 HE Ls 125 |* 216 | 343 Find the mi ti A Swe term in the following table Ror] : 2 3 4 2 2 9 = 81 1.68a 578 Introduction to Engineering Maton /18.6 NEWTON'S BACKWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA (RGR, Bhopal, Ut Semesey b © “terpolat Sol Let the function be y = f (x) Suppose it is required to evaluate f (x) for.x =x, + ph. ces vy — 1+ pV+ pint) , Pops ns2) (p+) ys, i 2! = Wnty, + >» P(ptl) o2, , o(p+l) (p+2) vs a Yt 3! It is called Newton's Backward interpolation formula. Note. This formula is used for finding the value of y for x, when x is near x, (end) Itis also used for extrapolating values of y for x when x is slightly greater than x, Example 18. Given that x 172 3 4 3 | y 2 [ees 10 7 26 | ! Find the value of V¥y,. (RGR, Bhopal, III Semester, ue 26 Solution. The difference table is as under : 7 5 = vy vip 1 2 : 2 0 3 0-0, 4 5 ee From the table, we get yy, = 2 a 19. Given 8 ~ 7 7 [2 3 4 5_|6_ | (a) i @ 8 | 27 | ot | ns [216 | 4 Estimate (7.5),ose '\|nterpolation with Equal Intervals 579 2002 106) Solution. Difference table is as under : x [ro fw [or [oy | vy [oy | ve [oe 1 1 . 2 8 12 19 6 3 277 18 0 37 6 0 4 64 24 0 0 61 6 0 ( 5 125 30 0 0 91 6 0 6 216 36 0 127 6 7 343 42 169 8 512, Here, x=75, x,78 x=x,+Ph 7.5=8+P(l) = P=-05 By Newton's Backward difference formula, we have PUP o2 yy POP+(P+2) gay, Yp = Int PVIn* re P(P+1)(P+2)(P+3) vty, 4! -0.! 5+) -0.5)(-0.: 7 . 5124(-0,5)16942SERS#D (43), AICOS IOSD G9 = 512 — (0.5) 169 ~ (0.5) (0.5) (21) ~ (0.5) (0.5) (1.5) = 512-84. - $.25 - 0.375 = 421.875 Ans. Example 20. From the following table, evaluate f (3.8) using Newton backward interpolation formula : x 0. 2 3 a Se) 1.00 | 1.50 2.20 3.10 4.60Introduction to Engineering Mathematics _ ~ nterpo Solution. The difference table is as under : x fe) | vfw | ve) | v¥@ | v¥@ 0 1.00 0.50 1 1.50 0.20 0.70 0 2 2.20 0.20 L——"| 0.40 — [7 0.40 = 3 3.10 0.60 |] 1 ———T 1.59 | ——J 4.60 4 Mw Here, x x 3.8 x, + Ph > 38=4+P(1l) => a By Newton's Backward difference interpolation formula, we have PE Mor, Peres 2) Vy, + PEEP DN Gy, y= nt PV, +E EHD, +1) 3! hy OACO2DCO2#D C0249) (0.40) +2) (0.4) 4.60-+(~0.2)(1,50)+ 0202+) 69 6), (0 ye = 4.6 - (0.2) (1.5) - (0.2) (0.8) (0.3) - 02090808) _ (0.2)(0.8)(1.8)(2.8)(0.4) 2 = 4.6 - 0.3 - 0.048 - 0.0192 - 0.01344 Ee = 4.21936 Ans, Example 21, Find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values : x of. 2 3 y 1 [2 1 10 Hence or otherwise evaluate y (1). (R.GRY, Bhopal, Ill Semester, Dec. 2001) Solution. Difference table is as under ; x y vy vy | vty 0 1 Lo 3 wlHere a= 3, “Ni jnterpolation with Equal Intervals at ph = 4, 3+p(l) = 4 > perl By backward difference formula : 10+ ia 4" Yn t+ PV Vy + x(Q)+ P(p+)) 92 ae x(x+)) “a ¢ = 2e + Mx? + 18x +10 Which is required polynomial. On putting x = 1 in (1), we get Yy = 2) + 11 (1 + 18 (1) + 10 nu 41 2+11+18+10 h=1,y,=10 + eieriies) Vy, + os sat (S12) (2) 10 + Ox + Sx? + Sy +2 (9 + 3x? + 2x) 10 + 9x + Sx? + Sx + Ox} + 6x? + 4x 581 a (1) Ans. Example 22. The following table gives the population of a town during the last six censuses. Estimate using any suitable interpolation formula, the increase in the population during the period from 1946 to 1948 : Solution. The difference table is as under : Year i9i| 1921 | 1931 | 1941 1951 1961 Population (in thousands) 12) 15 | 20 27 39 52 (R.GPY., Bhopal, Il Semester, June 2003) x y wy vy vy | vy | vy ou | 12 3 1921 | 15 2 5 0 1931 | 20 2 3 1 3 rc 1941 | 27 5 12 =4 1951 | 39 | ti 13 | ——| 1961 32_| ——| By Newton's formula for Backward differences, we have Here, », = .Peesneeanresy vty, PP + In + P(Ty,) 4+ 1946, x,= 1946 = 1961 + P(10) 1961 Pes) wy, pe bene say Yn) x=x,+ Ph = -15=P(10) (P+2)(P+3)(P+4) Ne — +3) +Hysy w= (1) => P=-15Introduction to Engineering Mathematics 502 nterpola Population in 1946. er — i =1,.5+2) H1S(CLS4) gy =ES(H1ES#D C1542) yy, Maye = 52 -1.5(13)¥— FS (+ 6 C4) ‘New Th S (CLS 4+1)(-1.5+2)(-1.5+3) 7 =1.5(-1.5+1)(-1.5+2)(-1.5+3)(-1 S48) 24 GO 120 E -5(0.5)(0.5)(1.5)(2 1,5(0. 1,5(0.5)(0.5)2 _1.5(0.5)(0.5)(1.5)x7 al 5 = 52-1.503)+ 15 gg = — 19.5 + 0,375 - 0.25 — 0.1641 - 0.1172 = 32.3437 thousands Population in 1946 = 32.3437 thousands, Population in 1948 Here, x = 1948, x, = 1961 x = x,+Ph 1948 = 1961 + P (10) => P=-13 , Putting the values of x = 1948 and P= — 1,3 in (1), we get Pag > 924 C18) (03) INCI Gy , IBCIBADEII42). 5, -13(-1341) AS49133) (7) + 2SEISADEI3 “2c! 3+3)(-1.3+4) (10) 52-90! fee ea = 52 — 16.9 + 0.195 — 0.182 — 0. 1353625 — 0. er = 34.873215 thousands Population in 1948 = 34.873215 thousands Increase in population from 1946 to 1948 = 34.873215 — 32.3437 = 2.529515 thousands = 2,53 thousands (app.) Ans. Example 23, Find the cubic ‘polynomial interpolation which takes on the values 75 Kah f-% f= f/=55. Hence find f, Solution, Difference table is as under : . *_|y=f@) vf | vr vif vif 0 5 -4 1 1 12 8 -4 2 3 25 | ——] 30 | |