(chapter 33| Pari Physles 3325 Figure 2.14 Muay Gel-Mann 3829) proposed auvks aca sutstuctur of hadrons 1969 and was akeady known for is work onthe concept ot ‘stangoness. hough ques nave never been dey observed, several predicion of Be guark model were gucklycanfuned, anatwer popetas ‘explana brown nasron cnaracorsis. G-Man was anarded he Nobel Prize In 1063 (reat Lubes Mel) 33.5 Quarks: Is That All There Is? {Quarks have been mentioned at various points in this text as fundamental bulding blocks and members of the exclusive club of {tub elementary particles, Note that an elementary or fundamental particle has no substructure (kis not made af over particles) and has no ite size other than its wavelength. This does not mean that fundamental parcles are stable—some decay, while otters do not. Keepin mind that ll leptons seem to be fundamental, whereasno hadrons are fundamental. There is ‘ttong evidence that quarks are the fundamental bulaing blocks of hadrons as seen in Figure 33.15. Quarks are the second ‘90up of fundamental particles leptons are the fst). The third and perhaps final group of fundamental patcies is the carier Daricles for the four basc forces. Leptons, quarks, and carrier partcles may be allthere i. In this module we wil ciscuss the ‘quark substructure of hadrons and its relatonship to forces as well as indicate some remaining questions and problems. t t Spin Orage 4242-40, 2-tteg Raton Figure 2,15 baryons, sch asthe proon and neon shoan he composed ofa quaicaniquark sare fous epresert the sons al ‘ed 6 ado white or any possi combination of auarks, ‘are composed owe aus ll mesons, svc as th sons shown hae ro ars, whch, a5 we shall se, te alsa colored. The clers ae uh tat hey Conception of Quarks ‘Quarks were fst proposed independently by Ametican physicists Murray GellMann and George Zweig in 1963. Their quaint fame was taken by Gell-Mann ftom a James Joyce novel_Gel-Mann was also largely responsible for the concept and name of strangeness. (Whimsical names are common in particle physics, reflecting the personalities of modem physicists.) Original, ttvee quark types—or flavors —were proposed to account for the then-knawn mesons and baryons, These quark flavors ate named up (v), down (¢), and strange (s). All quarks have hal-integral spin and are thus fermions. All mesons have integral spin ‘while all baryons nave haltntegral spin. Terefore, mesons should be made up of an even numer of quarks while baryons need to be made up of an edd number of quarks. Figure 33.15 shows the quark substructure of the proton, neutron, and two pons the nos ea pops by Glan ard Zweite acon enages ot quan vena (Ze an (Lem6 (craper33| Parte Physies whereas all directly observed particles have charges that are integral multiples of qe . Note thatthe fractonal value of tne quark does not violate the fact that the eis the smallest unit of charge thats observed, because a free quark cannot exist. Table 33.3 lists characteristics ofthe six quark flavors that are now thought to exist. Discoveries made since 1963 have required extra quark flavors, which are clvided inca thee families quite analogous to leptons. How Does it Work? ‘To understand how these quark substructures work, let us specially examine the proton, neutron, and the two pions pictured in Figure 83.15 before moving on to more general considerations. First, the proton p is composed ofthe three quarks uud, so that sstalchagess ++ (2 soins +(2)+ (2)-(2)=(2), ato as expecta Neth spn of te up qs ar land, so hah wou in = de. a5 expected, With the spins aligned as in the igure, the protons inrinsic the same state except that they have different colors (another quantum number tobe elaborated upon a lite later). Quarks obey the Pauli exclusion principe, Similar comments apply tothe neutron n, whichis composed of the three quarks udd, Note also that te neutron is made of charges that add to zero but move internally, producing ts well-known magnet moment. When the neutron {I~ decays, it does so by changing the favor of ane of its quarks, Writing neutron fi decay in terms of quarks, eas n> p+B +i ,_ becomes udd + wud + B~ + He. es) We se that his is equivalent to a down qurk changing favor to become an up qua dus pri 539) Table 33.3 Quarks and Amiquarks) en aC ae TS 4a. bom |e fa he | Fhe oo fo fo laces svance | 5 jee fe Jab fe je fom erames|e [le im jete [et fo fare le he two > im jee [st fo fo [elo Js oo | ji ie lee jo fo fo fat |i 8 The lower ofthe +t symbols are the values for asiquarks. 