EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF

DIGITAL WATER LEVEL

INDICATOR
A THESIS
BY
MD ROCKET HOSSAIN
MD KHALID HASAN
MD SUVO ISLAM
MD PORITUSH DEB

DEPARTMEN OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SONARGAON UNIVERSITY (SU)
DHAKA, BANGLADESH

SEPTEMBER 2019
 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF
DIGITAL WATER LEVEL
INDICATOR

A THESIS

BY

ID: BME1601008097 MD ROCKET HOSSAIN

ID: BME1601008105 MD KHALID HASAN

ID: BME1601008106 MD SUVO ISLAM

ID: BME1601008107 MD PORITUSH DEB

Session: 2016-17
A Graduation Exercise Submitted to the Department of
Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMEN OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SONARGAON UNIVERSITY (SU)

DHAKA, BANGLADESH

SEPTEMBER 2019
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIGITAL WATER
LEVEL INDICATOR
A Thesis

By

ID: BME1601008097 MD ROCKET HOSSAIN

ID: BME1601008105 MD KHALID HASAN

ID: BME1601008106 MD SUVO ISLAM

ID: BME1601008107 MD PORITUSH DEB

Session: 2016-17

Supervised and approved

By

Professor MD MOSTOFA HOSSAIN

Department head of Mechanical Engineering

Sonargaon University (SU)

Submitted

To

SONARGAON UNIVERSITY

DHAKA-1215, BANGLADESH

SEPTEMBER 2019
 CERTIFICATION OF ACCEPTANCE

This is to certify that MD ROCKET HOSSAIN ID: BME1601008097 MD

KHALID HASAN ID: BME1601008105 MD SUVO ISLAM ID: BME1601008106
MD SUVO ISLAM ID: BME1601008106 MD PORITUSH DEB ID:
BME1601008107,Sonargaon University, a participant of B.Sc in mechanical
engineering programmer has completed his thesis paper entitled EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY OF DIGITAL WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Under by supervised.He has completed the report as a partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of B.Sc in mechanical engineering programmer
Sonargaon University.

The report has been prepared under my guidelines and is a record of the bona fide
work carried out successfully.

Signature:…………………………………….
Date:………………………………………….

Professor Md Mostofa Hossain

Department head of Mechanical Engineering
Sonargaon University
Dhaka-1215,Bangladesh
 DECLARATION OF CANDIDATES

We, hereby, declare that the work presented in this report is the outcome of the
investigation performed by us under the supervision of Md Mostofa Hossain
,Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Sonargaon University (SU)
Dhaka, Bangladesh.. The work was spread over final year courses, ME400:
Thesis/Project, in accordance with the course curriculum of the Department for the
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering program.

……………………………………………..
Name : Md.Rocket Hossain
ID NO : BME1601008097
……………………………………………..
Name : Md.Khalid Hasan
ID NO : BME11601008105
……………………………………………..
Name : Md.Suvo Islam
ID NO : BME1601008106

…………………………………………….
Name :Poritush Deb
ID NO : BME1601008107

Countersign by

Professor Md Mostofa Hossain

Department head of Mechanical Engineering

Sonargaon University
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our gratitude to our advisor professor Md

Mostofa Hossain , Department head of Mechanical Engineering,
Sonargaon University for his guidance and support throughout this
project work. He has been a constant source of inspiration to us
throughout the period of this work. He has shared his valuable time and
knowledge throughout the project period and checked our daily progress.
We consider ourselves extremely fortunate for having the opportunity to
learn and work under his supervision over the entire period. We are
highly grateful to our laboratory staffs for their fast response and
cooperation with us to get necessary components in time.

Finally, we would like to thank our chairman sir and department for
giving us this chance to complete the project with all the facilities needed
for it.

The Author

September 2019
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays, it is of most importance to preserve water. In many houses there is

unnecessary wastage of water due to overflow in Overhead Tanks. Automatic Water
Level Controller can provide a solution to this problem. This project is to design an
Arduino Water Level Controller Interface to measure and display the water level in a
container and to prevent water from over flowing. At the end of the project, the
following objectives are likely to be focused. To analyze and design a reliable water
level controller with an effective cost .To test the prototype. Applied code practices
and standards.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl No. Topics Name Page No.

Certification of Acceptance I

Declaration of Candidates Ii

Acknowledgements Iii

Abstract Iv

Table of Contents v-vi

List of Figure Vii

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 10-11

1.2 Problem Statement 11

1.3 Objectives 11

1.4 Scope and Limitations of Project 12

1.5 Methodology of the Study 12

1.6 Organization of the Thesis 12-13

Sl No. Topics Name Page No.

CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 13-14

2.2 Literature Review

CHAPTER 3 – EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Necessary Equipment of project

3.3 Arduino Structure

3.4 Elements Of Arduino Boards

3.4.1 Elements Discussion

3.4.2 Solar motor

3.5 Relay module

3.5.1 Vero Board

3.5.2 Lcd

3.5.3 Sensors

3.5.4 Potentiometer

3.6 Registor

3.6.1 Buzzer
3.6.2 jumper

3.6.3 How it Works

3.6.4 Assembly

Sl No. Topics Name Page No.

3.6.5 Hardware Design

3.6.6 Sensor Unit

3.7 Control unit

3.7.1 Pin Diagram and configuration

CHAPTER 4 – DATA GENERATION,ANALYSIS AND

DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction

4.2 Experimental Analysis and Discussion

4.3 Proposed Overall Design

4.4 Software

4.5 Programming Coding

CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figur Title Page

e No. No.
3.3.1 Setup and loop functions shown in IDE
3.3.2 Arduino Uno R3 pin layout
3.4.2 Solar 12v motor
3.5 Relay Module
 3.5.1 Vero Board
3.5.2 Basic Lcd Diagram
3.5.3 Sensors
3.5.4 Potentiometer
3.6 Registor
3.6.1 Buzzer
3.6.2 Jumper Wire
3.6.3 Flow Chart
3.6.4 Water pump controller

3.7.1 Pin Diagram and configuration

4.2 Main Schematics

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study:

Automatic water pump controller is a series of functions to control the Automatic

Water Pump Controller Circuit in a reservoir or water storage. The water level sensor
is made with wire and battery cover mounted on the reservoir or water tank. With a
sensor in the short to create the top level and a detection sensor for detecting long
again made for the lower level. And +5v lines connected to the sump and upper tank.
In real life, a lot of water is wasted every day from residential areas, offices and
hospitals. Water is essential in various ways and such a huge amount of water
wastage can lead to its scarcity in future. Based on Arduino board, the controller is
designed using 5 sensor to measure the water level and an LCD to display water level.
The report is organized into three chapters including an introduction and conclusions.
The first chapter introduces Arduino in terms of hardware and software, and clarifies
why we use Arduino in our project. The second chapter covers the design aspect of
our project. It will show the functions of hardware components that are used in this
project. Moreover, it will present the Arduino water level controller circuit. The third
chapter shows the simulation of water level controller in software simulation
(designing the circuit in Proteus software). It also shows the final implementation of
Arduino water level controller in hardware designing.
1.2 Problem Statement:

We face to much problem while making this project at first the lcd changes
automatically for solve this problem we add 10k resistor in the sensor unit and thus
the problem is solve. Then when we connect motor lcd goes white a back current flow
from the relay to arduino board this problem we solve by using a two channel relay
because here is present isolator, the isolator isolate the relay and reduces the back
current.

1.3 Objectives:

There are some objectives need to be achieved in order to accomplish this project.
These objectives will act as a guide and will restrict the system to be implemented for
certain situations:
1) To develop water level control system, to control the water level in the tank.
2) To check the level of water in the tank , depending on the water level switches the
motor on when the water level goes below a predetermined level or switches the
motor off when the tank full .
3) To display the water level and other important data on a 16 x 2 LCD.
4) To monitoring the level of water in the sump tank (source tank). If the level inside
the sump tank is low, the motor will not be switched on, and a beep sound is
generated.

1.4 Scope and Limitations of Project

This project focuses to the low cost automatic water pump indicator and controller.
The project involves the evolution of automatic water techniques . The controlling
automatic water system in two tank. Some scope and limitation have been set to
complete this project in a more systematic and organized. Sensor used to control the
water level. But there are some limitation in this project we cannot handle high
voltage. When we plug high voltage the lcd display remains white, but still work.

1.5 Methodology of the study:

The programmatic approach entails microcontroller based automated water level

sensing and controlling have been used.

The main methodology of the project is;

i. We have to build the circuit into vero board.
ii. Now a 16x2 LCD display is connected with the circuit for monitoring and
command giving purpose.
iii. The inlet of the solar pump is put in the water filled from sump tank to upper
tank.
iv. Relay is connected to pin 8 of Arduino board.
v. LCD display shows the water level and status of the motor.
vi. Now we open the ARDUINO IDE software in the computer and write the
necessary program in the simulator.
vii. Now we upload the program into arduino and click on the “VERIFY” key of the
simulator.
viii. Now we can see that the pump is running by the code we wrote and we can monitor
it by the 16x2 LCD display.

