Turning: Bachelor of Engineering Manufacturing Technologies

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
TURNING
by Endika Gandarias
Dr. ENDIKA GANDARIAS MINTEGI
Mechanical and Manufacturing department
Mondragon Unibertsitatea - www.mondragon.edu

(Basque Country)
www.linkedin.com/in/endika-gandarias-mintegi-91174653
Further presentations: www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
by Endika Gandarias 2
CONTENTS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
 MACHINE TYPES
 WORKHOLDING DEVICES
 TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
 TURNING OPERATIONS
 SAFETY GUIDELINES
 APPLICATIONS
 GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The author would like to thank all the bibliographic references and videos that
have contributed to the elaboration of these presentations.
For bibliographic references, please refer to:
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)
For videos, please refer to:
• www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
TURNING TECHNOLOGY
Mc
 BASIC MOVEMENTS:
– Mc  Cutting movement (regarding the part)
– Ma  Feed movement (regarding the tool)
– Mp  Cutting depth movement (regarding the
tool)
Mp
Ma
INTRODUCTION
Egypt, 300 BC Ancient India Bow lathe, Roman Era
Foot wheel lathe,

Leonardo da Vinci 1480
Pole lathe, 1250 Great wheel lathe, 1680
Lathe circa, 1850 Bench lathe, 1911

INTRODUCTION
 It is one of the most common and versatile metal cutting technologies.

 The machine is called lathe.
 In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis (cutting movement) as single-point cutting tools are
fed into it (feed and cutting depth movements), shearing away unwanted material and creating the
desired part.
 Typical geometries: Axially-symmetrical contoured part such as cylinders, cones and tapered shafts,
spheres, threads, etc
 Typical operations: Facing, Contour turning, Chamfering, Parting (Cut-off), Grooving, Threading,
Drilling, Knurling,…
N
N Spindle speed (rpm)
Vc Cutting speed (m/min)
fn Feed per revolution (mm/rev)
ap Cutting depth (mm)
Κr Positioning angle
VIDEO
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Tailstock
VIDEO
Carriage
Headstock
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
MACHINE TYPES
MACHINE TYPES
Bench / Center / Engine lathe

CONVENTIONAL LATHES
Face lathe
Vertical lathe
Turret lathe
Copy lathe
Single spindle
Automatic lathe
Multi spindle
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Bench / Center / Engine Lathe
• Manual movement execution.
• Manual tool and part change.
• Same part holding device for different parts.
• Machining time: Important

• Idle time: Important
• Set-up time: small
• Series: Unitary or up to 10 parts
• Precision: IT7 , Ra:1.6 µm.
VIDEO
Face Lathe
• Turning of voluminous parts: Small length to
diameter rate (rings, washers,…).

• Set-up time: Important (due to the part size)
• Series: Unitary o small
• Precision: IT8/9 , Ra:1.6 µm.
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Vertical Lathe
• Turning of heavy and voluminous parts in diameter

and/or length.
• Several tools can work at a time.

• Set-up time: Important (due to the weight of the parts)
• Series: Unitary or small
• Precision: IT7 , Ra:1.6 µm.
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Turret lathe • SEMIAUTOMATIC lathe.

• Automatic tool change.
• Typical workholding device: collets
• Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.

• Idle time: Less than in a bench lathe.
• Set-up time: Important at the beginning (all the tools
need to be adjusted).
• Series: 25 parts or more.
• Precision: IT 8 , Ra:1.6 µm.
Tool turret
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Copy lathe • Movement based on a template. It allows to copy

difficult geometries.
• One tool at a time.
• Manual tool and part change.

• Idle time: Less than in a bench lathe.
• Set-up time: Less than in turret lathe.
• Series: 5 parts or more
VIDEO VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
• Automatic movements execution using cams.
Single Spindle Automatic Lathe • Several tools can work at a time.
• Automatic part feed and change.
• Important toolholder cost

• Idle time: Almost zero.
• Set-up time: Important (long tools set-up)
• Series: 1000 parts or more
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Conventional lathes
Multi Spindle Automatic Lathe • Automatic movements execution.

