User S Guide. MPEG Encoding. For SelenioFlex Ingest. February 2015

User's Guide
MPEG Encoding
for SelenioFlex™ Ingest
February 2015
MPEG Encoding for SelenioFlex™ Ingest User's Guide
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© 2015 Imagine Communications Corp. Proprietary and Confidential. February 2015 | Page 2
MPEG Encoding
User's Guide Contents
Contents
MPEG Encoding Guide ........................................................................................... 4
Analyzing an MPEG file ............................................................................................................................. 4
Bitrate Viewer....................................................................................................................................... 4
Manzanita MPEGid2 ............................................................................................................................. 5
TSReader............................................................................................................................................... 5
Creating an MPEG Codec Profile in SelenioFlex Ingest ............................................................................ 6
Basic Profile information ...................................................................................................................... 6
Video .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Audio .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Options ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Closed-Captioning ................................................................................................................................ 8
Main Concept Advanced Settings ............................................................................................................. 9
Video Settings....................................................................................................................................... 9
Advanced Video Settings .................................................................................................................... 12
Audio Settings .................................................................................................................................... 15
Multiplexer Settings ........................................................................................................................... 17
Advanced Multiplexing ........................................................................................................................... 21
More about Transport Streams .............................................................................................................. 22
Closed Captions ...................................................................................................................................... 24
MPEG Broadcasting ................................................................................................................................ 25
Codec Profile Settings......................................................................................................................... 25
ISO-639-2 Language codes ..................................................................................................................... 27
Analysis of Multiplexing types and Default settings............................................................................... 39
MPEG Encoding
User's Guide MPEG Encoding Guide
MPEG Encoding Guide

Basic MPEG encoding is quite straightforward. If you simply require a program stream to use for a DVD,
a number of presets have been installed with your SelenioFlex Ingest software, and they can be used to
create an MPEG file that can be played back on a PC or used to author a DVD.
However, if you must encode an MPEG file that will be played back on a specific piece of equipment,
with it’s own specific encoding parameter requirements, the setup can be quite involved. The variation
on specifications with the MPEG format is vast and one quickly discovers that it is not enough to just
encode an MPEG2 file. Such an encode, without knowing the remaining encoding parameters, would
almost certainly be unusable on the desired decoder/playback system.
Encoding specifications provided by equipment manufacturers are often not complete. It is

recommended not to attempt any encode until all of the encoding parameters have been determined.
The easiest way to accomplish this is to analyze a working MPEG sample file that has the desired quality
and playback ability on the target decoding (playback) system.
The exception to this would be if you require a CableLabs compliant file for playback on a VOD server. In
that case the sample project included with your SelenioFlex Ingest software should be used as a guide.
Note that in order to make a CableLabs compliant file, AC-3 audio (Dolby Digital) is required. The AC-3
audio codec is an optional add-on codec for SelenioFlex Ingest, with its own license.
Analyzing an MPEG file

For this task we will use a combination of three programs: Bitrate Viewer, Manzanita MPEGid2, and
TSReader.
Bitrate Viewer
This provides information on the basic encoding parameters of the MPEG video and GOP (Group of
Pictures). Things that should be known after running bitrate viewer are:
Stream type
Resolution
Aspect ratio
Framerate
Nom. bitrate
VBV buffer size
Constrained param. flag
Chroma format
DCT precision
Pic. structure
Field topfirst
DCT type
MPEG Encoding
Quantscale
Scan type
Frame type
GOP info
Pic n. Pictures Closed Broken l. Has SeqHdr
15 IBBPBBPBBPBBPBB Yes No Yes
15 IBBPBBPBBPBBPBB No No Yes
Manzanita MPEGid2
This provides information on how the file has been Multiplexed and provides some information about
the audio encoding parameters that is not given by Bitrate Viewer.
# Manzanita Systems MPEGId V2.0.0
# Report Date: Thu Oct 20 22:42:30 2005
File: C:/Documents and Settings/admin/My Documents/Imagine Communications/MPEG
Tests/KoolConnect/MainConceptATSC/ProgramStream/MPEG2.mpg
Type: MPEG-2 Program Stream
File Size: 4668 KB
Duration: 7 sec
Program Mux Rate: 5236000 bps
ES - MPEG-2 Video
stream_id: 0xE0
Profile: Main
Level: Main
Bit Rate: 3600000 bps
Frame Rate: 29.97 fps
Resolution: 720 x 480
Aspect Ratio: 3:4
ES - MPEG Layer II Audio
stream_id: 0xC0
Layer: 2
Sample Rate: 48000 sps
TSReader
Provides specific information about more complicated MPEG encodes.
Examples of the variation of Transport Stream types can be found in the appendices.
MPEG Encoding
Creating an MPEG Codec Profile in SelenioFlex

Ingest
Once all encoding requirements are known, you can proceed to build a codec profile for Imagine
Communications encoders that will generate a similar MPEG file. This example will be for MPEG2
Program Stream. But the process will be the same for all MPEG1/2 encoding types.
In the SelenioFlex Ingest interface use the main menu to choose Codec Profile > Create > Main Concept
> MPEG2 to open the following window where you can enter some of the basics.
Basic Profile information

1. Profile Name: Used to identify the codec profile.
2. A choice of Video + Audio (program stream) or just Video or just Audio (elementary streams).
3. 2 pass encoding can be selected if the input source is from an external VTR under 422 control or
from a file. 2 pass encoding can’t be done from a live source.
Video
1. Set the Resolution/Frame Size from the information found in Bitrate Viewer.
MPEG Encoding
2. Set the Bitrate from the information found in Bitrate Viewer.

