MoDULE-2

Erc Cavies in OemiConduclos.

Cavi eM in &em Concue wtuich
*Chonge
has egiibaum
Value au caluo
Cue excess
of
exce% aTNen5

*Excess
Casiess Can be
be a te
qeua te b
bombasd ment
eltttkon
exula lon ,
opra
prad
eli
uncuon e
dU unc
oeclien
holo geneaiw
boows
genevalhg ehangk elang
his Semi-
oo La
yS (exces) ) bt shintngt
Cadne
CopducloY
qreal uan
Manb
energq
pholo ot il,
* Semi
Conduclor s
als
le
bandband gap sf
electooo
akosbed bey an

pholon oducton
eDeg and & exuad
exubd
Vaunta band,
tb he EHP
EHP
h Li h a Ton of an

band. Thhu u
eluekootol Pais) and
elelioo
hsalze
utally
kons an qual
nole Conceoka
n Mo t dn
Omd dn - dp
PRot dp
 o t eleikon
Conconlzatoo

totd tol Con ceatsa ioo

P
Conuolrakoo
No
Mo erii brium e

healantenraa
Po equi hbium
Concalaten
>eren ele kn
exces hol Copunlaa om.
p

EHP

EC

hU

Cen0
pholan Ev

and he-Lvel
tojed
Loo-uel
wun l ioee&e exess Ca e r

Snal as Compaud lo h
Conuntoaton
Conanl3auon, lu
egubium maoaly Cadoer
Cadies
exces

E 1ton o
oe euioo

on, dp < Po P-ype

Qemicondueloar

dh. dp Mo ted n-yoz

femicomclue br
 majonlT
*Io louw uaiojeetan, ma|0

am auns
elmast
elmos t ne hanggd
Unehanged
Cavne Conu osa uo

C recs Ca e
oun ta iojee tte
qyalThap
fo or
Compara ble
Conensatoo o
Gn uoa
ou lzta
ouó
os,

ma|o y ie Car

euih brium
oeelion
aleel uplo uwe
iojeetioo
te n-jpe Semconductos
Mo
do,dpdp >>
h,Op v> Po

Indo
weInjeeaen , hz majo iG
8tqmicaily
eakon a o Change
Cadney on
eees aries
Eces Cadne Y
n e xa ien
Mino
Ceoceolsalcn Caiey
Rale
iletm2

Q u a n - ermi davels

*oder heymal equaubium, he

n ama
A ms
Cue prapenlz
Cavi e r Canun 7aluons
 equi brium fexmi vels, Ep
hns O pres en ,
erceM Cad
lee
be neprosen
Cannt

e
Caaiey Coa olsa bor
eqibum
kmi uue
e
b Ted
wos au gui
4qe d

Seperali
f»mi

and
hou Conenlra
hol ba
ConunI7akas
lë eluelkoo
to expres

ae krow
as Guasi emiuwels.
Camd ha
wel à exprem ed
*Au köo Guasi mi

byhand ho quasi mi wel by p

onunldake
elu hen
Omd he
ele
eprned as

(n- E)ET
M e
Pni. e
E-F | ET
h.p m2 t-fp)/kT
e

M-pe Guasv

Ec E
Fn
EF
- - Ei
E
EF
Ev
ECOM BINOTION ECHANISM -
Mechanin.
ous
ua pes ftombinakon

. Q e t band lo band Recombinabon

band band vecomb1-
In d ree
eukon at Condueuoo band minimum
na en an

hole ak liz Valen band

tnla a
Ainly
mX imuD; eluasing lhc
u a ennd
enngy as

an eukon heola pan

apholon5 AaAeu
a lt
Vanisus

hU n hn

.Ev

elekeo hola pay lamshuo.

oult an -

As a
à Seen
combinalion mechauim
lype f e
pe
T
Bomiandelox Sueh aas
d r t bond gap
lnP (Compound aemi Concucbx
Ga As.

2.
Indreee band lband Kecombnaton
combinatan Occuh

wel T3ap
hous inmedualk egy
utombinalhen
an
Tap we
act
Cenle.
 .Trap
EV

ulher bemd
tt f
elulien
*hu ui
we ca lted e
moVe tntetmada
lowo valeou ba nd.
olEap lue6
eco mbinahun ouu
hus upe o
SemmConcluelöx
uhe 8i,
i,
i
ID odret band p
Sentcamtuelo x
Gre e ( Almon ta
3.Augex Kecombina hon

Auer nntom binalues hr

pase paous m whch eilhr (wo olulen omd

wo heles ano one elu ken
oluko
O hs or

Inusu2d
eo lLs
T yee o combn aken u pos e

durt hand emi Conduels

n a eke kon Cmd L hal p2ous

eleCioo A l eB mats a tangite

emp s in v , l ewgy sf

Ranserred 5 a n e a by elu on 22 Ond

6 2posiken

EC

Ev

n 2 hole and 1 elkelion psous.