• Automatic part feed and change.
• Important toolholder cost.
• Highly skilled workforce needed to set the machine.
• 6 to 8 parts can be produced at a time.
• Machining time: Very low

• Idle time: Almost zero.
• Set-up time: Very Important (long tools set-up)
• Series: 10.000 parts or more
• Precision: IT 7/8 , Ra:1.6 µm.
MACHINE TYPES
Part loading automation

NUMERICAL CONTROL LATHES (CNC)
Flat bed lathe

Driven tool
HORIZONTAL
Vertical lathe Y axis
Twin / Double / Sub spindle

Turning centre
Driven tool
VERTICAL
Sliding head machine or Swiss type lathe Y axis
HORIZONTAL
Multitasking machine
VERTICAL
Single spindle
Automatic lathe
Multi spindle
MACHINE TYPES
Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)
Flat bed lathe

• It is the evolution of an engine lathe being equipped with a
CNC control.
• They offer high stability, but slow tool indexing and changing.
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Vertical lathe
• It is used for large diameter heavy parts.
• A gantry design with a ram is the base of construction.
• Double ram offers a higher productivity.
• Long tool change time and component loading/unloading.
• Applications: railway wheels, gas/steam/wind turbines, aero
engines,…
VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO

MACHINE TYPES
Turning centre
Horizontal turning centre Vertical turning centre
Z
Z
VIDEO VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Turning centre
• Automatic movements execution. • Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.

• Automatic tool change • Idle time: Usually small
• One tool at a time • Set-up time: Slightly important (Programming &
setting-up)
• Manual or automatic bar feeder or part feeding (with
robot or manipulators) • Series: 10 to 1.000 parts (very flexible)
• Precision: IT 7/8 , Ra:0.8 a 1.6 µm.
• Same part holding device for different parts.
• Possibility of power driven tools (live tools) VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Turning centre
PART LOADING AUTOMATION
• It provides a simple and efficient way to automate part production  High volume production.
• It is not necessary to have an operator loading/unloading any part.
1 BAR FEEDER
• Suitable for bar diameters 1mm - 100mm, and bar

lengths 12” (3-4 meters) or smaller
 Attention: larger diameters and lengths represent
more mass and more vibration when turned at high
speeds.
• A considerable workshop space is demanded.
• Bar remnants produced by using short bars may be an
economic issue.
• Bar pushing types:
1. Servo driven  more accurate.
2. Pneumatic  a bar stop is needed. Thus, a tool
position gets occupied with the stop.
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Turning centre
PART LOADING AUTOMATION
2 GANTRY LOADER 3 ROBOT LOADER
VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO
• Both are systems for automation of chucked parts.

• The gantry works as a manipulator to load and unload the machine tool and can move
workpieces between operations.
• Collaborative robots have recently appeared.
MACHINE TYPES
Turning centre
DRIVEN TOOL or LIVE TOOL
• Driven tools allow milling and drilling operations with C-

axis control required on the main spindle (orientation and
coupling to inhibit rotation or servo-controlled C axis).
• Rotary tools are generally low powered and axis travel
rates are slow compared to a stand-alone machining
center.
• Any milling or drilling off the machine's center line is not
possible (a Y axis option is needed for that purpose).
• Application: keyway slots, holes on the center line,
spiral-milling cuts…
VIDEO VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Turning centre
X Y
Y AXIS
• The Y-axis option was developed due to the need to

use the driven tools for three axes, milling and drilling Z
off center line.
SIDE MILLING OFF-CENTRE GROOVING OFF-CENTRE DRILLING
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Turning centre
TWIN / DOUBLE / SUB SPINDLE
• Used when machining from both sides is required (both

spindles synchronize for part changing).
• Higher productivity  It may halve the cycle time
compared to a single revolver machine:
a) Tandem turning (same side turning).
b) Machining operations on the sub-spindle at the
same time as the main spindle.
• Typically 3 turrets (2 for the main spindle and 1 for the
sub-spindle), but 2 turrets also exist.
• Typical applications: Long slender components like
shafts and components machined on both sides.
VIDEO VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Sliding head machine or Swiss type lathe (I)
• Spindle has the axial movement for workpiece load and

machining, not the tools.
• Nearly always fitted with a bar-feeder ( ∅0.5mm - ∅40 mm).
• Uses a headstock  possible to machine long components
and small diameters without using a secondary spindle.
• Workpiece clamping system  collet.
• Application: complex, precise and small size parts.
VIDEO VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
Sliding head machine or Swiss type lathe (II)
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
CNC machines
Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – HORIZONTAL (I)