3. Encoder Quality is a value from 1 – 50, where 50 is the highest quality, but requires the most system
resources. If this setting is too high, you will drop frames during the encode. The idea here will be to
set it as high as possible without dropping frames, and it may take a few test encodes on your
system to determine this value. For MPEG 1 encodes, most often this can be set to the maximum of
50 as MPEG1 encodes are considerably less complex than MPEG2 encodes. For MPEG2 encodes a
good starting point on a system with Dual 3.6GHz Xeon CPUs would be about 35.
4. Set the Upper or Lower Field first based on the information found in Bitrate Viewer.
5. If you are encoding video that will be played back on an NTSC or PAL monitor or TV, then you should
not deinterlace your video.
If you are encoding interlaced video that will be played back on a computer monitor, then you will
need to deinterlace the video. If your input is a video feed, that is from a live source or a deck, then
you should use the Imagine Communications hardware’s deinterlacing feature, as that will yield a
better quality result than using software deinterlacing. If you are transcoding a file to MPEG2 then
you will have to use the software deinterlacing option on this interface.
Interlaced video played back on a computer screen will have a ‘stepping’ appearance of vertical lines
during scenes with high motion content. Deinterlaced video displayed on an NTSC monitor will
appear to studder during high motion content areas.
If you are using an SD board, hardware deinterlacing is enabled by default on the video process tab
in SelenioFlex Ingest software. This should most often be disabled for DVD authoring. Encodes done
with both hardware and software deinterlacers enabled, will use unnecessary CPU cycles for the
encode and likely introduce artifacts into the encoded result.
Audio
Choose the desired sampling rate 32k, 44.1k or 48k (48k is generally used for DVD authoring)
Options
1. PID or Packet ID is generally used for Transport Streams and will be discussed later in this guide.
2. Timecode. If preserving timecode from the source is required it can be done with this option.
Timecode can only be preserved from an RS 422 controlled source (a deck).
3. Picture display extension may be used to move the center of the picture during encoding.
4. Force I Frame at In-points is an option that needs to be selected if the DVD Authoring output option
is to be used along with a capture log to create a DVD with chapters. This option will provide for
DVD authoring options to be enabled on the output tab and further setup for this option can be
done there. DVD authoring with chapters can only be done from an RS 422 controlled source (a
deck) and must contain at least 2 clips in the shot log. These clips must then be concatenated on the
input tab.
The DVD Output option can also be used with one clip. In that case the DVD will be created without a
menu or chapters.
MPEG Encoding
Closed-Captioning
This section can be used to embed closed captioning from line 21 of an NTSC video source or from a
previously created SCC file. If your SCC file does not have timecode starting at zero, then enter the offset
in the space provided. If you are embedding CC or making an SCC file, you must disable format
conversion (DRC-5550 set your input profile to none and for all other products, do not deinterlace the
video on the video process tab.). Note that this closed captioning is the type of closed captioning used
for broadcast (608/708 compliant closed captioning), not DVD closed captioning, which uses a different
type of embedding. DVD authoring packages that can use an SCC file for captioning are: Sonic Scenarist
3.0+, Adobe Encore DVD 2.0+ and Apple DVD Studio Pro 2.0+.
MPEG Encoding
Main Concept Advanced Settings

The advanced settings window is divided into four panes. Video Settings, Advanced Video Settings,
Audio Settings and Multiplexing settings.
Video Settings
In this window, you can change the settings for Frame Rate, Aspect Ratio, GOP Structure and Bitrate.
Frame Rate
This should match the frame rate being used by the source (live input or file input). Frame Rate
conversion is not possible here.
Aspect Ratio
Square Pels: Square Resolution (used on Computer Monitors)
4:3 Display Standard Television format
16:9 Display Widescreen TV/Cinema format
2.21:1 Display Film mode format
MPEG Encoding
Pulldown
The pulldown option in MainConcept is for generating a 29.97 fps MPEG file from a 23.976 fps source.
The encoder then inserts flags to tell a decoder when to repeat fields to bring the output up to 29.97fps.
This option is not for taking a telecine master (film material converted to 29.97fps NTSC) and restoring it
back to 23.976 (pulldown removal). If you do need pulldown removal, please ask Imagine
Communications Support about using a DirectShow filter that does pulldown removal.
GOP (Group of Pictures) Structure

The maximum distance between I-frames is 15 for NTSC and 12 for PAL. Not conforming to these
standards may cause the result encode to fail on the playback device. Consumer quality DVD players
seem to be especially sensitive to this setting. If your test file does not illustrate a GOP structure that is
at least close to the standard, then do not change the default settings as the defaults may be closer to
conforming to MPEG encoding standards.
I frame
These frames are also called keyframes. All GOPs start with an I frame. I frames contain information
for a complete picture and can be decoded independent of any other frame. I frames are the largest
and least compressed frames.
P frame
P frames are encoded using information from the previous I or P frame and can only be decoded if
the previous I/P frame is available. P frames are smaller than I frames.
B frame
B frames are usually encoded using information from the previous I or P frame and the next I or P
frame. In this case, B frames can only be decoded correctly if the previous and the next I/P frames
are available. B frames are smaller than P frames. In addition, B frames can be encoded using only
information from the next I / P frame but then they are larger than if they were encoded using both
the previous and next frame information.
As a general rule for practical settings: The GOP size (in frames) is specified with the I frame setting
and it must be a multiple of the P frame setting. When I frame is set to 1, all frames in the video will
be I frames. When I frame is larger than 1, it specifies the size of the GOP, and the P frame setting
specifies how often P frames occur in the GOP. If P frame is set to 1, the video will consist of only I
and P frames. If P frame is larger than 1, B frames are placed between the P frames and the video
will consist of I, P and B frames. Larger GOPs will yield greater compression but will possibly cause a
loss of quality. We recommend using the default settings.
Auto GOP: This function always starts a new GOP when there is a scene change. ie., the encoder
set’s an I frame. If none is chosen, there will be no scene detection. The fast option is a quick
method of scene detection where no VCSD (Visual Content Scene Detection) happens. During the
motion search the application checks if a scene change occurs. If one does occur, the P frame is
encoded as an I frame. VCSD is a better way of doing scene detection. The VCSD analyzes the frames
and a GOP structure is planned at the expense of slower encoding times.
Closed GOP interval: This value specifies how often the GOPs should be closed and is only of
importance if there are B frames present in the GOPs. A value of 0 means do not close any of the
GOPs, a value of 1 means close every GOP and a value of 2 means close every other GOP etc. If a
GOP is closed, it can be decoded by itself. If a GOP is not closed, the first few B frames of the GOP
MPEG Encoding
will be dependent on the last P frame of the previous GOP and cannot be decoded correctly without
decoding the previous GOP first. When a GOP is closed, the first few frames of a GOP are encoded
so they only depend on the I frame in the GOP (the previous GOP is not required). This can be useful
for setting "chapter" points so a player can jump to these GOPs and can start decoding immediately
without having to read the previous GOP (or discarding the first few B frames).
Bitrate type
Constant: Fixed bitrate (the relevant input prompt will be enabled if selected)
Variable: The minimum and maximum values define the bitrate range the encoder should stay
within while encoding. The average value is the desired average bitrate of the video stream. The
relevant input prompts will be enabled if selected.
Rate Control Mode