Lcom bionq elcekon 4 an Ransikon 2 im pas
im par
energ9 be hou at g sueb ansks a
ene3
stale a deep in la V:

Ec

EV

hecombnalken
4. 7ap Aded duger
auremburalan ts
kap ai ded auger
OCCun ih tnduseef band Semicncuelos.l nclud

ao 3 paskele P
 eu kco Omd 4 hoe pooUs
Ken 4
enna nelase b conbining eluu
md ho lk 1 å used y he 2 eleelkon

ve sher osc Ton2

EC
Tsap
Ey

i
*ln 2 hole and 4 elekon pwK, us

eluhen 4 Cmd hole 1.

Aleased b n ece0mbinng
le hoe 2
sed

ela eletion m fesion 2'

by An
An

-EC

Ey
 Dusion urent
OR exi valan
tusion Curenf doneil

xKuscn is paou sE ehouge

MeR
Cardiey movenen
Cona oliatio b an oflowoy Concenhatom
OneR

due onenla orn oactant

* ll Spuadung f elulben due

lusicn movemut ib nopeet wrne u ew

nCz)

-t-o

Consi dex an csbiba d d mansicna

vide x m&
dus tibutan euen ncx)
wid5 .
Seannen

n , x
Valae

p nno)
 , onenloa ho mVeqicn 4

M Con anla ko fe Tqn

To ne of in *qon A =A A

Toa O: qin & M A

Te no: seleeor rossnS

.,A4-g4
2

Coy A-n,Pa) »O
Nef no: eutons

wa t Couss deelu
ne
Iume x

n,Ra - ha A)
tA

) LCn-n2
Noo -M2 M ) -M2 ( z+R)
n 2)-n2 (7+R),
A.

n-2 hz)- n2 (xt0a)

 MC¬zt4r) -h C(a
-d na). A whu
n2

Valme feo7 n-na m

Sus

f.r) L dnez).
2 ncz
2 t dz

Canstant

z)Dn ncz)

n p )D»P)

chuge x oflux dunselg

Curent enilg

Sn 9 ) goca)
-)(-D» nca)

Sa(4)
()D)
 Tata Cuneol deostlq duu d(usion

Do d (a)- q Qp a )
Tota Curent deni la e myemi comdusl

X Enste elatuen

Eins Relaen slaus hat , Ile Rats

f eleao
d uDDi o Coeien t bmobillg
Cmd hol ane equal undex equikbiu and
umperalure
qual be Volt- eq veuot

hT.Clsmal volag) 026

- Bollamann Cons lant

smperalnre

yolutain |helu clange

De Dn KT
Denva hen

polota!, Vez),
£cx)
E oslat
Vcx) Ez)
elehon ,

for
Vcz) potota

Ecz Eletue held

of
Etctuldula wgatwé qradunt
potiad
Ecx)d Vz)
Vcz) m
Sub l value f

dEcz)
uel i
win euete held alenengg
I ua)
a SemiComcue lby
aue e

C
Ec)-df .de" dEy
EC C B ens
Sina dr d
Cevel
Ev V.B engy
Sus i el
E uninse
ECx)

A equiiböum
In Sp 0
On Curend dunáil

Sp Cuint dens
due lo hobs.
Cansidey Jp o

He P) Ecx)
-

pPz) =
a

Ecx), p pP r z )

Pp pea) P)
Eca)

we have
Po mie Eica)-EF)T
ho lonen auon, Pca) 2

dustai> R a ) . m i e cEicErcen)
Epr)
da

Eic-EF()ET
Mie dEcn)£çr
L dn
nder keima esui baum, ¢Frcx)= o
da

dPen)Pra). d_Eicx)
d CT

th Vane in 5
Pen) d Eicn
Ecn) DPD P a T
P
VEcz)
e 4 i
O
bove e (G
 EcA) P. L .y En)
HP ET

FP T

ET DP
MP
wwn
Do
O

Combining 8
CT
De N
HP

Conhinly Equats
*Caotunutg ualkon is a
impootant eualen
anslysis of Semiconduelor.

chasR Caries i Somi Conduelor.

PCnto)
C
IpCztoz)
. o Axk P

8
p n)

Dpn +e
A

Irea A cm
 * Consido a Semicondutlor bar
ba wilh an
an
anta Cv Seelon f e t Iptz) be he
aumntaw vsume
vume
Cunent dunsilj enng an

Omd Sp(x+er) be her CurenE

kansily
éeniy

aung
Jeauin l elemenla vslume. (xt0n)A

eYale s n d yease hd
Concenl akon a emelas vsu
Guen

r hol
hole w x pu m t Vouma enimy

emusta Vsume

um F Vélume Gauiny
ho x fu
Ihc ement vo ume -

ketombpede at

we kno lhat Jp 9pP

{u» pen t vaum

p Cz IpCata

w ncom bina uim Ra

IpCa)-3p (aten )
 p Cxt en) Sp (z )
-

s nowo a Coounuig esuat

T above quator

fohob elueUon u qiven be

Counuie e uaten jo

Cn

Dfusion deng
Comn i G e fos eleki

GE n
and fox3
-
ka Uua prmy dafed peu me PP: Po +dp
Jp9 ( ddluston
Cu tn da
foMi fm deped
Cons tm
d

Suß Jn Io Od

J2
Dn h_dh
On
ndar stndy stot dn
'dt
ddnd
Cn

da
ddh
dar Dn:To

dP. p2 P
n md p Cne tno wn A
dellson deng5