• Several technologies are integrated into one machine:
turning, milling, drilling,…
• It has evolved from turning machines.
• The heart of the machine is the tool spindle (B
spindle), which even can be tilted. It provides milling,
drilling and tapping capability along with turning,
facing, grooving and threading.
• This spindle is serviced by an automatic tool changer
that resides outside the cutting zone.
• It may have a double spindle and one/two tool turrets.
• Application: very complex parts.
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
CNC machines
Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – HORIZONTAL (II)
MACHINE TYPES
CNC machines
Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – VERTICAL
• Parts normally larger in diameter than for a horizontal

multi-task machine.
• Does not require support via a steady rest, tailstock or
sub-spindle.
• It has evolved from 5 axis machining centers:
a) High rpm capability of the C axis (turning table).
b) Adopting the spindle for stationary operations.
Combination type
Trunnion table VIDEO

MACHINE TYPES
CNC machines
Single Spindle Automatic Lathe
VIDEO
MACHINE TYPES
CNC machines
Multiple Spindle Automatic Lathe
VIDEO VIDEO
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Jaw chuck (3 or 4 jaws)
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Jaw chuck and center
Between centers
Steady/Follow rest
Mandrel
Elastic collet
VIDEO
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Jaw chuck
 Part clamped within a chuck and with no additional support

(maximum recommended cantilever 1.5 Diameter)
Cantilever L < 1.5Ø
Most common Chuck: Self-centering jaws
 Posibility to hold cylindrical or poligonal parts

(side number equal or multiple to the number of jaws).
 Movement controlled by a single screw operated by a “T”

shape key. The jaws move simultaneously and exactly the
same amount of movement toward center.
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Chucks: Manual
VIDEO
Self-centering jaws VIDEO Independent jaws
VIDEO
Chucks: Power driven
 Centering is more complex.

 Working with small workpieces is more
difficult because they lack sufficient
surface area.
Pneumatic or Hydraulic Magnetic operated

WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Chucks: Number of jaws
Two jaw chuck Three jaw chuck Four jaw chuck Six jaw chuck Eight jaw chuck
Chucks: Ring and discs Chucks: Soft jaws
 To hold cylindrical parts precisely as well

as irregular parts.
Holding with Holding with  Soft material jaws, without being
external part inverted jaws thermically treated. VIDEO
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Jaw Chuck and Center
 Part held on one side within a chuck and on the other side
with a live center.
 A lathe center holds the end of the workpiece, providing
support to preventing the workpiece from deflecting during
machining.
For cantilevers between 1.5Ø and 10Ø
Live Center:
Center contact point is mounted on bearings and allowed to spin
with workpiece. It is mounted in the tailstock quill (60º vertex).
VIDEO
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Between Centers
 Part hold within two centers (live center and

dead center).
 Rotation is produced thanks to a dog. It is not

an energetic holding but it offers an excellent
centering (finishing operations).
Dead Center:
Solid steel tip that workpiece spins against.
It is mounted in the spindle hole (60º vertex).
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Face Plates
 It is used to grasp parts with irregular shapes.

 It is used when no other clamping system is valid.
 It is a custom-designed clamp for a particular geometry.
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Steady and Follow rests

Steady rest
 Used in external or internal machining
operations.
 It stands stationary from a rigid mounting
on the bed, and it supports the workpiece at the
rest's center, typically with three contact points
120° apart.
Cantilever L > 1.5Ø
VIDEO VIDEO
Follow rest
 External machining of parts mounted within a chuck

and center.
 It is similar to the steady rest, but it is mounted to the
carriage rather than the bed, which means that as the
tool bit moves, the follower rest follows along.
Cantilever L > 10Ø
VIDEO VIDEO
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Mandrel
 For external/internal concentric machining operations.

