COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

University of Luzon

ELECTION CAMPAIGN 2022

CRUZ, JESSICA

LOPEZ, EVANGELINE

FERNANDEZ, ROLANDO

QUISORA, VINCENT

TANDOC, JOSHUA

CRIMINOLOGY 2-C

CLJ 102- CRIMINAL LAW

ATTY. MARC VEDANA

MAY 19, 2021

I. INTRODUCTION

This Covid 19 pandemic is first foremost a health crisis, the major issue in the
entire country. With its treat social distancing has imposed. That social
relationship has canceled due its spread. Due to the outbreak of pandemic,
election campaign is one of the most affected.

The Philippines elections are scheduled to be held next year, as part of that
year's general election. The Commission on Elections has been set the election
campaign period for next year’s elections. People are affected by this pandemic,
even this presidential and local election. This is the first election conducting of a
backdrop of pandemic. Many governments in many countries have postponed
their elections, and the places where they can be held have been severely
limited. We'll go through a few different ways to run a local election campaign
safely during a pandemic in this paper. What put such restrictions in place? What
are the new campaigning techniques that will be used? What are the biggest
changes to conducting a campaign? They use the same traditional methods of
campaigning? As the study progresses, it will include answers to a variety of
questions.

Campaign is a great opportunity for candidates running in the election. This will
serve as a way to introduce themselves, get to know them and to share their
platforms. Elections play an important role in the analysis of politics in developing
countries, particularly in the analysis of democratization, and specifically the
consolidation of democratic political regimes. 
CHAPTER 1 CONVENTIONAL WAYS OF CAMPAIGN

Campaign in Philippines have historically relied on “one way” communication

strategies such as speeches at campaign rallies, public deliberation or “two
way” communication on between political parties and constituents may improve
the productiveness of the political process.

The campaign was held in an orderly and fun way because Philippines is
multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party normally has a
chance of gaining power alone. In a short time, quick show take place like Sing
and dance, play jingles, bring singers and dancers to rallies are usual during
campaign.

Philippine campaign often talks about the concepts of free market votes and
command votes, which are indeed helpful to comprehend Philippine elections.
Free market votes are won through campaigning using ads, billboards, image
and speeches.

In election campaigning, politicians done door-to-door or through ‘hot-spot

canvassing’ in the community, it is proven to be an effective form to convince
voters.

Door –to-door

It is one of the most time-consuming, but also one of the most reliable, methods
of promotional campaigns. A phone call, a flyer, or an online advertisement do
not have the same emotional impact as a face-to-face appeal.

Campaign advertising (using posters, radio and TV announcements)

Advertising is a simple, easy and affordable way of campaigning. Posting

posters allow them to spread message to voters.

Attracting media attention (e.g. with press conferences and stunts)

Conducting press conferences to share message and gain support from

community
Using traditional arts to raise awareness or initiate community dialogue

Introducing concept of arts , they can catch the attention of people.

Electronic action-alerts via the internet and mobile phones

Politicians strategies is effective of nonprofit using mobile phones

Using new media channels to spread messages

Using social networks, videos, blogs, twitter to spread message. Some political
discourse happens via social media .Tweets and comments represent the
modern-day public meeting. Social media’s ability to break news in real-time has
transformed the way we absorb information.

The ads both on social media and TV do a relatively good job of showing the
youth and energy of the candidates.

Vote – buying or vote- selling

Distribution of campaign merchandise, such as caps, bags and wristbands.

Offers or promises money or anything of value..
CHAPTER 2 EXPERIENCE IN CAMPAIGN

Political campaigns offer the opportunity to develop and refine a wide

assortment of skills in an extremely fast-paced and flexible environment.
Moreover, they give a unique perspective into the electoral process, as well as
the cares and concerns of elected officials and the American public. Campaign
work can often lead directly or indirectly to government employment down the
road.

Campaign work is certainly not for everyone. There is usually little formal
mentoring, little structured feedback, little administrative support, and little free
time – and given the finite nature of the campaign cycle, often little long-term
stability. But for those with a passion for political campaigns or for getting a
unique perspective on our democratic process, getting involved in one can be an
incredibly rewarding and fruitful experience. And as in other career arenas,
getting involved in one campaign is usually the best way to get involved in others
down the road.

Deciding on a campaign means evaluating your own constraints and

identifying exactly what you want to get out of a political campaign experience, as
well as thinking about how such an experience would fit into plans for your future.