Fast: An older mode, not normally used anymore.
Mode 1: Standard mode (recommended)
Mode 128: Experimental (will probably cause problems; it should only be used for testing)
Variable Bitrate
The Constant quality affects the macroblock quantization value, sort of the "compression" of the
macroblocks. Lower numbers yield better quality and larger files (larger bitrate results in less
compression). The range is 1 ... 31; 1 is probably excessive in that the quality does not improve much but
the file size increases quite a bit. A good range is probably 3 ... 15 for constant quality operation. In
normal VBR/CBR modes, the encoder changes the macroblock quantization value to adjust the bitrate;
in constant quality mode it does not. You have to set the average bitrate to zero in order to make the
Constant quality option active.
MPEG Encoding
Advanced Video Settings

This tab offers professional video settings which is where most of the values determined by using Bitrate
Viewer on the source sample file will be applied.
The MPEG-2 spec (specification) allows for a large number of variations in the settings. The Profiles and
Levels just set limits on what the values of some of the other settings can be; so if a specification (like
the DVD spec) says only Main Profile/Main or Simple Level is allowed, the decoders can safely assume
what the bounds of some settings are going to be. A DVD player does not have to account for the
resolution being 1920 x 1080 because the DVD spec only allows a maximum of Main Profile/Main Level
which only enables for a maximum frame resolution of 720x576.
Profile ID
You can choose between 4:2:2 Profile, High Profile, Main Profile (standard setting) and Simple
Profile.
Level ID
You can choose between High Level, High 1440 Level, Main Level (standard setting) and Low Level.
MPEG Encoding
Noise Sensitivity/Noise Reduction

This option specifies how sensitive the video encoder is to noise in the source video; it does not
reduce the noise in the source video at all. It sets a motion search threshold at which point the
encoder will stop the search for matching blocks of pixels from one frame to another. Higher values
mean low sensitivity (faster search times, less quality), while lower values mean higher sensitivity
(longer search times, better quality). Typically this option is set in the 1 ... 14 range as follows:
1 ... 5 - Computer animation, VCD from DV-Source, after a line-filter or noise reducing filter
(virtually no noise in the source video)
3 ... 7 - Digital video, DV-quality, Hi8-quality etc.
5 - 14 - Analog captured video, Video 8, Hi8, broadcast TV
Noise reduction is a specific noise filter. It reduces the noise in a frame (spatial reduction), but it
doesn’t do it from frame to frame (temporal noise reduction). The value range is 0 … 31.
Motion Search Mode

The Motion Search Mode defines which method is used to search for pixel movement in the video
stream. A higher value specifies a better method and will normally yield better quality. The practical
range is 3 to 11.
Do half-pel Search: When this option is activated the Motion Search operation also looks for pixels
that move only 1/2 of a pixel from one frame to the next (a subpixel search). This should usually be
enabled and should only be disabled if speed is desired above quality.
Motion search pixel movement

These settings specify the maximum movement of a pixel from one frame to the next. They are used
to calculate the Motion Search Areas, the maximum area the encoder will search in an attempt to
find a match for a block of pixels from one frame to the next. If the video has quite a bit of
movement, it is useful to raise these values. Unfortunately, this also extends the encoding time.
These settings are an easy way to manipulate the Motion Search vectors. The motion search vectors
can also be manually manipulated in the Motion Estimation section of the Additional Settings tree.
Start time (seconds)
This option specifies the starting timecode in the GOP header of the video stream. It is independent of
the timecodes in the program stream. This timecode is specified as a frame number which is converted
to a hr:min:sec:frame type timecode and placed in all GOP headers (automatically incremented). For
instance, with 25 fps and a Start Time set to 300, the first timecode would be 00:00:12:00 or 12 seconds.
As another example, one could encode 1 hour of video with the start time set to zero, then encode
another hour of video with the start time set to 3600 seconds. Then when the two videos are played one
after the other the timecode will be continuous between the two files.
Input video is RGB16-235
When you enable this option particular black and white values are preserved. During encoding and
decoding the RGB color space with R=G=B=16 is used, which corresponds to the color black.
Furthermore, the RGB color space with R=G=B=235 is used which corresponds to the color white.
Normally the values for white are R=G=B=255 and for black R=G=B=0. The specification ITU601R now
defines black (Y=16) and white (Y=235), i.e., the real video signal receives values which are"blacker than
black" or "whiter than white" (so called super-black and super-white values). These super-black and
MPEG Encoding
super-white values get lost in the normal PC RGB 0…255 color space, but they are preserved with the
Input video is RGB16-235 option enabled.
User quant matrices