 Mandrel: It is a hardened and ground cylindrical piece having undercut centerholes on both ends. It is
used for holding hollow workpieces, or those that have been drilled or bored previously.
Solid mandrel
 Mandrels have a slight taper (1:2000). The workpiece is just

fixed by friction. The ends of the mandrel have machined flats
for the lathe dog to grip.
 Since solid machine mandrels have a very slight taper, they are
limited to workpieces with specific inside diameters.
Gang mandrel
 The workpiece is mounted on a cylindrical shaft and is axially

fixed using nuts.
 The coaxiality between the inner and outer diameter of the
workpiece depends on the workpiece and mandrel adjustment.
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Cone mandrel
 It is a very effective device for holding a part that has a hole

drilled through it.
 The part is secured between the tapers of the mandrel.
Expansion mandrel
 The workpice is fixed by means of an elastic collet (B).
The collet is expanded by pressing the nut (D) against the
taper shaft (M).
 On the same mandrel different size elastic collets can be
mounted to fix different diameter workpieces.
VIDEO
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Elastic collets
 Commonly used in turret lathes and automatic lathes.
 Collet: Taper body with an axial hole where the workpiece to

be machined is introduced (cylindrical, rectangular,
hexagonal,… bars).
 Longitudinal cuts offer elasticity to the collet and a uniform
fixture is obtained.
 The taper body is pulled manually or automatically against

the machine frame and the workpiece is fixed by pressure
(axial movement is needed to clamp/unclamp the workpiece).
One of the characteristics of this clamping system is the

possiblity to clamp and unclamp the workpiece with no
need to stop spinning.
VIDEO
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Tool post
Shank
VDI
TOOL
Turret
HOLDING SYSTEM
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
CBI
CDI
Mini-turret
Rigid clamping
Lever clamping
TOOL INSERT
HOLDING SYSTEM
Screw clamping
Wedge clamping
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Tool holding system
Tool post
SHANK
BORING BAR
SPRING CLAMP
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Tool holding system
Turret
 Designed for shank and cylindrical holders.

Shank turret  Driven solutions can not be used.
 It has been the standard quick change solution.

 Driven units can be adopted, although the
bearings are always outside the turret (longer
VDI turret gauge line).
(DIN 69880)
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Tool holding system
Turret
 Driven solutions can be mounted

Coromant Capto Interface inside or outside the turret.
(CBI) turret
VIDEO
Coromant Capto Disc

Interface (CDI) turret  New solution to replace shank and VDI turrets
 Driven tool holder (DTH) bearings mounted inside the turret.
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Tool holding system
Mini-turret
Four turning tools in one Two turning tools in one
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
Tool insert holding system
Rigid clamping Lever clamping Screw clamping Wedge clamping
Type C & D Type P Type S Type W

 Negative inserts  Negative inserts.  Positive inserts.  Negative inserts.
 Excellent fixation.  Chip flow with no  Chip flow with no  Excellent fixation.
 Easy exchange. obstacle. obstacle
 Easy exchange.  Secure insert
clamping.
56
MACHINING OPERATIONS
TURNING. Machining operations

EXTERNAL TURNING INTERNAL TURNING
VIDEO
External turning
Turning
Ff = axial Ff = axial
45°
95°
Fr = radial
Fr = radial
Fr ↑ = higher tool vibration.
Tool entry smoother. VIDEO
Facing
VIDEO
External turning
Taper turning VIDEO
1. The compound rest may be swiveled

on the cross-slide to any angle in the
horizontal plane (short tapers).
VIDEO
2. By offsetting the tailstock (Long and slim tapers, up to 10-15%).
VIDEO
3. CNC lathes – 2 axes Interpolation
External turning
Grooving
Two types of grooving:
Outer Diameter (OD) grooving Face grooving
VIDEO VIDEO
External turning
Grooving
1 OD GROOVING: Type of tool:

1. Insert type (shallow groove)
1
2. Screw-clamp (medium groove)
3. Spring-clamp (deep groove)
2 Positioning
of the tool
VIDEO
External turning
Grooving
2 FACE GROOVING:
Left hand (L) tool Right hand (R) tool
The correct curve on the tool is dependent on the radius of the workpiece.
VIDEO
External turning
Parting or Cut-off
 Similar to grooving, but the cutter moves radially until the center or
inner diameter of the workpiece.
 Reduce feed by 75% when approaching the centre, around 2 mm
before the part comes off  vibration ↓ and tool life ↑. Stop the feed
0.5mm before the centre and the part will drop down.
 Chip evacuation is a critical factor in parting operations.
3
VIDEO
Type of tool: VIDEO
1. Insert type (shallow groove)
2. Screw-clamp (medium groove)
3. Spring-clamp (deep groove) VIDEO
External turning
Form turning
 Cutting tool has a shape that is imparted to the

workpiece by plunging the tool into the workpiece.
 In form turning, cutting tool is complex and expensive
but feed is linear and does not require special
machine tools or devices.
Profiling or Contour turning
 Cutting tool has a simple shape, but the feed motion is

complex; cutting tool is fed along a contour thus creating a
contoured shape on the workpiece.
 Not possible to be done efficiently in manual lathes.
VIDEO VIDEO
External turning
Profiling or Contour turning
Insert radius = Insert radius <

component radius component radius
THROCHOIDAL TURNING
reduced reduced
fn max fn max fn max
 Typically used on Heat resistant super alloys (HRSA).
 Machinng strategy:
 Roll into cut with reduced feed
 Increase feed to max fn for linear cuts
 Roll out of cut with reduced feed
VIDEO
External turning
Chamfering
 Machining of an angle on the corner of the cylinder

with not much precision, forming a "chamfer“.
 OBJECTIVE: Eliminate the sharp edge for part
handling, ease assemblying, thread inlets, etc.
Notch machining or undercutting
 Machining of a groove that facilitates the tool outlet for further

operations: threading, grinding, etc.
 Round cutting edges are required.
External turning
Knurling
 This is not a machining operation but a plastic deformation
operation using a knurling tool.
 Criss-cross pattern knurls are the most typical (ocasionally straight
knurls are used too).
 OBJECTIVE: Knurling allows hands or fingers to get a better grip.
Knurled part
Knurling wheels
or Knurls
Knurling tool VIDEO

External turning
Threading
 Spindle revolution (N) and feed per revolution

(fn) must keep a relation.
 A single-point threading tool, typically with a 60
degree pointed nose, moves axially along the
side of the workpiece, cutting threads into the
outer surface.
 The threads can be cut to a specified length
and pitch, and may require multiple passes to
be formed.
VIDEO VIDEO
Insert types
Infeed strategies
Each insert can only Can result in burr Reduced number of

cut one pitch. formation that needs infeeds 
to be taken away. Productivity ↑
VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO
External turning
Threading
RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE
CNC thread generator: http://vargen.vargus.com/VargusGenWeb/Pages/ThreadSelection.aspx

External turning
Threading
BS 3643-1:2007 ISO metric screw threads

UNE 17701 Rosca métrica ISO para usos generales
NUT
SCREW
External turning
Threading UNE 17701 Rosca métrica ISO para usos generales
Tolerances: The absence of tolerance class designation means:
 M-10x1 – 5H 6H – L Internal threads -- 6H External threads – 6g

INTERNAL THREAD
Pitch value
Pitch diameter (D2) tolerance
Minor diameter (D1) tolerance
Length of thread engagement (S, N or L)
 M-10 – 6H
Pitch & minor (D2, D1) diameter tolerance
 M-10x1 – 5g 6g – N
EXTERNAL THREAD
Pitch diameter (d2) tolerance