1.6 Organization of the thesis:

This thesis paper, entitled Experimental Study Of Digital water level indicator is
divided into five chapters. A brief discussion of the chapters is the following-

 Chapter 2 is general literature review.

 Chapter 3 discusses on research/experimential design.
 Chapter 4 discusses on data generation ,collection, analysis and discussion.
 Chapter 5 is the last chapter which gives a summary of the thesis and
conclusion it thereby.
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction:

Throughout history mankind has tried to control the world in which he lives. From
the earliest days he realized that his puny strength was no match for the creatures
around him. He could only survive by using his wits and cunning. His major asset
over all other life from flint, stone and bone and discovered that it was possible to
train other animals to do his bidding and so the earliest form of control system was
conceived. Before long the horse and ox were deployed to undertake a variety of
tasks, including transport. It took a long time before man learned to replace animals
with machines.
Automatic control is one of today’s most significant areas of science and technology.
This can be attributed to the fact that automation is linked to the development of
almost every form of technology. By its very nature, automatic control is a
multidisciplinary subject; it constitutes a core course in many engineering
departments, such as electrical, electronic, mechanical, chemical, and aeronautical.
Automatic control requires both a rather strong mathematical foundation, and
implementation skills to work with controllers in practice.
Automatic control has developed rapidly over the last 60 years. An impressive boost
to this development was provided by the technologies that grew out of space
exploration and the second World War. In the last 20 years, automatic control has
undergone a significant and rapid development due mainly to digital computers.
Indeed, recent developments in digital computers especially their increasingly low
cost facilitate their use in controlling complex systems and processes.
Automatic control is a vast technological area whose central aim is to develop control
strategies that improve performance when they are applied to a system or a process.
The results reported thus far on control design techniques are significant from both a
theoretical and a practical perspective. From the theoretical perspective, these results
are presented in great depth, covering a wide variety of modern control problems,
such as optimal and stochastic control, adaptive and robust control, and system
identification. From the practical point of view, these results have been successfully
implemented in numerous practical systems. And processes—for example, in
controlling temperature, pressure, and fluid level; in electrical energy plants; in
industrial plants producing paper, cement, steel, sugar, plastics, clothes, and food; in
nuclear and chemical reactors; in ground, sea, and air, transportation systems; and in
robotics, space applications, farming, biotechnology, and medicine.
A close examination of the various machines and apparatus that are manufactured
today leads to the conclusion that they are partially or entirely automated; this lead to
the conclusion that automatic control is used in all facets of human technical activities
and contributes to the advancement of modern technology. The distinct characteristic
of automatic control is that it reduces, as much as possible, the human participation
in all the aforementioned technical activities. This usually results in decreasing labor
cost, which in turn allows the production of more goods and the construction of
more works. Furthermore, automatic control reduces work hazards, while it
contributes in reducing working hours, thus offering to working people a better
quality of life (more free time to rest, develop hobbies, have fun,etc.). Control
systems have been in existence since ancient times. A well-known ancient automatic
control system is the regulator of Heron of Alexandria this control system was
designed to open the doors of a temple automatically when a fire was lit at the altar
located outside the temple and to close the doors when the fire was put out. Until
about the middle of the 18th century, automatic control has no particular progress to
show. The use of control started to advance in the second half of the 18th century, due
to James Watt, who, in 1769, invented the first centrifugal speed regulator. In
particular, this regulator was used to control the speed of the steam engine.
The period until about the middle of the 19th century is characterized by
developments based on intuition, i.e., there was no mathematical background for
control design.

2.2 Literature Review:

The development of automation and control processes in industrial applications has

increased significantly over the past decades. Involvement of human activities in
industrial processes has caused so many problems, like safety, health and industrial
damages both to humans and the developmental activities within the level of
industrial production and service delivery. The effect of automation and control
systems in recent production and service delivery development has improved the
safety and reliability in technology and most human services in the developing
countries.
Some of the industries involved in the development of automation and control
systems are the oil/gas industries, power generation companies, water and sewage
treatment plants, chemical industries, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries
and some basic systems used by service providers in small companies and homes.
Automation processes is now aiming to progress in the so called complete automation
which will remove all human machine interface will not be needed but just to enter
parameters of the process to be controlled and the machine performs the rest of the
designed activities.
A control system is an interconnection of components connected or related in such a
manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another system. Automatic control
systems enable to operate processes in excellent and accurate manner. Considering
some process applications in the industries, the need of control systems to achieve
industrial targets and objectives by continually measuring process variables such as
temperature, pressure, level, flow and concentration, taking into actions such as
opening valves, slowing down pumps and turning up heaters in order to maintain
measured process variables at the operator's set point values. With this idea for the
future development in technology, software applications like the microcontroller can
help to achieve this aim for complete automation processes.
The pump control system based on three main points are the places where the sensors
at the tanks, 5 sensors at top level of the overhead tank and two sensors at bottom
level of the sump tank. Underground tank and decides if the pump working or not.
The microcontroller stops the pump if the overhead tank is full or the occurrence of
any error in the sensor signals or if the underground tank is empty. The
microcontroller run the pump if the water level in the underground tank is reaches the
Low sensor the pump should off in this state,and when sump tank has available water
and the upper tank low the motor is on when it reaches our upper tank upper sensor
the lcd shows upper tank is full in this condition motor is off.