You can use this to set your own custom values for the Quantization matrix, for both intra block
(macroblocks coded using only information from the current picture, that is I-frames) and non-intra
block (macroblocks coded using information from the current picture and other pictures, that is B and P-
frames).
Additional Settings
The Additional settings contain many more parameters for professional users.
From the test’s in Bitrate viewer, apply the values from your test file as follows:
Sequence Header - VBV Buffer Size Values entered must be double that which is desired. For
example: a desired value of 112, would require entering 224
Sequence Extension - Chroma Format Enter a 0 for 4:2:0 format, and a 1 for 4:2:2 format. Note that
the Profile ID must be set to 4:2:2 or High Profile before any changes can be made to the Sequence
extension.
Picture Coding Extension – Intra DC Precision Enter the Value from Bitrate Viewer for DCT Precision.
Picture Coding Extension – Quantization Scale Type Enter the Value from Bitrate Viewer for
Quantscale.
Picture Coding Extension – Use Alternate Scanning Type Select the type from Bitrate viewer for
Alternate or ZigZag
MPEG Encoding
Audio Settings
This tab offers professional adjustments for encoding files that include audio.
The Audio Settings include the following options and parameters:
Audio type
The audio types that are available will vary depending on the Multiplexer type you select on the
Multiplexer Settings tab.
None: If you do not want to encode audio, you just want to encode a video elementary stream,
select none here.
MPEG-1 Layer 1: Normally not used
MPEG-1 Layer 2: Used for VCD, SVCD and PAL DVD
PCM: Used for NTSC DVD
NTSC DVDs use LPCM (Linear PCM) audio (or AC3) as the standard audio type instead of MPEG
Layer2. LPCM is an uncompressed audio format, which offers higher quality but it also uses far more
of the total bitrate (consequently less bitrate is available for the video stream). PCM is only available
when you choose one of the program stream options as your multiplexer type (such as MPEG-2),
and is seldom used for PAL DVDs.
AES3 (302M): Used by some VOD severs. This audio type is only available when you choose one of
the transport stream options as your multiplexer type.
MPEG Encoding
AES3 (331M): Used for SDTI-CP streams, ie Sony MPEG IMX decks.
AES3 (382M): Mapping AES3 streams and broadcast wave audio to the MXF generic container in a
form that DirectShow can use.
Mode
Stereo: Standard stereo; this is the default for MPEG2 Layer 2 and MPEG2 Layer 1
Channels: If you pick PCM this will default to 2 channels. If you pick AES3 (320M) then this will also
default to 2 channels.
Bitrate (kbps)
32-384: This specifies the bitrate of the audio stream. Depending on the MPEG type selected, some
values may not be available. Increasing the bitrate will yield better sound quality and result in larger
files, or if the total bitrate is limited it will mean less of the total bitrate is available for the video.
This setting will not be available for PCM or AES3 audio types.
MPEG details
These settings will be available if you pick MPEG2 Layer 2 or MPEG2 Layer 1 audio.
De-Emphasis has three options: None, 50/15 uS and citt. j 17.
This is a flag to the player specifying what kind of de-emphasis to perform on the audio. For DVD
and SVCD specify None. VCD can be either None or 50/15 uS.
Set private bit: Just a spare bit in the audio headers, which is user defined. DVD specifies it shall be
0.
Set copyright bit: Specifies whether the audio is copyrighted or not, this setting is completely
arbitrary; it has no effect whatsoever.
Set original bit: Specifies whether the audio is a copy or an original, this setting is completely
arbitrary; it has no effect whatsoever.
Enable CRC: Specifies whether a CRC is embedded in each audio frame; both SVCD and DVD specify
enabled.
Psycho-acoustic model:
Two different models (1 and 2) specified by MPEG to compute the "just noticeable noise level".
PCM/AES details
The following settings will be available if you pick PCM audio.
Dynamic range control:. When you enable this option the Gain controls become active.
Gain (dB): The Gain value (X and Y) is a recommended gain value to be applied to all audio samples
by the player, where: Gain = 24.082 - 6.0206 * X - 0.2007 * Y.
Mute flag: Flag to the player whether to mute or not when all samples in an audio frame are zero.
Emphasis (48 KHz only): Flag to the player whether emphasis is to be applied to all audio samples
from the start of the audio stream.
If you pick AES3 audio the Bits per sample setting will become active (16, 20, 24).
MPEG Encoding
Multiplexer Settings
In this tab you can control whether your exported MPEG files will be multiplexed (also referred to as
"muxed"). Multiplexed output means that the video and audio are exported in a single file. This window
also offers several professional settings for muxing.
Note: Not all multiplexing can be accomplished using the embedded Main Concept multiplexer.
Examples are AC-3 audio and MPEG encodes with sub channel audio. Fortunately, when using Imagine
Communications SelenioFlex Ingest you can simply create the elementary files and a post-encode
multiplex can be automatically run from the SelenioFlex Ingest Output tab. If you require this type of
advanced multiplexing talk to Imagine Communications Support and ask for sample projects that
illustrate this post encode multiplexing technique.
Multiplexing Type
The drop-down menu offers the options for System Streams, Program Streams and a variety of different
Transport Streams.
Multiplexing Type: Elementary Streams

None For use when no multiplexing is desired. This option will provide for separate audio and video
files. The default output extension for audio will be *.mp2. This may need to be renamed before it
will import into some DVD authoring packages.
MPEG Encoding
Multiplexing Type: System Streams

MPEG1 The maximum encoding resolution for MPEG1 with Main Concept is 4096x4096
VCD This preset is used when encoding to VCD format for VCD players or computers.
Multiplexing Type: Program Streams

MPEG-2 Use this preset when encoding standard program streams
SVCD Preset for encoding Super VCD format
DVD Preset for encoding DVD program streams
DVD-VR Preset for DVD Video Recording (VR) program streams
Multiplexing Type: Transport Streams

TS simple transport stream
CableLabs Required by NTSC VOD broadcast servers
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting Group (DVB) compliant transport stream
MicroMV Encoding type for playback on MicroMV camcorders
DVHS Allows for Digital High Def playback and recording
HDV HD1 720p HD preset
HDV HD2 1080i HD preset
ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) compliant transport stream
XDCAM IMX Compatible with Sony XDCAM
XDCAM HD Compatible with Sony XDCAM HD
Also see More about Transport Streams (on page 22) following this section.
Variable Bitrate
This option sets the muxing mode to variable or constant bitrate. If it is turned off (constant bitrate),
the output data stream will contain padding packets (if needed) to maintain the constant bitrate. In
variable bitrate muxing no padding packets are added.
Pack Options
Under this heading you find the options used to control the packs/packets. The muxed bitstream is
broken up into these 'packs' with a pack header starting each one and they contain 1 or more PES
(Program Elementary Stream) packets (chunks of the video or audio stream).
Size is the number of bytes in each pack (or sector);
VCD and SVCD use 2324 bytes
DVD uses 2048 bytes
Generic MPEG-1/2 can use up to 4096 bytes (4096 is the codec limit, not MPEG's limit)
The Packets/Pack setting specifies the number of PES packets that are placed in each pack. VCD,
SVCD and DVD always want 1 PES packet per pack.
The required Mux Rate can be determined by using Manzanita MPEGid2. The total value for the
Mux rate must be greater than the total of the audio and video bitrates. The Main Concept
multiplexer will require some additional headroom.
MPEG Encoding
The Extra Packets/s setting defines how many extra 0 packets are added to the Transport Stream.
Startup delays (ms)