Major diameter (d) tolerance
Length of thread engagement (S, N or L)
 M-10 – 6g The absence of the designation for the group of length of thread
engagement means the group "normal" N is specified.
Pitch & minor (d2, d) diameter tolerance
External turning
External turning
Example:
Internal thread (nut)
M-10
Pitch value: default value 1.5mm
Pitch diameter (D2) tolerance: default value 6H  Tolerance [0, +180] µm
 Theoretical D2 value = d -0.649p = 10 – 0.649*1.5 = 9.026 mm
D2 = [ 9.026, 9.206] mm
Minor diameter (D1) tolerance: default value 6H  Tolerance [0, +300] µm
 Theoretical D1 value = d -1.082p = 10 – 1.082*1.5 = 8.377 mm
D1 = [ 8.377, 8.677] mm
External thread (screw)
M-10
Pitch value: default value 1.5mm
Pitch diameter (d2) tolerance: default value 6g  Tolerance [-32, -164] µm
 Theoretical d2 value = d -0.649p = 10 – 0.649*1.5 = 9.026 mm
d2 = [ 8.862, 8.994] mm
Major diameter (d) tolerance: default value 6g  Tolerance [-32, -268] µm
 Theoretical d value = 10 mm
d = [ 9.732, 9.968] mm
Internal turning
Turning or boring
 It consists on increasing a previously drilled workpiece diameter.

This operation is accomplished moving the tool using the longitudinal
carriage.
VIDEO VIDEO
Internal turning
Facing
 It consists on machining internal surfaces perpendicular to the part

rotational axis.
 It is accomplished moving the tool along the transverse axis.
Grooving
 Tool movement using the cross-slide to allow thread exits, outlet for
the use of grinding wheels,…
Internal turning
Profiling
 It consists on machining internal surfaces perpendicular to

the part rotational axis.
 It is accomplished moving the tool along the transverse axis.
Taper turning
• The compound rest may be swiveled on the cross-slide

to any angle in the horizontal plane (short tapers).
• CNC lathes – 2 axes Interpolation
VIDEO
Internal turning
Drilling  It consists on creating a blind hole or a through hole using a drill.

 Two ways to obatain a hole:
1. The part spins and the drill has no rotation, only an axial
displacement thanks to the tailstock.
2. Using a live tool.
WC HSS VIDEO VIDEO

TIR (Total Indicator Runout)
0,02 mm 0,03 mm 0,02 mm
Solid carbide drills Indexable insert drills Exchangeable tip drills
 It needs to be minimized for best performance.

Internal turning
Center hole machining
 It is a special drilling and countersank (60º)

operation done with a center drill to fit later
a live or dead center.
Reaming
 The reaming is a finishing operation to achieve good dimensional

(H6,H7,H8) and surface tolerances depending on the ream.
 Two ways to ream within the lathe:
• Keeping the part stationary and spinning the ream handle
manually (the handle is supported in the tailstock).
• Spinning the part (Mc) and moving the ream axially (Ma) (held
within a drill chuck).
 The tool is called “reamer”. VIDEO
Internal turning
Threading
1 SINGLE POINT THREADING TOOL
VIDEO
RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE
Internal turning
Threading
2 WHIRLING RING
VIDEO
EXERCISE EXAMPLE:
1 - External facing
2 - External turning (Rough/Finish)
3 - External Grooving
4 - External threading
1 – Jaws
5 - Pecking
2 - Chuck
6 - Drilling
3 - Stock
7 - Boring or internal turning
8 - Cut-off
SAFETY GUIDELINES
SAFETY GUIDELINES
SAFETY GUIDELINES
Goggles Gloves Shoes
safety guards or
machine encapsulation
Clothing Ear muff or Ear plug
TURNING APPLICATIONS
TURNING APPLICATIONS
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
4 – FAN CASTING –
Titanium
VIDEO
6 – TURBINE DISC – 7 – COMBUSTION CASING –

Heat Resistant Super Alloy Heat Resistant Super Alloy
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
GEAR WHEEL– Hardened Steel
SHAFT – Cast iron or steel

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
TULIP HEAD – Titanium
VIDEO
BONE SCREW –
Titanium or Stainless Steel
DENTAL SCREW –
VIDEO Titanium
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
FEMORAL HEAD &

ACETABULAR CUP –
Titanium or Stainless Steel
VIDEO VIDEO
OIL & GAS APPLICATIONS
SPOOL BODY – TUBING HANGER –

