GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CHINA

NAME: RUKON MD IFTEKHAR ARAFIN( 饶坤)

STUDENT ID: GJ2021009140
ASSIGNMENT: MY IMPRESSION OF CHINA & EXPERIENCE
I WANT TO GET INTO CHINA IN FUTURE
 MY IMPRESSION OF CHINA
China, officially People’s Republic of China , country of
East Asia. It is the largest of all Asian countries and has
the largest population of any country in the world.
Occupying nearly the entire East Asian landmass, it
covers approximately one-fourteenth of the land area
of Earth. Among the major countries of the world, China
is surpassed in area by only Russia and Canada, and it is
almost as large as the whole of Europe.
China has 33 administrative units directly under the central government; these consist of 22
provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities (Chongqing, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin),
and 2 special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The island province of Taiwan,
which has been under separate administration since 1949, is discussed in the article Taiwan.
Beijing (Peking), the capital of the People’s Republic, is also the cultural, economic, and
communications centre of the country. Shanghai is the main industrial city; Hong Kong is the
leading commercial centre and port.
Within China’s boundaries exists a highly diverse and complex country. Its topography
encompasses the highest and one of the lowest places on Earth, and its relief varies from
nearly impenetrable mountainous terrain to vast coastal lowlands. Its climate ranges from
extremely dry, desertlike conditions in the northwest to tropical monsoon in the southeast,
and China has the greatest contrast in temperature between its northern and southern
borders of any country in the world.
The diversity of both China’s relief and its climate has resulted in one of the world’s widest
arrays of ecological niches, and these niches have been filled by a vast number of plant and
animal species. Indeed, practically all types of Northern Hemisphere plants, except those of
the polar tundra, are found in China, and, despite the continuous inroads of humans over the
millennia, China still is home to some of the world’s most exotic animals.
Probably the single most identifiable characteristic of China to the people of the rest of the
world is the size of its population. Some one-fifth of humanity is of Chinese nationality. Even
among the Han there are cultural and linguistic differences between regions. Because China’s
population is so enormous, the population density of the country is also often thought to be
uniformly high, but vast areas of China are either uninhabited or sparsely populated.
With more than 4,000 years of recorded history, China is one of the few existing countries
that also flourished economically and culturally in the earliest stages of world civilization.
Indeed, the political and social upheavals that frequently have ravaged the country.
This relative isolation from the outside world made possible over the centuries the flowering
and refinement of the Chinese culture, but it also left China ill-prepared to cope with that
world when, from the mid-19th century, it was confronted by technologically superior foreign
nations. There followed a century of decline and decrepitude, as China found itself relatively
helpless in the face of a foreign onslaught. The trauma of this external challenge became the
catalyst for a revolution that began in the early 20th century against the old regime and
culminated in the establishment of a communist government in 1949. China has since come
to rank among the most influential countries in the world.
Central to China’s long-enduring identity as a unitary country is the province, or sheng
(“secretariat”). The provinces are traceable in their current form to the Tang dynasty (618–907
CE). Over the centuries, provinces gained in importance as centres of economic authority and
increasingly became focus of regional identification and loyalty. Provincial power reached its
peak in the first two decades of the 20th century, but, since the establishment of the People’s
Republic, that power has been curtailed by strong central leadership in Beijing.
Land:
China stretches for about 3,250 miles (5,250 km)
from east to west and 3,400 miles (5,500 km) from
north to south. Its land frontier is about 12,400
miles (20,000 km) in length, and its coastline
extends for some 8,700 miles (14,000 km). The
country is bounded by Mongolia to the north;
Russia and North Korea to the northeast; the
Yellow Sea and the East China Sea to the east; the
South China Sea to the southeast; Vietnam, Laos,
Myanmar (Burma), India, Bhutan, and Nepal to the
south; Pakistan to the southwest; and Afghanistan,
Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan to the west.
In addition to the 14 countries that border directly
on it, China also faces South Korea and Japan,
across the Yellow Sea, and the Philippines, which lie
beyond the South China Sea.
Climate:
The vast and topographically varied landmass of China lies in Asia, the world’s largest
continent, and faces the Pacific, the world’s largest ocean, along an extensive shoreline. The
country’s climate is thus heavily influenced by the seasonal movement of large air masses
between the Pacific and the Chinese mainland. The polar continental air mass, originating
to the north in Siberia, dominates a large part of China during the winter; likewise, the
tropical Pacific air mass exerts its influence during the summer.
The Siberian air mass, which is quite stable, is extremely cold and dry and often has marked
layers of temperature inversion. After crossing the Mongolian Plateau, the air mass spreads
southward and begins to invade North China, where it undergoes a series of rapid changes;
its temperature rises slightly, and its stability decreases. During the day the air there may
be quite warm, but at night or in shaded places the cold is often unbearable. In general, the
diurnal (daily) range of temperature is more than 18 °F (10 °C); in extreme cases it may
exceed 45 °F (25 °C). Because North China is affected by this air mass most of the time, it is
dry, with clear weather and an abundance of sunshine during the winter months.
Temperature of China:
Temperatures generally decrease from south to north. The mean annual temperature is
above 68 °F (20 °C) in the Pearl River valley. It decreases to between 59 and 68 °F (15 and 20
°C) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze, to about 50 °F (10 °C) in North China and
the southern part of Xinjiang, and to 41 °F (5 °C) in the southern area of the Northeast, the
northern part of Xinjiang, and places near the Great Wall. It drops below 32 °F (0 °C; i.e.,
freezing) in the northern part of Heilongjiang. The annual range of temperature between
the extreme south and north is about 86 °F (48 °C). With few exceptions, January is the
coldest month and July is the hottest.
Religion:
China is one of great centres of world religious
thought and practices. It is known especially as the
birthplace of the religio-philosophical schools of
Confucianism and Daoism (Taoism), belief systems
that formed the basis of Chinese society and
governance for centuries. Buddhism came to China
perhaps as early as the 3rd century BCE and was a
recognized presence there by the 1st century CE. The
country became an incubator for many of the great
present-day Buddhist sects, including Zen (Chan) and
Pure Land, and, by its extension into Tibet, the source
of Tibetan Buddhism. In addition, hundreds of
animist, folk, and syncretic religious practices
developed in China, including the movement that
spawned the Taiping Rebellion of the mid-19th
century.
The political and social upheavals in China during the first half of the 20th century had a
disintegrating effect on Confucianism, Daoism, and (outside Tibet) Buddhism, and
traditional observances of these were greatly weakened. From 1949 the country became
officially atheist, although state-monitored religious practices continued to be allowed.
However, some religions were persecuted, notably Tibetan Buddhism after China assumed
military control of Tibet in 1959. The Chinese government has gradually relaxed many of its
earlier restrictions on religious institutions and practices, but it still curtails those it
considers threats to the social and political order (e.g., the spiritual exercise discipline
called Falun Gong, or Falun Dafa).