In the Philippines and many other developing countries, electoral campaigns

have historically relied on “one-way” communication strategies, where candidates
transmit their political platforms through party rallies and the distribution of
propaganda. However, both theoretical and empirical work suggest that public
deliberation, or “two-way communication” between politicians and constituents,
may be more effective in eliciting information, encouraging cooperation, and
ultimately improving the efficacy of the political process.

In all town hall meetings, participants spent the majority of the time
deliberating the party platform. Party representatives encouraged attendees to
suggest amendments, as well as additional proposals for potential inclusion.
Upon conclusion, representatives committed to summarizing suggestions and
proposals for party-list leaders.
 In comparison group barangays, parties agreed to not host a town hall, but
could pursue traditional campaigning strategies, such as party rallies and
distribution of party propaganda.

Elections, at their face value, are institutionalized contests for public positions.
For quite some time now and in many places across the world, the outcome is
believed to rest upon a mass of electors who express the people's "sovereign.”

The campaigning and sacrifices end just before Election Day, but the ritual is
not over yet. The act of casting one's vote is the ritual within the ritual, with the
customary pose for the cameras before dropping one's ballot in the box. The
canvassing of votes is a complicated process that, also subject to its own rituals,
follows stipulated procedures supposedly to minimize fraud.

Every campaign period, the politicians will buy votes by giving soaps, pails,
canned goods and money. Some of them have a trusted person in one barangay.
They are the ones who will distribute the money or goods in every house per
person.
Promising, offering or giving Money, goods, services and/or other
inducements (such as promises of employment or special favors or treatment) to
voters and/or others, including voters’ families or communities. In the run-up to
an election, after an election has been announced or during the campaign. By a
political party, candidate or others (agents) operating on their behalf. In a way
which is intended, or reasonably could be expected, to influence how voters cast
their vote, or would be likely to do so.
Vote-buying, even broadly defined, is distinct from negative inducements
(pressure or threats) by the authorities or political factions to prevent voters from
supporting political opponents, which are also relatively common. For example,
vote-buying had been observed in Philippines in the past, most reported
inducements by officials or others during the parliamentary elections
Vote-buying and vote-selling obstruct the democratic process, yet they remain
pervasive in many developing democracies. Researchers asked voters in the
Philippines to make a simple, unenforceable promise not to accept money from
politicians or to promise to vote according to their conscience, even if they do
accept money, to test the impact of promises on voters’ behavior. A majority of
respondents made promises not to sell their votes. Researchers found that the
promise significantly reduced vote-selling, cutting the number of people who sold
their votes by 11 percentage points in the smallest-stakes election, but was not
effective in the mayoral election with higher pay-outs. These results suggest that
simply asking voters to promise not to sell votes can help reduce vote-selling in
elections where vote-buying payments are typically small.

Philippines’ elections are always loud and colourful. They’re also perplexing.
We couldn’t hope to understand the antics that go on without a good knowledge
of the background story. After all, democracy grows out of a nation’s history and
experience. It can’t simply be exported or implanted. But that’s exactly what
happened.
CHAPTER 3 EFFECT OF PANDEMIC ON ELECTION

Elections postponed due to the outbreak of COVID-19. Covid-19 pandemic

put governments across the world under pressure to react quickly and decisively.
Their policy responses, however, varied substantially across countries. Some
governments quickly imposed strict lockdown policies to keep case. The corona
virus has taken a heavy toll on electoral processes around the world, with many
elections being postponed because of emergency situations. Ideally, postponing
elections should involve a sensible balancing act between the democratic
imperative, enshrined in international law and national constitutions, to hold
regular elections, and public health requirements restricting large gatherings and
minimizing close contact between people. While some countries have decided to
go ahead with elections, most countries with elections scheduled since the
beginning of March have postponed them. Among those that have held elections
during the pandemic.

The covid19 pandemic has a impact on politics, both international and

domestic, by affecting the governing and political systems of multiple countries,
causing suspensions of legislative activities, isolation or deaths of multiple
politicians and rescheduling of elections due to fears of spreading the virus. The
pandemic has triggered broader debates about political issues such as the
relative advantages of democracy and autocracy, how states respond to crises.
Politicization of beliefs about the virus, and the adequacy of existing frameworks
of international cooperation. Additionally, the pandemic has, in some cases,
posed several challenges to democracy, leading to it being fatally undermined
and damaged.