Steel or inconel Steel or inconel
MANDREL – Steel
POWER GENERATION APPLICATIONS
STEAM TURBINE DIAPHRAGM

Stainless steel
POWER GENERATION APPLICATIONS
OPERATION OVERVIEW
1. Rough turning: outer diameter, facing

2. Pocketing
3. Grooving
4. Profiling
GAS TURBINE DISC
5. Finishing turning: O.D, I.D, faces
Inconel or steel
6. Drilling
7. Chamfering (front & back)
WIND POWER APPLICATIONS
OPERATION OVERVIEW
1. Turning – Heavy duty roughing

2. Turning – Semi roughing
3. Turning – Finishing
4. Drilling – Deep hole
5. Drilling – Short hole
GEARBOX SHAFT MAIN SHAFT

Steel Steel
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE

Bar Barra Baraila
Bench / Center / Engine lathe Torno paralelo Tornu paraleloa
Between centers Entre puntos Puntuen artean
Bone Hueso Hazur
Boring Mandrinado Mandrinaketa
Boring bar Barra de mandrinado Mandrinatzeko barra
Bow Arco Arkua
Cam Leva Espeka
Cantilever Voladizo Hegalkin
Carriage Carro Orga
Center Punto Puntua
Center hole machining Punteado Punteaketa
Chamfering Achaflanado Alakaketa
Clamp Amarrar Lotu
Collet Pinza Pintza
Compound rest Carro orientable Orga birakorra
Countersank Avellanado Abeilanatu
Cross slide Carro transversal Zeharkako orga
Cutting depth Profundidad de pasada axial Sakontze sakonera
Cutting speed Velocidad de corte Ebaketa abiadura
Dead center Punto Puntu finkoa
Dog Perro de arrastre Arraste txakurra
Dog plate Plato de arrastre Arrastratze platerra
Drilling Taladrado Zulaketa
Ear muff / Ear plug Orejera de casco Entzumen kaskoak
Face lathe Torno al aire Tornu airean
Face plate Plato plano Plater laua
Facing Refrentado Aurpegiketa
GLOSSARY

Fan Ventilador Haizegailu
Feed Avance por minuto Aitzinamendu abiadura
Feeder Alimentador Elikatzaile
Form turning Torneado de forma Forma torneaketa
Follow rest Luneta móvil Luneta mugikorra
Gear wheel Rueda de engranaje Engranai gurpila
Gearbox Caja de cambios Abiadura kaxa
Gloves Guantes Eskularruak
Goggles Gafas de seguridad Segurtasun betaurrekoak
Grasp Amarrar Lotu / Heldu
Groove Ranura Arteka
Headstock Cabezal Buru
High Speed Steel Acero rápido Altzairu lasterra
Idle time Tiempos no productivos Denbora ez produktiboa
Insert Plaquita Plakatxo
Jaw chuck Plato de garras Atzapardun platera
Knurling Moleteado Moletaketa
Lathe Torno Tornua
Lever clamping Amarre por palanca Palanka bidezko lotze sistema
Live center Punto rotatorio Puntu birakorra
Live tool = Driven tool Herramienta motorizada Erraminta motorizatua
Loading Carga Karga
Mandrel Mandrino Mandrino
Multitasking machine Máquina multitarea Ataza anitzeko makina
Notch machining Entallado Hozkadura
Nut Tuerca Azkoina
Off-centre Descentrado Deszentratu
Offset Descentrar Deszentratu
GLOSSARY