About one-half of China’s people claim that they are nonreligious or atheist. Adherents to
various indigenous folk religions, collectively about one-fifth of the total population,
comprise the largest group of those professing a belief. Many Chinese who are identified as
adherents of folk religions also embrace aspects and rituals of other religions. Members of
non-Han minorities constitute the bulk of those following Buddhism and Islam. Christians
are a small but significant and growing minority, many of them converts to Evangelical
Protestant denominations.
Economy:
Despite China’s size, the wealth of its resources, and the fact that about one-fifth of the
world’s population lives within its borders, its role in the world economy was relatively
small until late in the 20th century. However, since the late 1970s China has dramatically
increased its interaction with the international economy, and it has become a dominant
figure in world trade. Both China’s foreign trade and its gross national product (GNP) have
experienced sustained and rapid growth, especially since foreign-owned firms began using
China as an export platform for goods manufactured there.
The Chinese economy thus has been in a state of transition since the late 1970s as the
country has moved away from a Soviet-type economic system. Agriculture has been
decollectivized and government priorities have shifted toward light and high-technology,
rather than heavy, industries. Nevertheless, key bottlenecks have continued to constrain
growth. Available energy has not been sufficient to run all of country’s installed industrial
capacity, transport system has remained inadequate to move sufficient quantities of such
critical commodities as coal, communications system has not been able to meet needs of a
centrally planned economy of China’s size and complexity.
The role of the government:
China has been a socialist country since 1949, and, for nearly all of that time, the
government has played a predominant role in the economy. In the industrial sector, for
example, the state long owned outright nearly all of the firms producing China’s
manufacturing output. In the urban sector the government has set the prices for key
commodities, determined the level and general distribution of investment funds,
prescribed output targets for major enterprises and branches, allocated energy resources,
set wage levels and employment targets. The foreign trade system became a government
monopoly in the early 1950s.
By the early 21st century much of the above system was in the process of changing, as the
role of the central government in managing the economy was reduced and the role of both
private initiative and market forces increased. The government continued to play a
dominant role in the urban economy.
The effective exercise of control over the economy requires an army of bureaucrats and a
highly complicated chain of command, stretching from the top down to the level of
individual enterprise.The State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Finance also are
concerned with the functioning of virtually the entire economy.
Agriculture:
Farming and livestock:As a result of topographic and
climatic features, the area suitable for cultivation is small:
only about 10 percent of China’s total land area. Of this,
slightly more than half is unirrigated, and the remainder is
divided roughly equally between paddy fields and irrigated
areas; good progress has been made in improving water
conservancy. In addition, the quality of the soil in cultivated
regions varies around the country, environmental problems
such as floods, drought, and erosion pose serious threats in
many areas. Since then many have been encouraged to
leave the fields and pursue other activities, such as
handicrafts, commerce, factory work, and transport; and by
the mid-1980s farming had dropped to less than half of the
value of rural output. Although the use of farm machinery
has been increasing, for the most part the Chinese peasant
depends on simple, nonmechanized farming implements.
forestry and fishing:
Wholesale destruction of China’s accessible forests over a
long period of time gave way to an energetic reforestation
program that has proved to be inadequate; forest resources
are still fairly meagre. The principal forests are found in the
Qin (Tsinling) Mountains and the central mountain ranges
and in the uplands of Sichuan and Yunnan. Because they
are inaccessible, the Qin forests are not worked
extensively, and much of the country’s timber comes from
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Sichuan, and Yunnan.
China has a long tradition of ocean and freshwater fishing and of aquaculture, and it is the
world’s leading producer in both categories. The bulk of the catch comes from Pacific
fisheries, with nearly all of the remainder from inland freshwater sources. Pond raising has
always been important and has been increasingly emphasized to supplement coastal and
inland fisheries threatened by overfishing and to provide valuable export commodities such
as prawns. Aquaculture surpassed capture, in terms of overall tonnage, in the early 1990s.
forestry and fishing:
Resources and power
China is well endowed with mineral resources, and more
than three dozen minerals have proven economically
important reserves. The country has rich overall energy
potential, but most of it remains to be developed. In
addition, the geographical distribution of energy places
most of these resources far from their major industrial
users.
However, the industrialized regions around Guangzhou (Canton) and the lower Yangtze region
around Shanghai have too little energy, while there is little industry located near major
energy resource areas other than in the southern part of the Northeast. Thus, although
energy production has expanded rapidly, it has continued to fall short of demand, and China
has been purchasing increasing quantities of foreign petroleum and natural gas.Mining
accounts for a small portion of China’s overall gross domestic product (GDP) and employs only
a tiny fraction of the country’s workforce. It likewise represents a small—though significant—
part of the annual value of industrial output.
Minerals of China:
China’s most important mineral resources are
hydrocarbons, of which coal is the most abundant.
Although deposits are widely scattered (some coal is
found in every province), most of the total is located in
the northern part of the country. The province of Shanxi
is thought to contain about half of the total; other
important coal-bearing provinces include Heilongjiang,
Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, and Shandong.
Apart from these northern provinces, significant quantities of coal are present in Sichuan,
and there are some deposits of importance in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. A
large part of the country’s reserves consists of good bituminous coal, but there are also large
deposits of lignite. Anthracite is present in several places but overall it is not significant.At the
government’s instigation, hundreds of small, locally run mines have been developed
throughout China in order to ensure a more even distribution of coal supplies and reduce the
strain on the country’s inadequate transport network. These operations produce about two-
fifths of the country’s coal, their output typically is expensive and used for local consumption.
Education of China:
The educational system in China is a major vehicle for
both inculcating values in and teaching needed skills to
its people. Traditional Chinese culture attached great
importance to education as a means of enhancing a
person’s worth and career. In the early 1950s the
Chinese communists worked hard to increase the
country’s rate of literacy, an effort that won them
considerable support from the population.
By the end of that decade, however, the government could no longer provide jobs adequate
to meet the expectations of those who had acquired some formal schooling. Other pressing
priorities squeezed educational budgets, and the anti-intellectualism inherent in the more-
radical mass campaign periods affected the status and quality of the educational effort.
These conflicting pressures made educational policy a sensitive barometer of larger political
trends and priorities. The shift to rapid and pragmatic economic development as the
overriding national goal in the late 1970s quickly affected China’s educational system.
The Chinese educational structure provides for six years of primary school, three years each
of lower secondary school and upper secondary school, and four years in the standard
university curriculum. All urban schools are financed by the state, while rural schools
depend more heavily on their own financial resources. Official policy stresses scholastic
achievement, with particular emphasis on the natural sciences. A significant effort is made
to enhance vocational training opportunities for students who do not attend a university.
The quality of education available in the cities generally has been higher than that in the
countryside, although considerable effort has been made to increase enrollment in rural
areas at all education levels.