Introduction of Arduino

Arduino is an open source physical computing platform for creating interactive

systems that can stand alone or collaborate with software on computer. Arduino was
designed for artists, designers, and others who want to incorporate physical
computing into their designs without having deep knowledge of electrical
engineering. The Arduino hardware and software are open source (developable). The
open source philosophy fosters a community that shares its knowledge generously.
This is great for beginners as help is often nearby available geographically and also
online, at varying skill levels, and on bewildering arrays of topics. Example projects
are presented not just as pictures of the finished project, but include instructions for
making your own or as a starting point for incorporation into your derivative orrelated
projects.The Arduino software, known as the Integrated Development Environment
(IDE),is available. We can download it from www.arduino.cc. The Arduino IDE is
based on the Processing language, which was developed to help artists create
computer art without having to first become software engineers. The Arduino IDE
can run on Windows, Macintosh, and Linux. The Arduino project was developed in
an educational environment and is a very popular educational tool. The same open
source philosophy that created the community which generously shares information,
answers, and projects also shares teaching methods, curricula, and other information.

Chapter 3

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

3.1 Introduction:

Water is the most important natural resources in human’s life. Human needs the water
in almost all daily activities such as washing, cleaning, taking a bath, the irrigation,
and the industry needs. However, the amount of clean water is decreasing, whereas
the number of people in the world are always increasing. Considering to the need of
water for each island in Indonesia, especially Java island, Bali island, and Nusa
Tenggara island, it can be analyzed that the clean water supply must be improved in
order to fulfill the people need of the clean water regularly. The technology
contributes to the culture changes . The technology is commonly made in order to
help the people perform some activities easy. Consequently, the cultural change is
usually triggered by the technological transformation. One of the present technologies
is the automation technology. In some cases, the people sometimes want to carry out
their work to be set automatically so that they can save the energy to perform another
activity. Some sophisticated automation materials have been established in order to
set some works automatically such as ArduinoTM microprocessor, which enable to
control the electrical circuits logically. can be programmed using C++ language. This
microcontroller is the AVR type produced by Atmel firm. The device is able to read
the input, process the program, and produce many outputs based on our necessity.
Therefore, microcontroller is like a human brain. At the previous works, considering
to the watering purposes, it can be found that the ArduinoTM based sensors have
been utilized for the plant watering system , the automated irrigation system , the soil
humidity monitoring, the automated bottle filling syst, the distance measurement, the
temperature control. In this research, we will propose a novel utilization of
ArduinoTM based sensor for the automatic water tank filling. A prototype of
automatic water tank filling employing the ArduinoTM microcontroller will be
developed. Water pump is a tool used for pumping the groundwater to fill a water
tank. The various water pump models have currently been used. The first model, the
water pump can be operated by turning on and turning off the machine manually. On
the other model, the water pump is equipped by a floating ball acted as a physically
tap when the water has fulfilled a tank. However, some weaknesses can be discovered
due to both models. The manually-operating water pump is not efficient because the
water pump cannot turn on and turn off automatically. Sometimes, the condition will
cause the water spill when somebody forgot to turn off a pumping machine. It will
affect to the wasteful electrical consumption, and it can also destruct the wall because
the wall is moist, humid, and mossy. Likewise, we argue that the second model of
floating ball tap-equipped water tank is more useful than manual switch, but the
floater sometimes makes the tap and the pipe leakages because the ball has not firmly
closed the tap frame then the water pressure cannot be retained by the pipe. To handle
the problems caused by both model, we intend to propose the water pump equipped
by ultrasonic sensor with ArduinoTM microcontroller in order to make an automatic
switch and control the level of the tank water filling. The sensor will automatically
turn on the machine in the certain water tank level and it will be turned off
automatically after the water tank is fully filled by the water.

