Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Ronald Garzon Sanchez

Group 48
Identification number
1075221843

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?
A transmission line is a system of conductors that transfers electrical
signals from one place to another. The rising and falling of the waves
moves the buoy-like structure creating mechanical energy which is
converted into electricity and transmitted to shore over a
submerged transmission line.
2.
A. The input impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the
opposition to current (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic
(reactance), into the load network that is external to the electrical
source. The input admittance (1/impedance) is a measure of the load's
propensity to draw current.
B. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio between
transmitted and reflected voltage standing waves in a radio frequency
(RF) electrical transmission system. It is a measure of how efficiently RF
power is transmitted from the power source, through a transmission line,
and into the load.
C. In telecommunications and electrical engineering, electrical
length (or phase length) refers to the length of an electrical conductor in
terms of the phase shift introduced by transmission over that
conductor at some frequency.

3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of

waves?

The Smith chart, invented by Phillip H. Smith (1905–1987)and independently

by Mizuhashi Tosaku, is a graphical calculator or nomogram designed for
electrical and electronics engineers specializing in radio frequency (RF)
engineering to assist in solving problems with transmission lines and matching
circuits.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the
group number and CCC to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: a=0.1 mm b=10 mm t=( 48+10)μm =58 μm
6
Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =4.3 x 10 Sm/m

Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10 Sm/m ϵ r=2.3 μr =1

−10

Applied signal frequency: f =843 KHz

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
R./

We find the penetration depth of the conducting wave with the following
equation:

1
δ p=
√ πfσμ 0
1
δ p=
√(π )(843000)( 4.3 x 106 Sm/m)( 4 π 10−7) = 0.0002643456186
Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G
baja frecuencia
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.1𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = 58𝜇𝑚
Como priimera medida calculamos la relacion de resistividad de RAC/RDC

a2
Rad=
a
−a
=1.1299
2∗δ p
2
( δp )
−1+ e δ p

1. Resitance

1 1 1
R=
( +
π∗δ c a2 2∗b∗t
=7.47 /m)
 2.shunt conductance
2 πδ d
G=
b
ln
a

G=1,364*10-10[𝑆𝑚/𝑚]

3. Inductance L:

μ0 b
L=
4π [
1+2 ln
a ]
𝐿 = 1,021034𝑥10−6[𝐻/𝑚]
4. Capacitance C:
2 πε
C=
b
ln
a

C=2,78𝑥10−11[𝐹/𝑚]

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .

γ = √ (R + jωL)(G+ jωC)

γ =1.674 x 10−2 +¿ j 3.2807 𝑥10−2

2- Attenuation constant:

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

α =ℜ ( γ ) → α=1.6 28 x 10−2 Np/m

3- Phase constant:

γ =α + jβ

β=Img ( γ ) → β= j3. 3747 x 10−2 Rad/m

4- Characteristic impedance:

R+ jωL
Z 0=
√ G+ jωC
Z 0=229.311− j110.6204 

c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the

attenuation α dB / Km.
 Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.
1- Propagation velocity:
ω
V p=
β
2∗π∗F
V p=
β

V p=1.5695 x 10−8 m/s

2- Wavelength
2π
λ=
β

λ=1.86 18 x 102 m

3- Attenuation:
α dB /km =−8.68∗α

α dB /km =−0.1413 dB/m

 Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for V p, λ and α dB / Km.

 The V p tells us at what speed the wave propagates through the

medium that this signal is transmitting and the wavelength λ shows
us the distance between pulses of the same generated wave
 On the other hand α dB / Km, it gives us the information with what
magnitude the wave is attenuated when it passes from the generator
to the transmission medium.

2. A Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is 48 m long and

the wavelength is 843 mm, Calculate:
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
  as a first measure we calculate the electrical length

l 48 000 mm
L= = =56.9395
λ 843 mm

 we proceed to calculate the input impedance Zin

Z L + jZ 0 tan ⁡( 2 πL )
Z¿ =Z 0
Z 0 + j Z L tan(2 πL)

 rectangular coordinates
Z¿ =102.67−142.93 j 

 polar coordinates

Z¿ =175.99(−54.3º )

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

Z L −Z 0
Γ=
Z L +Z 0

 rectangular coordinates

Γ =¿0.069-0.634j

 polar coordinates
Γ =0.638(−83.78 º )
  transmission coefficient

τ =1+ Γ
τ =1.24 (−30.69 º )

c. VSWR.
1+| Γ|
VSWR=
1−|Γ|
VSWR=4.53

 according to the ROE magnitude obtained, the reflected power is greater

than 50%.
 Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for Z¿ , Γ and VSWR.
 the magnitude determined for the input impedance, indicates the
intensity with which the signal is entering the system, which is indicated
with a magnitude of 30.35 to -12.52º
 The reflection coefficient is a means to be able to calculate the
transmission coefficient, which indicates the percentage of the power
that is reflected, with respect to the power initially generated.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results
obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
the magnitude of the input impedance simulated in the Smith chart
corresponds to that calculated.
Zin = 102.69 - j 142.919
b. Reflection coefficient Γ .
the magnitude of the coefficient of reflection simulated in the Smith chart,
corresponds to the calculated one.
Γ =0.638(9.354 º )

c. VSWR.
the magnitude of VSWR simulated in the Smith chart, corresponds to the
calculated one.
VSWR=4.5 2
 Application example

Example:
optical fiber

A fiber optic cable consists of three concentric sections. The innermost, the
core, consists of one or more strands or fibers made of glass or plastic. Each of
them has a glass or plastic coating with optical properties different from those
of the core. The outermost layer, which covers one or more fibers, must be of
an opaque and resistant material.
A fiber optic transmission system is made up of a very monochromatic light
source (generally a laser), the fiber in charge of transmitting the light signal
and a photodiode that reconstructs the electrical signal.

Video link

URL:

https://www.loom.com/share/ea0d27d9b3d84fa49c0368bab19ecf89
 References

Reference 1:

Optical fiber

https://neo.lcc.uma.es/evirtual/cdd/tutorial/fisico/Mtransm.html#:~
:text=Distinguimos%20dos%20tipos%20de%20medios,
%C3%B3ptica%20y%20el%20par%20trenzado.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RxNYE_fNQ-bfg4ZsvIbNWwRRw0VyKJq-/view

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rulSchELdruNMX8wVlhmRelVf2FLnkHn/view

English to Spanish translator

https://www.deepl.com/es/translator

https://translate.google.com/?hl=es-419

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modos_de_propagaci%C3%B3n#:~:text=Los%2
0modos%20de%20propagaci%C3%B3n%20se,de%20la%20gu%C3%ADa%20
de%20ondas.&text=Los%20modos%20de%20propagaci%C3%B3n%20depend
en,las%20dimensiones%20de%20la%20gu%C3%ADa.

http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lem/loranca_r_ya/capitulo3
.pdf

https://www.fisicalab.com/apartado/reflexion-refraccion-ondas

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