The traditional trend in Chinese education was toward fewer students and higher scholastic
standards, resulting in a steeply hierarchical educational system. Greater enrollment at all
levels, particularly outside the cities, is gradually reversing that trend. Primary-school
enrollment is now virtually universal, and nearly all of those students receive some
secondary education; about one-third of lower-secondary graduates enroll in upper-
secondary schools. The number of university students is increasing rapidly, though it still
constitutes only a small fraction of those receiving primary education.
For the overwhelming majority of students, admission to a university since 1977 has been
based on competitive nationwide examinations, and attendance at a university is usually
paid for by the government. In return, a university student has had to accept the job
provided by the state upon graduation.
The system that developed in the 1950s of setting up “key” urban schools that were given
the best teachers, equipment, and students was reestablished in the late 1970s. The
inherently elitist values of such a system put enormous pressure on secondary-school
administrators to improve the rate at which their graduates passed tests for admission into
universities. In addition, dozens of elite private schools have been established since the
early 1990s in China’s major cities.
The damage done to China’s human capital by the ravages of the Great Leap Forward. After
the 1970s, however, China’s educational system increasingly trained individuals in technical
skills so that they could fulfill the needs of the advanced, modern sector of the economy.
The social sciences and humanities also receive more attention than in earlier years, but the
base in those disciplines is relatively weak—many leaders still view them with suspicion—
and the resources devoted to them are thin.
Education of China:
The educational system in China is a major vehicle for
both inculcating values in and teaching needed skills to
its people. Traditional Chinese culture attached great
importance to education as a means of enhancing a
person’s worth and career. In the early 1950s the
Chinese communists worked hard to increase the
country’s rate of literacy, an effort that won them
considerable support from the population.
By the end of that decade, however, the government could no longer provide jobs adequate
to meet the expectations of those who had acquired some formal schooling. Other pressing
priorities squeezed educational budgets, and the anti-intellectualism inherent in the more-
radical mass campaign periods affected the status and quality of the educational effort.
These conflicting pressures made educational policy a sensitive barometer of larger political
trends and priorities. The shift to rapid and pragmatic economic development as the
overriding national goal in the late 1970s quickly affected China’s educational system.
 Some beautiful placec in china

Guilin & Yangshuo — China's Most Beautiful Karst Landscape

Some beautiful placec in china

Zhangjiajie — Precipitous Pillars

Some beautiful placec in china

Lijiang — An Ancient Towns

Some beautiful placec in china

Tibet
 Some beautiful placec in china

Zhangye's Danxia Landscape — Rainbow Mountains

Some beautiful placec in china

Jiuzhaigou — Colorful Alpine Lakes

 Some beautiful placec in china

Daocheng Yading Nature Reserve — Gemstone-Colored Lakes

 the experiences I want to get in china in future

China was my first choice when I started to apply for Internation Universities. I expect
something, which I want to get experience when I will get in china. I'm giving those things
below :

1. I expect China will be a safe and secure country.

2. My life will be more enjoyable in china.
3. Changsha University will give me the best quality of education and give good
support to me.
4. I wish I can make a lot of Chinese friends there and they will be very helpful.
5. I want to visit every province of china during my semester breaks because I love to
travell.

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