The Pack value specifies the starting timecode of the muxed stream (this can be different than the
starting timecode of the video stream). It is arbitrary as well. The Video and Audio delays actually
specify the starting time of the respective stream (relative to the pack delay). If these settings do not
match the streams will start at different times. Normally they are the same, but say you had a video
stream and an audio stream where you know the audio actually starts 500ms after the video, you
would set the video delay to some value and set the Audio delay to video delay + 500, this would
then synchronize the two streams when played.
Split File Options

Max. file size: You enter the value (in MB) here. When that value is reached the current file will be
closed and a new fill will be opened.
Reset clocks: If Reset clocks is enabled, the SCR, PTS and DTS clocks are reset to the 'startup delay'
values (the starting values) when starting a new file. This would make the timecodes in each of the
files start with the same values. If disabled, the clocks are not reset and the timecodes would be
continuous from one file to the next.
Set broken link flag in GOP: This has to do with the way MPEG compresses frames. Usually a GOP
consists of 1 I frame and several B and P frames. I frames are not dependent on any other frames, P
frames are normally dependent on the preceding P or I frame, and B frames are normally dependent
on the preceding and successive I or P frames.
A standard GOP (the default settings) are 15 (maybe 18) frames long and they look like this (in the
order the frames are displayed):
B B I B B P B B P B B P B B P, B B I B B P B B P B B P B B P, ...
Here the first two B frames are dependent on both the I frame after them and the last P frame of
the previous GOP. The Broken link flag in the GOP header is there to inform decoders that some kind
of action was taken such that the preceding P frame is not present and the first 2 B frames cannot
be decoded correctly (the decoder may then ignore them). When splitting files, the files are split on
a GOP boundary so that the previous P frame of the first few B frames is not present in the new file
(it is in the previous file). If the files are played one after another, and the last P frame of the first file
is kept by the decoder, the decoder can correctly decode the first few B frames of the second file.
The Set broken link setting just allows one to specify whether the Broken link flag is set or not, and it
depends on whether you intend to play the files one after another or separately.
Write sequence/program end codes: When this is enabled, sequence and program end codes are
written to the old file when switching to a new file. If the files are meant to be played one after
another, the streams should not be terminated. This option only applies to the files that are split; it
does not apply to the last (or only) file generated.
Video Options
Buffer Size (kB):
This setting specifies the size of the buffers needed to decode the video and audio. If it is too low,
you will get buffer overflows, which could show up as stuttering video and/or audio. Usually it is set
to the same size as the video VBV buffer (although the VBV units are half these units), DVD specifies
MPEG Encoding
232 for the video buffer. Software decoders usually ignore the buffer sizes, but most hardware
players will have problems if the buffer size is not correct.
VBV is the abbreviation of Video Buffering Verifier. It is a hypothetical decoder with a buffer whose
size is specified by the Video Buffer Size. Encoded pictures from the MPEG stream are placed into
the buffer (hypothetically) and removed from the buffer at regular intervals. The MPEG video
stream is supposed to be constructed by varying the size of the encoded frames such that the buffer
does not underflow (i.e. becomes empty where there are no frames in the buffer when it is time to
decode one) or overflow (i.e. becomes full where no space is available for more encoded pictures).
Timestamps: You find All frames, I & P frames and I frames in this menu. Here you can choose
which frames in the stream have a timestamp attached. The timestamps are needed for
synchronization of video and audio. In general, it is enough to set this option to I-Frame. For
particular formats the values are clearly defined.
Pulldown: This option contains three parameters: 2:3, 3:2 and Auto. When pulldown is present in
the video stream, the multiplexer must adjust the PTS/DTS timestamps to account for the extra
fields displayed. This option should be set to the same value as the video pulldown setting (or to
Auto).
Write program end code

When enabled, a program end code is written at the end of the file. This setting only applies to the
last file if the splitting option is enabled, or if there is only one file generated.
Align sequence headers

This option is required for SVCD and DVD. When enabled, the sequence headers present in the video
stream are placed at the beginning of a PES packet, this makes it easier to find the sequence headers
and the start of a GOP. When a sequence header is aligned, it is possible that the previous video PES
packet will need to be padded to make it the correct size, so this option can consume a little of the
total bitrate.
Pad VCD Audio

Some VCD burning programs require this flag to be set and some do not. VCD video packs are 2324
bytes long, but the audio packs are only 2304 bytes long. When the data is written to a VCD disk, the
audio packs are put in normal 2324 byte sectors. Some VCD burning programs deal with the extra 20
bytes themselves, while others require the extra 20 bytes to be present. When this setting is
enabled, the audio packs are padded with 20 zero bytes so they are 2324 bytes long, if not enabled
the audio packs are only 2304 bytes long. This setting is only meaningful VCD.
Add SVCD scan offset

SVCD defines some navigation information that is put into the video stream to help players jump
back and forth or skip ahead easily. The info is called scan offsets, this option is normally required
for SVCD. This option also consumes a little of the video bitrate. Note: this option will be ignored if
the user mux rate is set higher than allowed for SVCD.
MPEG Encoding
Advanced Multiplexing
The integrated multiplexer provided within the MainConcept codec will be suitable for most tasks.
However, the integrated muxer has the following limitations:
1. It is confined to the audio formats that it can encode to (which does not include AC3).
2. It can only encode a single stereo pair.
Version 2.2 of SelenioFlex Ingest software provides an additional multiplexer on the SelenioFlex Ingest
Output tab for each MPEG2 codec profile that has been added to a project that can be used to
overcome the limitations of the integrated muxer.
The following example shows a multi-language mux with four channels of AC3 audio.
The video file name will be automatically added to the muxer based on the MPEG2 video codec added
to the project, as well as any audio files that have codec profiles added to the project. Additional audio
files can be added is required by navigating to the file. PID values must be specified manually as well as
the language codes. Language codes are ISO 639-2 (3 character). A list of the language codes can be
found in the appendix of this guide. If the mux rate (at the bottom of the window) is left at zero, then
the value will be automatically calculated. If you choose to specify a mux rate then you need to choose a
value that is higher than the combined total bitrate of the video and audio used in the mux, plus about
5% headroom.
MPEG Encoding
More about Transport Streams