3.2 Necessary Equipment of project:

There are some objectives need to be achieved in order to accomplish this project.
 5V ADAPTER
 ARDUINO
 SENSOR
 WATER PUMP
 PCB BOARD
 SOLDERING IRON
 RELAY
 TRANSISTOR Bc547
 RESISTOR
 PLUG
 LED
 WIRE
 FEMALE-HEADER
 MALE-HEADER
 BUZZER
 16 X 2 LCD

3.3 Arduino Structure:

A basic Arduino structure consists of two functions called setup() and loop() as
shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 3.3.1 Setup and loop functions shown in IDE [1]

We are actually writing these special functions by giving them a function body
(between the opening and closing braces: {}) and writing statements in the function
body. [5]

3.4 Elements Of Arduino Boards:

Elements of an Arduino Board can be done into two categories:

• Hardware

• Software

3.4.1 Elements Of Arduino Boards:

Hardware:

Arduino is composed of two major parts: (i) the Arduino board, which is the
hardware part to work on to build required objects; (ii) the Arduino Integrated
Development Environment, or IDE, which is a software part to do programming is
used to create a sketch (a little computer program) that is uploaded to Arduino board.
The sketch tells the board what to do and when to do. The Arduino board is a small
microcontroller board contains a whole computer on a small chip (the microcontroller
in this case). Figure 1.1 shows pin layout of Arduino Uno R3.
 Figure 3.3.2 Arduino Uno R3 pin layout [2]

14 Digital I/O pins (pins 0–13)

These pins can be used either inputs or outputs. Inputs are used to read information
from sensors, while outputs are used to control actuators. The direction (in or out) is
specified in the sketch created in the IDE. Digital inputs can only read one of two
values, and digital outputs can only output one of two values (HIGH and LOW).
6 Analogue In pins (pins 0–5)
The analogue input pins are used for reading voltage measurements from analogue
sensors and can also be used as digital inputs by setting them up through software . In
contrast to digital inputs, which can distinguish between only two different levels
(HIGH and LOW), analogue inputs can measure 1,024 different levels of voltage.
6 Analogue Out pins (pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11)
These are actually six of the digital pins that can perform a third function: they can
provide analogue output. As with the digital I/O pins, we specify what the pin should
do in the sketch. [6]
Software :
We will discuss the basics of the C programming language. Only the most
fundamental concepts will be covered. We begin with the big picture of how to
program the Arduino UNO R3 as shown in Figure 1.1. This will help provide an
overview of how concepts fit together. It also introduces terms used in writing,
editing, compiling, loading and executing a program. Most microcontrollers are
programmed with some variant of the C programming language. The C programming
language provides a nice balance between the programmer’s control of the
microcontroller hardware and time efficiency in program writing. As you can see in
Figure 1.2, the compiler software is hosted on a computer separate from the Arduino
UNO R3. The job of the compiler is to transform the program provided by the
program writer (filename.c and filename.h) into machine code (filename.hex) suitable
for loading into the processor. Once the source files (filename.c and filename.h) are
provided to the compiler, the compiler executes two steps to render the machine code.
The first step is the compilation process. Here the program source files are
transformed into assembly code (filename.asm). If the program source files contain
syntax errors, the compiler reports these to the user. Syntax errors are reported for
incorrect use of the C programming language. An assembly language program is not
generated until the syntax errors have been corrected. The assembly language source
file (filename.asm) is then passed to the assembler. The assembler transforms the
assembly language source file (filename.asm) to machine code (filename.hex)
suitable for loading to the Arduino processor.

3.4.2 Solar motor :

 Figure:3.4.2 solar 12v motor

A solar-powered pump is a pump running on electricity generated by

photovoltaic panels or the radiated thermal energy available from collected sunlight
as opposed to grid electricity or diesel run water pumps. The operation of solar
powered pumps is more economical mainly due to the lower operation and
maintenance costs and has less environmental impact than pumps powered by
an internal combustion engine (ICE). Solar pumps are useful where grid electricity is
unavailable and alternative sources (in particular wind) do not provide sufficient
energy. he purpose of the controller is twofold. Firstly, it matches the output power
that the pump receives with the input power available from the solar panels.
Secondly, a controller usually provides a low voltage protection, whereby the system
is switched off, if the voltage is too low or too high for the operating voltage range of
the pump. This increases the lifetime of the pump thus reducing the need for
maintenance. Other ancillary functions include automatically shutting down the
system when water source level is low or when the storage tank is full, regulating
water output pressure, blending power input between the solar panels and an alternate
power source such as the grid or a petrol generator, and remotely monitoring and
managing the system through an online portal offered as a cloud service by the
manufacturer.
Voltage of the solar pump motors can be AC (alternating current) or DC (direct
current). Direct current motors are used for small to medium applications up to about
4 kW rating, and are suitable for applications such as garden fountains, landscaping,
drinking water for livestock, or small irrigation projects. Since DC systems tend to
have overall higher efficiency levels than AC pumps of a similar size, the costs are
reduced as smaller solar panels can be used.
Finally, if an alternating current solar pump is used, an inverter is necessary that
changes the direct current from the solar panels into alternating current for the pump.
The supported power range of inverters extends from 0.15 to 55 kW and can be used
for larger irrigation systems. However, the panel and inverters must be sized
accordingly to accommodate the inrush characteristic of an AC motor. To aid in
proper sizing, leading manufacturers provide proprietary sizing software tested by
third party certifying companies. The sizing software may include the projected
monthly water output which varies due to seasonal change in insolation.