On 10 March 2020, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) suspended

nationwide voter registration until the end of the month due to the COVID-19
pandemic. The registration period began 20 January and is scheduled to run until
30 September 2021.The suspension was later extended to last until the end of
April. The issuance of voter's certification is also suspended until further notice.
The next nationwide election scheduled in the Philippines is in May 2022.
CHAPTER 4 WAYS OF CAMPAIGN IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Most campaigns have a strategy to win an election by raising funds, recruiting

volunteers, and gaining votes. Campaign strategies take into account voters’
party identification, the candidate’s image, and issues. Candidates carry out their
strategy through retail politics and the media.

In retail politics, also known as field operations, candidates engage in person-

to-person campaigning. They speak at rallies, visit voters in their homes, and put
in appearances at schools, religious institutions, and senior-citizen centers. They
greet workers outside factories and in eateries and hold town-hall meetings. The
campaign distributes posters, lawn signs, T-shirts, baseball caps, and buttons.

Americanization in election campaign communication is the adaptation of

particular, successful election campaign elements and strategies, first developed
in the United States, in other countries. Two main characteristics of
Americanization are the instrumental relationship between politics and media and
the professionalization of election campaigns. The campaign techniques can be
applied or adapted to different extents.
Furthermore, there is a wide range of studies about Americanization in
election campaign communication, which use the term in slightly different ways.
For example, the term is applied to different groups – such as politicians, media
or electorates.

Other countries keep their campaigns so short while the U.S. drags on so long?
The simple answer is that many countries have laws dictating how long a
campaign period is, while the U.S. doesn't.

In Mexico, a 2007 law limited the length of campaigns. In Argentina,

advertisements can begin only 60 days before the election, and the official
campaign itself can start only 25 days after that. In France, the presidential
campaign is generally only two-weeks long.

At least, it is when you compare American campaigns to those in other

countries. The U.S. doesn't have an official campaign season, but the first
candidate to jump into the presidential race, Ted Cruz, announced his candidacy
on March 23 — 596 days before Election Day.
Meanwhile, Canada just wrapped up its latest campaign season. That one was
longer than usual — about 11 weeks. To the south, Mexican general election
campaigns start 90 days before election day (and have to stop three days prior to
the election), with an additional 60-day "pre-campaign" season, in which
candidates vie for the nomination.
CHAPTER 5 RECOMMENDATION

Due to the treat of COVID-19 pandemic remains, social distancing has

imposed. Some Social relationship has canceled due to the spread of pandemic.
Long lines were common sights in past election, but the threat of the virus
underscore the need to prevent overcrowding.

In this upcoming election 2022, mass gathering will be prohibited. The usual
election campaign, wherein people going out to the street, distributing campaign
materials, or going out talking to people face to face for campaign purposes, is
going to change due to the prolonged effects of the pandemic.

As a replacement to conventional ways of campaign, the Social media

Campaign is what we see as one of the most efficient ways to campaign. Social
media is easier and more convenient to access information; through this they can
promote themselves to voters. People often don’t know who he/she will vote for,
especially for the new voters because there is a possibility that they don’t know
where this candidates stand in and are confused about who is that candidate.

The main idea of the campaign contains the information that the candidate
wants to share with the voters. By introducing themselves to the people and
show that they are indeed worthy to vote, and then to those who agree with their
ideas to support them when running for a political position.

Candidates would have to rely on online and media ads campaigning.

Campaign can held through Social media by using different social media platform
in political communication. Presenting their platform in social media through
visual content, such as video and info graphic. And also by taken to regular live
streaming on Face book and Instagram as a way to interact with voters and non-
voters alike. Rather than just talk at voters, live video encourages both
meaningful and personable conversations.

Some political discourse happens via social media .Tweets and comments
represent the modern-day public meeting. Social media’s ability to break news in
real-time has transformed the way we absorb information.
References
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Wikipedia. Politics of the Philippines. Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines

De leon, D. (2021). Pandemic polls: 6 new things to expect in the 2022 Philippine elections. Retrieved
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Kooten, B. (2020), A Quick Guide to Working on Political Campaigns. Retrieved from

https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/opia/a-quick-guide-to-working-on-political-campaigns/

Perron, DR. L. (2018). Join a Webinar on Planning a Successful Election Campaign. Retrieved from
http://www.perroncampaigns.com

Campaigns in the Philippines - Perron Campaigns