9. B is baryon number, Sis strangeness, ¢ is charm, b is bottorness, # is topness, 10. Values are approximate, are not directly observable, and vary with madel “This Opansax book avellable or tes at sp snxorlconenk(chapter 33| Pari Physles ar Table 33.4 Quark Composition of ected Hadron! a at ud = iid a uit, dd mixturelt2l ° uit, dd mxturel® xt da ke as ie i xk is diy [ee r bb Baryons ET P wud ” ud ae ud at wud a ddd at [uae ae uds Ey uds st wus = dds Bo uss = dss am [sss ‘This is an example ofthe general fact that the weak nuclear force can change the flavor of a quark. By general, we mean that any quark can be converted to any other (change Navor) by the weak nuclear force. Nat only can we get d —» w, we can ‘also get 1 -» d, Furthermore, the strange quark can be changed by the weak force, too, making s —+ u and s—» d possible. ‘This explains the violation of the conservation of strangeness by the weak force noted in the preceding section. Another general {acts that the strong nuclear force eannot change the flavor of a quark. 121. These two mesons are ferent midures, but each i its own antipartcte, as indicated by is quark composition. 12. These two mesons are dflerent mixtures, but each i its own antipartcle, as indicated by its quark composition, 33, These two mesons are diferent motutes, but each i ts own antipartle, as indicated by s quark composivon 44, Antbaryons have the antiquarks of ther counterparts, The antiproton > 1S it itd, for example 115. Baryons composed of te same quarks are diferent states ofthe same particle. For example, the A* isan excited state of the proton,sme (craper33| Parte Physies ‘Again, fom Figure 33.15, we see thatthe * meson (one ofthe three pions is composed of an up quark plus an antidown or ud , ts total charge is thus +(2) (4) expect yon number is 0, since it nd an cit or dt treats +(Bhe+ (or= a. noe Rsbanon miro it ha and a ania tn anon unters +(2)~(1)=0. the x nlite clave logs, stow is composed of mater and antimatter, the quarks are diferent flavors and the weak force should cause the decay by changing the flavor of ane into that ‘of the other. The spins of the w and d quarks are antiparallel, enabling the pion to have spin zero, as observed experimentally. Finally the 1 meson shown in Figure 33.15 isthe antiparee of the 2 meson, andi is composed ofthe corresponcing ‘quark antipanticles. That is, the” meson is wd , while te a” meson is. iid . These two pions annihilate each other quickly, because their consttuent quarks are each other's antipartcles. “Two general rules for combining quarks to form hadrons are: 11. Baryons are composed of three quarks, and antibaryons are composed of three antiquatks. 2, Mesons are combinations of a quark and an artiquark ‘One of the clever things about this scheme is that onl integral charges result, even though the quarks have fractional charge. All Combinations are Possible ‘All quark combinations are possible, Table 33.4 Ists some of these combinations. When Gell-Mann and Zwelg proposed the ‘original three quark lavors, particles corresponding to all combinations a those three had nat been observed. The pattemn was there, but twas incomplete—much as had been the case in the periodic table ofthe elements an the chart of nuclides. The 2 particle, in particular, had not been discavered but was predicted by quark theory. Its combination of three strange quarks, 4385 ges ita strangeness of ~3 (see Table 23.2) and other preactable characterises, such as spin, charge, approximate ‘mass, and fete. Ifthe quark picture is complete, the {2~ should exis. twas fst observed in 1964 at Brookhaven National Laboratory and had the predicted characteristics as seen in Figure 33.16. The discovery of te Q~ was convincing indirect ‘evidence fr the existence of the three exiginal quark favors and boosted theoretical and experimental efforts to further explore particle physics in terms of quarks. Paterns and Puzzles: Atoms, Nuclei, and Quarks Patterns inthe proper of toms allowed the periodic table to be developed. From it, previously unknown elements were predicted and observed, Similar, pattems were observed in the properties of nucle, leading to the chart of nucides and successful predicions of previously unknown nucldes. Now with patel piyscs, patterns imply a quark substructure that, taken iteraly, predicts previously unknown particles. These have now been abserved in another triumph of underlying unity