The Transport Stream is formed by multiplexing PES packets. During the formation of the TS, additional
packets, containing tables needed to demultiplex the TS, are inserted. These tables are collectively
called PSI. Null packets, containing a dummy payload may also be inserted to fill the intervals between
information-bearing packets. Some packets will contain timing information for their associated program,
called the program clock reference (PCR). The PCR is inserted into one of the optional header fields of
the TS packet. Recovery of the PCR allows the decoder to synchronize its clock to the same rate as the
original encoder clock.
TS packets are fixed in length at 188 bytes with a minimum 4-byte header and a maximum 184-byte
payload. The key fields in the minimum 4-byte header are the sync byte and the packet ID (PID).
The PID is a unique address identifier. Every video and audio stream as well as each PSI table needs to
have a unique PID. The PID value is provisioned in the MPEG multiplexing equipment. Certain PID values
are reserved. Other reserved PID values are specified by organizations such as the Digital Video
Broadcasting Group (DVB) and the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) for electronic
program guides and other tables.
Reserved PID Values
0 program association table (PAT)
1 conditional access table (CAT)
In order to reconstruct a program from all its video, audio, and table components, it is necessary to
ensure that the PID assignment is done correctly. You can assign PIDs for encoding to Main Concept
when you make your MPEG codec profile in SelenioFlex Ingest. A default will be used for any PID left
unassigned. Use TSReader on your source sample to determine any unknown PIDs.
MPEG Encoding
On the SelenioFlex Ingest MPEG Profile codec window (not the MainConcept Advanced window) you will
see a button for "PIDs". Click that button to open the following PID window. To enter a PID value, check
the "custom" box following the field you want to edit.
MPEG Encoding
Closed Captions
There are a couple methods of encoding CC in the MPEG file.
The first is with user mode data, which is typically used on raster sizes of 720x480. Imagine
Communications currently supports 608/708 closed captioning data in the user mode data (for NTSC).
This is the method that is used by MPEG2 broadcast files. However, there is another way to embed
closed captioning data in the user mode data that is used by DVDs, and that is a method that Imagine
Communications does not currently support as an option in the MPEG codec profile. If you want to add
closed captioning to a DVD then you must encode a SCC file (which is supported by SelenioFlex Ingest
software as another codec profile type) and add that SCC file to your DVD authoring software to include
closed captioning.
It is also possible to make an encode with CC preserved in the video raster for server playback systems
that support files at 720x512. Many of these systems are based on Stradis or Vela mpeg decoder cards.
Projects have been included with current versions of SelenioFlex Ingest software that set everything up
to include NTSC CC on line 21 of the video raster. These can be opened from within SelenioFlex Ingest
Software under File ->Open Local Project Select either Stradis or Vela.
For those that would like to set this up manually for the DRC-1000 to DRC-2500 boards, this involves the
codec profile is set for 720x512 Level ID : High Profile. With a hardware input set to 720x480, we will use
Imagine Communications VBI capture feature to start on line 21 and preserve two lines. This brings the
input raster size to 720x484. We don’t want to scale the video to 512 so we pad 26 lines of black border
to the top of the raster and 2 lines to the bottom. Then just make sure the project preserves interlaced
fields on the video process tab.
MPEG Encoding
MPEG Broadcasting
MPEG transport streams can be used for live broadcasting. That is, you can encode a live video input and
receive it on another system and play back the video as it is being encoded. MPEG2 streams can be
played back with a software player on a computer, or with a set top box that feeds the signal to a TV.
Note that both UDP and RTP protocols are supported. This is of particular concern if you plan to stream
to a set top box.
Codec Profile Settings

The Codec must use an MPEG2 transport stream mux type, such as TS or DVB.
A Mux rate setting of 5000 kbps or lower will give a good MPEG2 broadcast quality.
A bit rate of 3000 - 1000 kbps will give a good MPEG2 broadcast quality.
An Encoder quality of 30 will give a good MPEG2 broadcast quality.
If you have a restricted bit rate:
You can set your Frame size to be half the width of your Display size.
In Advanced Video Settings, in the Additional settings section you will find settings for Display Size
(under Sequence Display Extension > Display Size). You may use this to set the Horizontal and
Vertical setting to your final display size. For example, you can set a Frame Size of 360 x 480 and
display it at 720 x 480. By encoding fewer pixels you may see an increase in quality using the same
bit rate.
Output Broadcast Settings
If you choose Multicast you must choose an IP address in the multicast range,
224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 (see http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses)
If you choose Unicast you must choose an IP address that is not in the multicast range, and that is not
reserved for some other purpose.
Class Start address Finish address Type
A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 Multicast
E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 Reserved
Private Addresses for use by intranets

Class Private start address Private finish address
A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
A 172.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 reserved for loopback
B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
MPEG Encoding
C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
The Time to live (TTL) setting is the number or router hops the stream will travel. To limit it's range turn
down this value.
Turning up the buffer time will increase the reliability of the stream, but will also increase the latency.
The player will also have a buffer time.
VLC Player
In order to playback your MPEG2 transport stream on a computer, you need a software player.
The VLC Player, available from http://www.videolan.org/vlc/, can be used to playback your MPEG2
transport stream.
In the VLC Player, for playback of an MPEG2 stream, choose File > Open Network Stream.
- For Unicast choose the first radio button: UDP/RTP
- For Multicast choose the second radio button: UDP/RTP Multicast
- Fill in the IP Address of the machine sending the multicast and the port
VLC Settings > Preferences
Latency for UDP streams: Plugins > Access > access_udp
A project has been included with current versions of SelenioFlex Ingest software that set everything up
for an MPEG2 UDP Broadcast. This can be opened from within SelenioFlex Ingest Software under File -
>Open Local Project - Select MPEG2 Broadcast
MPEG Encoding Appendix A
Appendix A
ISO-639-2 Language codes