3.5 Relay module:

 Figure: 3.5 Relay Module

What are relays?

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically.
Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another
circuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact isnormally open (NO), there is
an open contact when the relay is not energized. When a relay contact is Normally
Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when the relay is not energized. In either case,
applying electrical current to the contacts will change their state. On the left figure the
relay is off. The metal arm is at its rest position and so there is contact between the
Normally Closed (N.C.) switch contact and the 'common' switch contact. If a current
is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the metal arm and there
is now contact between the Normally Open (N.O.) switch contact and the common
switch contact, as shown on the right figure. [8]
3.5.1 Vero Board:

Figure: 3.5.1 Vero Board

Veroboard is a brand of strip board, a pre-formed circuit board material of copper

strips on an insulating bonded paper board which was originated and developed in the
early 1960s by the Electronics Department of Vero Precision Engineering Ltd (VPE).
It was introduced as a general-purpose material for use in constructing electronic
circuits - differing from purpose-designed printed circuit boards (PCBs) in that a
variety of electronics circuits may be constructed using a standard wiring board. The
first single-size Veroboard product was the forerunner of the numerous types
of prototype wiring board which, with worldwide use over five decades, have become
known as stripboard. The generic terms 'veroboard' and 'stripboard' are now taken to
be synonymous.

3.5.2 LCD
 Figure: 3.5.2 basic Lcd Diagram

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. A 16X2 LCD means it can display
16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and
Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task.

3.5.3 Sensors:
 Figure : 3.5.3 Sensors

The sensor assembly consists of four aluminum wires arranged at 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and
full levels in the tank. The dry ends of these wires are connected to analog input pins
A1, A2, A3 and A4 of the Arduino respectively. A fifth wire is positioned at the
bottom of the tank

3.5.4 Potentiometer:
 Figure : 3.5.4 Potentiometer

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that

forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the
wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. The measuring instrument called
a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric
potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence
its name. Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as
volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be
used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely
used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the power
dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled
load.
In our project we use a 10k potentiometer for LCD brightness high or low .
 3.6 Registor :

Figure : 3.6 Registor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors
have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or
a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented
within integrated circuits.
In our project we use 10k resistor so that the sensors pull down and hold the inputs.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The
nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on
the component.

3.6.1 Buzzer:

Figure : 3.6.1 Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device,[1] which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.
3.6.2 jumper wire:

Figure : 3.6.2 Jumper Wire

A jump wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or group of

them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them –
simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of
a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or
components, without soldering.
Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots
provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test
equipment.
In our project we use good aluminium wires, this were we collect from telephone
lines, and we also used male to female ,female to male converter respectively. Our
project is too sensitive so we use internal connection pure aluminium wire.

3.6.3 How it works:

Figure : 3.6.3 Flow Chart

When we power our aurdino board it senses the lower tank situation if empty buzzer
is on,if water is present sense water tank 4 sensors if the water under half level motor
is on if full motor is not turn on.
3.6.4 Assembly:

Figure : 3.6.4 Water pump controller

In our project first we connect the lcd into a vero board than solder it then we connect
wires after connecting wires we place another vero board for connecting external
supply like sensors, motor, supply line. Than we connect two channel relay module
by male to female connector then we make a box and all the item setup in our box.
The box is play wood box it is easier for sizing.
3.6.5 Hardware Design:
The system performs the sensing level and control activities without the manual
observation and attention in the site. Being an automatic system unavailing manpower
and providing information for long period of time. The automatic water level control
system has the following main components.