Part feeding Alimentación de piezas Piezen elikatze
Parting / Cutting-off Tronzado Trontzaketa
Pecking Punteado Punteaketa
Pitch Paso Neurri
Pole Poste Zutoin
Profiling Perfilado Perfilaketa
Ram Carnero Ahari
Reamer Escariador Otxabu
Reaming Escariado Otxabuketa
Remnant Resto / Remanente Hondar / Soberakin
Runout Excentricidad Eszentrikotasun
Safety guidelines Normas de seguridad Segurtasun arauak
Screw Tornillo Torloju
Self-centering jaws Garras auto-centrante Atzapar autozentranteak
Set-up time Tiempo de puesta a punto Prestaketa denbora
Shaft Eje Ardatza
Shallow Superficial Azaleko
Shank Mango Kirten
Single spindle / Multi spindle Monohusillo / Multihusillo Ardatz bakarra / Ardatz aniztun
Slender Esbelto Lerden
Sliding head machine Máquina de cabezal móvil Buru mugikorreko makina
Soft jaw Garra blanda Atzapar biguna
Solid mandrel Mandril fijo Mandril finkoa
Spindle speed Velocidad de giro Biraketa abiadura
Spool body Cuerpo de carrete Txirrika gorputza
Spring clamp Amarre por deformación Deformazio bidezko lotzea
Stainless steel Acero inoxidable Altzairu erdoilgaitza
Steady rest Luneta fija Luneta finkoa
GLOSSARY

Steam turbine diaphragm Turbina de vapor Lurrun turbina
Tailstock Contrapunto Kontrapuntu
Taper turning Torneado cónico Torneaketa konikoa
Template Plantilla Txantiloi
Threading Roscado Hariztaketa
Tip Punta Punta
Tool post Torreta portaherramienta Erreminta-etxe dorretxo
Tool turret Torreta portaherramientas Erreminta-etxe dorretxoa
Toolhonding device Sistema de amarrar herramientas Erramintak lotzeko sistemak
Tubing hanger Soporte de tubería Tutu euskarria
Tulip Tulipa Tulipa
Turning Torneado Torneaketa
Turning centre Centro de torneado Torneaketa zentrua
Turning operation Operación de cilindrado Zilindraketa operazioa
Turret lathe Torno revolver Tornu errebolberra
Twin / Double / Sub spindle Doble cabezal Buru bikoitza
Unloading Descarga Deskarga / Huste
Washer Arandela Zirrindola
WC (Hard metal) Metal duro Metal gogorra
Whirling ring Cabezal giratorio Buru birakorra

Turning: Bachelor of Engineering Manufacturing Technologies

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Turning: Bachelor of Engineering Manufacturing Technologies

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BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

Mechanical and Manufacturing department

Mondragon Unibertsitatea - www.mondragon.edu

Further presentations: www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology

For bibliographic references, please refer to:

• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)

• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)

For videos, please refer to:

Egypt, 300 BC Ancient India Bow lathe, Roman Era

Foot wheel lathe,

Lathe circa, 1850 Bench lathe, 1911

 It is one of the most common and versatile metal cutting technologies.

Vc Cutting speed (m/min)

fn Feed per revolution (mm/rev)

ap Cutting depth (mm)

Bench / Center / Engine lathe

• Machining time: Important

• Machining time: Important

• Turning of heavy and voluminous parts in diameter

• Machining time: Important

Turret lathe • SEMIAUTOMATIC lathe.

• Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.

Copy lathe • Movement based on a template. It allows to copy

• Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.

• Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.

Multi Spindle Automatic Lathe • Automatic movements execution.

• Machining time: Very low

Part loading automation

Flat bed lathe

Twin / Double / Sub spindle

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

Flat bed lathe

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

Horizontal turning centre Vertical turning centre

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

• Automatic movements execution. • Machining time: Less than in a bench lathe.

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

PART LOADING AUTOMATION

• Suitable for bar diameters 1mm - 100mm, and bar

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

PART LOADING AUTOMATION

2 GANTRY LOADER 3 ROBOT LOADER

VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO

• Both are systems for automation of chucked parts.

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

DRIVEN TOOL or LIVE TOOL

• Driven tools allow milling and drilling operations with C-

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

• The Y-axis option was developed due to the need to

SIDE MILLING OFF-CENTRE GROOVING OFF-CENTRE DRILLING

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

TWIN / DOUBLE / SUB SPINDLE

• Used when machining from both sides is required (both

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

Sliding head machine or Swiss type lathe (I)

• Spindle has the axial movement for workpiece load and

Numerical Control Lathes (CNC)

Sliding head machine or Swiss type lathe (II)

Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – HORIZONTAL (I)

Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – HORIZONTAL (II)

Machining Centre MULTITASKING MACHINE – VERTICAL