abk Abkhaz
ace Achinese
ach Acoli
ada Adangme
ady Adygei
afa Afroasiatic (Other)
afh Afrihili (Artificial language)
afr Afrikaans
aka Akan
akk Akkadian
alb Albanian
ale Aleut
alg Algonquian (Other)
amh Amharic
ang English, Old (ca. 450-1100)
apa Apache languages
ara Arabic
arc Aramaic
arg Aragonese Spanish
arm Armenian
arn Mapuche
arp Arapaho
art Artificial (Other)
arw Arawak
asm Assamese
ast Bable
ath Athapascan (Other)
aus Australian languages
ava Avaric
ave Avestan
awa Awadhi
aym Aymara
aze Azerbaijani
bad Banda
bai Bamileke languages
bak Bashkir
bal Baluchi
bam Bambara
ban Balinese
baq Basque
bas Basa
bat Baltic (Other)
bej Beja
bel Belarusian
bem Bemba
ben Bengali
ber Berber (Other)
bho Bhojpuri
bih Bihari
bik Bikol
bin Edo
bis Bislama
bla Siksika
bnt Bantu (Other)
bos Bosnian
bra Braj
bre Breton
btk Batak
bua Buriat
bug Bugis
bul Bulgarian
bur Burmese
cad Caddo
cai Central American Indian (Other)
car Carib
cat Catalan
cau Caucasian (Other)
ceb Cebuano
cel Celtic (Other)
cha Chamorro
chb Chibcha
che Chechen
chg Chagatai
chi Chinese
chk Truk
chm Mari
chn Chinook jargon
cho Choctaw
chp Chipewyan
chr Cherokee
chu Church Slavic
chv Chuvash
chy Cheyenne
cmc Chamic languages
cop Coptic
cor Cornish
cos Corsican
Creoles and Pidgins, English-based
cpe
(Other)
Creoles and Pidgins, French-based
cpf
(Other)
Creoles and Pidgins, Portuguese-
cpp
based (Other)
cre Cree
crh Crimean Tatar
crp Creoles and Pidgins (Other)
cus Cushitic (Other)
cze Czech
dak Dakota
dan Danish
dar Dargwa
day Dayak
del Delaware
den Slave
dgr Dogrib
din Dinka
div Divehi
doi Dogri
dra Dravidian (Other)
dua Duala
dum Dutch, Middle (ca. 1050-1350)
dut Dutch
dyu Dyula
dzo Dzongkha
efi Efik
egy Egyptian
eka Ekajuk
elx Elamite
eng English
enm English, Middle (1100-1500)

epo Esperanto
est Estonian
ewe Ewe
ewo Ewondo
fan Fang
fao Faroese
fat Fanti
fij Fijian
fin Finnish
fiu Finno-Ugrian (Other)
fon Fon
fre French
frm French, Middle (ca. 1400-1600)
fro French, Old (ca. 842-1400)
fry Frisian
ful Fula
fur Friulian
gaa Gã
gay Gayo
gba Gbaya
gem Germanic (Other)
geo Georgian
ger German
gez Ethiopic
gil Gilbertese
gla Scottish Gaelic
gle Irish
glg Galician
glv Manx
gmh German, Middle High (ca. 1050-1500)
goh German, Old High (ca. 750-1050)
gon Gondi
gor Gorontalo
got Gothic
grb Grebo
grc Greek, Ancient (to 1453)
gre Greek, Modern (1453-)
grn Guarani
guj Gujarati
gwi Gwich'in
hai Haida
hat Haitian French Creole

hau Hausa
haw Hawaiian
heb Hebrew
her Herero
hil Hiligaynon
him Himachali
hin Hindi
hit Hittite
hmn Hmong
hmo Hiri Motu
hun Hungarian
hup Hupa
iba Iban
ibo Igbo
ice Icelandic
ido Ido
iii Sichuan Yi
ijo Ijo
iku Inuktitut
ile Interlingue
ilo Iloko
Interlingua (International Auxiliary
ina
Language Association)
inc Indic (Other)
ind Indonesian
ine Indo-European (Other)
inh Ingush
ipk Inupiaq
ira Iranian (Other)
iro Iroquoian (Other)
ita Italian
jav Javanese
jpn Japanese
jpr Judeo-Persian
jrb Judeo-Arabic
kaa Kara-Kalpak
kab Kabyle
kac Kachin
kal Kalâtdlisut
kam Kamba
kan Kannada
kar Karen
kas Kashmiri
kau Kanuri
kaw Kawi
kaz Kazakh
kbd Kabardian
kha Khasi
khi Khoisan (Other)
khm Khmer
kho Khotanese
kik Kikuyu
kin Kinyarwanda
kir Kyrgyz
kmb Kimbundu
kok Konkani
kom Komi
kon Kongo
kor Korean
kos Kusaie
kpe Kpelle
kro Kru
kru Kurukh
kua Kuanyama
kum Kumyk
kur Kurdish
kut Kutenai
lad Ladino
lah Lahnda
lam Lamba
lao Lao
lat Latin
lav Latvian
lez Lezgian
lim Limburgish
lin Lingala
lit Lithuanian
lol Mongo-Nkundu
loz Lozi
ltz Letzeburgesch
lua Luba-Lulua
lub Luba-Katanga
lug Ganda
lui Luiseño
lun Lunda
luo Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
lus Lushai
mac Macedonian
mad Madurese
mag Magahi
mah Marshallese
mai Maithili
mak Makasar
mal Malayalam
man Mandingo
mao Maori
map Austronesian (Other)
mar Marathi
mas Masai
may Malay
mdr Mandar
men Mende
mga Irish, Middle (ca. 1100-1550)
mic Micmac
min Minangkabau
mis Miscellaneous languages
mkh Mon-Khmer (Other)
mlg Malagasy
mlt Maltese
mnc Manchu
mni Manipuri
mno Manobo languages
moh Mohawk
mol Moldavian
mon Mongolian
mos Mooré
mul Multiple languages
mun Munda (Other)
mus Creek
mwr Marwari
myn Mayan languages
nah Nahuatl
nai North American Indian (Other)
nap Neapolitan Italian
nau Nauru
nav Navajo
nbl Ndebele (South Africa)
nde Ndebele (Zimbabwe)
ndo Ndonga
nds Low German
nep Nepali
new Newari
nia Nias
nic Niger-Kordofanian (Other)
niu Niuean
nno Norwegian (Nynorsk)
nob Norwegian (Bokmål)
nog Nogai
non Old Norse
nor Norwegian
nso Northern Sotho
nub Nubian languages
nya Nyanja
nym Nyamwezi
nyn Nyankole
nyo Nyoro
nzi Nzima
oci Occitan (post-1500)
oji Ojibwa
ori Oriya
orm Oromo
osa Osage
oss Ossetic
ota Turkish, Ottoman
oto Otomian languages
paa Papuan (Other)
pag Pangasinan
pal Pahlavi
pam Pampanga
pan Panjabi
pap Papiamento
pau Palauan
peo Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)
per Persian
phi Philippine (Other)
phn Phoenician
pli Pali
pol Polish
pon Ponape
por Portuguese
pra Prakrit languages
pro Provençal (to 1500)
pus Pushto
que Quechua
raj Rajasthani
rap Rapanui
rar Rarotongan
roa Romance (Other)
roh Raeto-Romance
rom Romani
rum Romanian
run Rundi
rus Russian
sad Sandawe
sag Sango (Ubangi Creole)
sah Yakut
sai South American Indian (Other)
sal Salishan languages
sam Samaritan Aramaic
san Sanskrit
sas Sasak
sat Santali
scc Serbian
sco Scots
scr Croatian
sel Selkup
sem Semitic (Other)
sga Irish, Old (to 1100)
sgn Sign languages
shn Shan
sid Sidamo
sin Sinhalese
sio Siouan (Other)
sit Sino-Tibetan (Other)
sla Slavic (Other)
slo Slovak
slv Slovenian
sma Southern Sami
sme Northern Sami
smi Sami
smj Lule Sami
smn Inari Sami
smo Samoan
sms Skolt Sami
sna Shona
snd Sindhi
snk Soninke
sog Sogdian
som Somali
son Songhai
sot Sotho
spa Spanish
srd Sardinian
srr Serer
ssa Nilo-Saharan (Other)
ssw Swazi
suk Sukuma
sun Sundanese
sus Susu
sux Sumerian
swa Swahili
swe Swedish
syr Syriac
tah Tahitian
tai Tai (Other)
tam Tamil
tat Tatar
tel Telugu
tem Temne
ter Terena
tet Tetum
tgk Tajik
tgl Tagalog
tha Thai
tib Tibetan
tig Tigré
tir Tigrinya
tiv Tiv
tkl Tokelauan
tli Tlingit
tmh Tamashek
tog Tonga (Nyasa)