3.6.6 Sensor Unit:

The sensor assembly consists of four aluminum wires arranged at 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full levels
in the tank. The dry ends of these wires are connected to analog input pins A1, A2, A3 and
A4 of the Arduino respectively. A fifth wire is positioned at the bottom of the tank

3.7 Control Unit:

The basic operation of control unit is the controlling water pump by arduino which is
programmed by particular program. Water pump are connected with an output pin of
arduino via a relay circuit which is connected with a transistor

3.7.1 Pin diagram and Configuration:

Figure : 3.7.1 Pin Diagram and configuration
 Chapter 4

DATA GENERATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction:

In real life, a lot of water is wasted every day from residential areas, offices and
hospitals. Water is essential in various ways and such a huge amount of water
wastage can lead to its scarcity in future. Based on Arduino board, the controller is
designed using an ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level and an LCD to display
water level. The report is organized into three chapters including an introduction and
conclusions. The first chapter introduces Arduino in terms of hardware and software,
and clarifies why we use Arduino in our project. The second chapter covers the
design aspect of our project. It will show the functions of hardware components that
are used in this project. Moreover, it will present the Arduino water level controller
circuit. The third chapter shows the simulation of water level controller in software
simulation. It also shows the final implementation of Arduino water level controller
in hardware designing.

4.2 Experimental Analysis and Discussion:

.
 Figure : 4.2 Main Schematics

The circuit diagram of the water level controller using Arduino is shown above.
Conductive method is used to measure the level. The sensor assembly consists of four
aluminum wires arranged at 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full levels in the tank. The dry ends of
these wires are connected to analog input pins A1, A2, A3 and A4 of the Arduino
respectively. A  fifth wire is positioned at the bottom of the tank. Resistors R6 to R9
are pull down resistors.The dry end of this wire is connected to +5V DC. When the
water touches a particular probe, electrical connection is established between that
probe and the +5V probe because water has slight conductivity. As a result current
flows through that probe and this current is converted into a proportional voltage by
the pull down resistor. Arduino reads the voltage dropped across each pull down
resistor for sensing the level of water in the tank. Same method is used for measuring
the level of water in the sump tank.

Digital pin 7 of the Arduino controls the buzzer and digital pin 8 controls the motor.
Transistor Q1 drives the buzzer and resistor R5 limits the base current of Q1.
Transistor Q2 drives the relay. Resistor R3 limits the base current of Q2. D2 is a
freewheeling diode. POT R2 is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD. 
The Arduino reads the sensor output through the analog input pins using analogRead
function. For example q=analogRead(qut); converts the voltage (in the range 0 to 5V)
at the  “quarter” probe into a number (in the range 0 to 1023) and saves it into the
variable “q”. This way the voltage at each prob is scanned to corresponding variables.
The these variables are compared to a fixed number (100 here) for identifying the
current condition. Actually 100 is the equivalent of  0.48 volts  and if the voltage at a
particular sensor is greater than this, it is considered as an electrical continuity and
water is assumed to be touching the probe. The vale of the fixed number (comparison
variable”v”) needs some adjustment because the resistivity of water changes from
place to place and the gap between the sensor probes will be different in different
tanks.

4.3 PROPOSED OVERALL DESIGN:

This article is a about a fully functional water level controller using Arduino. The
circuit displays the  level of water in the tank and switches the motor ON when the
water level goes below  a predetermined level. The circuit automatically switches the
motor OFF when the tank is full. The water level and other important data are
displayed on a 16×2 LCD display. The circuit also monitors the level of water in the
sump tank (source tank). If the level in side the sump tank is low, the motor will not
be switched ON and this protects the motor from dry running. A beep sound is
generated when the level in the sump tank is low or if there is any fault with the
sensors. The circuit diagram of the water level controller using Arduino is shown
above. Conductive method is used to measure the level. The sensor assembly consists
of four aluminum wires arranged at 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full levels in the tank. The dry
ends of these wires are connected to analog input pins A1, A2, A3 and A4 of the
Arduino respectively. A  fifth wire is positioned at the bottom of the tank. Resistors
R6 to R9 are pull down resistors.The dry end of this wire is connected to +5V DC.
When the water touches a particular probe, electrical connection is established
between that probe and the +5V probe because water has slight conductivity. As a
result current flows through that probe and this current is converted into a
proportional voltage by the pull down resistor. Arduino reads the voltage dropped
across each pull down resistor for sensing the level of water in the tank. Same method
is used for measuring the level of water in the sump tank.

Digital pin 7 of the Arduino controls the buzzer and digital pin 8 controls the motor.
Transistor Q1 drives the buzzer and resistor R5 limits the base current of Q1.
Transistor Q2 drives the relay. Resistor R3 limits the base current of Q2. D2 is a
freewheeling diode. POT R2 is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD. resistor R1
limits the current through the back light LED. Resistor R4 limits the current through
the power ON LED. Complete program for the water level controller using Arduino is
given below.
When we power our aurdino board it senses the lower tank situation if empty buzzer
is on,if water is present sense water tank 4 sensors if the water under half level motor
is on if full motor is not turn on.