ton Tongan
tpi Tok Pisin
tsi Tsimshian
tsn Tswana
tso Tsonga
tuk Turkmen
tum Tumbuka
tup Tupi languages
tur Turkish
tut Altaic (Other)
tvl Tuvaluan
twi Twi
tyv Tuvinian
udm Udmurt
uga Ugaritic
uig Uighur
ukr Ukrainian
umb Umbundu
und Undetermined
urd Urdu
uzb Uzbek
vai Vai
ven Venda
vie Vietnamese
vol Volapük
vot Votic
wak Wakashan languages
wal Walamo
war Waray
was Washo
wel Welsh
wen Sorbian languages
wln Walloon
wol Wolof
xal Kalmyk
xho Xhosa
yao Yao (Africa)
yap Yapese
yid Yiddish
yor Yoruba
ypk Yupik languages
zap Zapotec
zen Zenaga
zha Zhuang
znd Zande
zul Zulu
zun Zuni
MPEG Encoding Appendix B
Appendix B
Analysis of Multiplexing types and Default

settings
Using SelenioFlex Ingest Version 2.1.1.31
Type: MPEG-1 System Stream
Mux Rate: 2431600 bps

ES - MPEG-1 Video
stream_id: 0xE0
Aspect Ratio: Reserved value
stream_id: 0xC0
Layer: 2
Type: VCD System Stream
Mux Rate: 1411200 bps
ES - MPEG-1 Video
stream_id: 0xE0
Aspect Ratio: Reserved value
stream_id: 0xC0
Layer: 2
Type: MPEG-2 Program Stream
ES - MPEG-2 Video
stream_id: 0xE0
Profile: Main
Level: Main
Aspect Ratio: 3:4
stream_id: 0xC0
Layer: 2
Type: SVCD Program Stream
ES - MPEG-2 Video
stream_id: 0xE0
Profile: Main
Level: Main
Aspect Ratio: 3:4
stream_id: 0xC0
Layer: 2
Type: DVD Program Stream
ES - Private Stream
stream_id: 0xBF
ES - MPEG-2 Video
stream_id: 0xE0
Profile: Main
Level: Main
Aspect Ratio: 3:4
ES - Private Stream
stream_id: 0xBD
Type: DVD-VR Program Stream
ES - Private Stream
stream_id: 0xBF
ES - MPEG-2 Video
stream_id: 0xE0
Profile: Main
Level: Main
Aspect Ratio: 3:4
stream_id: 0xC0
Layer: 2

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User's Guide

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MPEG Encoding Guide

Encoding specifications provided by equipment manufacturers are often not complete. It is

Analyzing an MPEG file

Pic n. Pictures Closed Broken l. Has SeqHdr

15 IBBPBBPBBPBBPBB Yes No Yes

Creating an MPEG Codec Profile in SelenioFlex

Basic Profile information

2. Set the Bitrate from the information found in Bitrate Viewer.

Main Concept Advanced Settings

GOP (Group of Pictures) Structure

Rate Control Mode

Advanced Video Settings

Noise Sensitivity/Noise Reduction

Motion Search Mode

Motion search pixel movement

Start time (seconds)

Input video is RGB16-235

User quant matrices

The Audio Settings include the following options and parameters:

Multiplexing Type: Elementary Streams

Multiplexing Type: System Streams

Multiplexing Type: Program Streams

Multiplexing Type: Transport Streams

Startup delays (ms)

Split File Options

Write program end code

Align sequence headers

Pad VCD Audio

Add SVCD scan offset

More about Transport Streams

Reserved PID Values

0 program association table (PAT)

1 conditional access table (CAT)

Codec Profile Settings

Output Broadcast Settings

224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 (see http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses)

D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 Multicast

E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 Reserved

Private Addresses for use by intranets

A 172.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 reserved for loopback

VLC Settings > Preferences

Latency for UDP streams: Plugins > Access > access_udp

ISO-639-2 Language codes

enm English, Middle (1100-1500)

hat Haitian French Creole

tog Tonga (Nyasa)

Analysis of Multiplexing types and Default

Mux Rate: 2431600 bps

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