4.4 Software:

In our project we use Arduino software at first we write program then verify it then
connect our arduino board then go to tools and select our board then click upload.
4.5 Programming Coding:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
int sump=A0;
int qut=A1;
int hlf=A2;
int thf=A3;
int ful=A4;
int motor=8;
int buz=7;
int s;
int q;
int h;
int t;
int f;
int i; //motor status flag
int v=100; //comparison variable(needs some adjustment)
int b=0; //buzzer flag
int m=0; //motor flag
int c=0; //sump flag

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup()
{

pinMode(qut,INPUT);
pinMode(hlf,INPUT);
pinMode(qut,INPUT);
pinMode(ful,INPUT);
pinMode(sump,INPUT);
pinMode(motor,OUTPUT);
pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
}

void loop()
{

i=digitalRead(motor);
s=analogRead(sump);
q=analogRead(qut);
h=analogRead(hlf);
t=analogRead(thf);
f=analogRead(ful);
lcd.clear();

if(f>v && t>v && h>v && q>v )

{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("FULL");
m=0;
b=0;
}
else
{
if(f<v && t>v && h>v && q>v)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print("_");
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("3/4th");
b=0;
}
else
{
if(f<v && t<v && h>v && q>v)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print("_");
lcd.print("_");
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("HALF");
m=1;
b=0;
}
else
if(f<v && t<v && h<v && q>v)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(char(219));
lcd.print("_");
lcd.print("_");
lcd.print("_");
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("1/4th");
b=0;
}
else
{
if(f<v && t<v && h<v && q<v)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("_");
lcd.print("_");
lcd.print("_");
lcd.print("_");
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("LOW");
b=0;
}
else

{
digitalWrite(motor,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("ERROR!");
b=1;
}
}}}
if(i==HIGH)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Motor ON");
}
else
{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Motor OFF");
}

if(s>v && m==1)

{
digitalWrite(motor,HIGH);
}
if(s<v)
{
digitalWrite(motor,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(11,0);
lcd.print("Low");
lcd.setCursor(11,1);
lcd.print("Sump");
c=1;
}
if(s>v)
{
c=0;
}

if(m==0)
{
digitalWrite(motor,LOW);
}

if(b==1 || c==1)
{
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
}
delay(100);
lcd.clear();
}

Chapter 5
CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion:

Automation of the various components around us has been widely increased to reduce
human intervention and save time. It is known that improper water management can
have harmful effects on both the system and the environment. The main objective of
this project is not only to reduce manual labour but also help save water in an
efficient manner. Finally, a conclusion can drawn that this project can definitely be
useful on a large scale basis due to its minimum requirement of man power and also
the installation process being easier making it more compatible for everyone to use.
 LIST OF REFERENCES

[1] www.Arduino.cc
[2] Getting Started with Arduino by Massimo Banzi and Michael Shiloh 3rd
edition 2009
[3] Michael Margolis, Arduino Cookbook, First Edition 2011
[4] Steven F. Barrett, Arduino Microcontroller Processing for Everyone! Third
Edition 2005
[5] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/
[6] http://startingelectronics.org
[7] https://circuitdigest.com
[8] http://arcbotics.com
[9] http://randomnerdtutorials.com
[10] http://circuit-diagramz.com/%E2%80%8B2n2222-transistor-circuitdiagrams/
[11] https://arduino-info.wikispaces.com/QuickRef

[12] S. M. Khaled Reza, Shah Ahsanuzzaman Md.Tariq,

S.M. MohsinReza ,“Microcontroller Based Automated Water Level Sensing and
Controlling: Design and Implementation Issue”, 0, San Francisco, USA
[13] RiaSood, ManjitKaur, HemantLenka , “ DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
AUTOMATIC WATER FLOWMETER”, Mohali, India

[14] SanamPudasaini, AnujPathak, SukirtiDhakal, Milan Paudel,”Automatic Water

Level Controller with Short Messaging Service (SMS) Notification”, Kathmandu
University,NepalAsaad Ahmed MohammedahmedEltaieb, Zhang
JianMin,”Automatic Water Level Control System”, China–

Tianjin
[15] Ejiofor Virginia Ebere (PhD) , OladipoOnaolapo Francisca (PhD),”
Microcontroller based Automatic Water level Control System”, Awka, Nigeria
[16] Erua J. Band, Anyasi, F. I,” Design of an Automatic Water Level Controller
Using Mercury FloatSwitch”,