PROBLEMS 2.1 Calculate the vertical sag allowable with level supports for a 500 ft span of copper wire, 0-4 in. in diameter, under the following Conditions: ice, fin. thick; wind pressure, 8 Ib/f\? of projected area. Ice weighs 571b/f1®; copper weighs 555 1b/f?; and the safe tensile strength of copper is 2,400 Ib/in.* Fig. 29 Dimensions are in inches Solution. A cross-section of the conductor and its covering of ice is shown in Fig. 2.9. Cross-sectional area of conductor = Td? = 30-4 = 0:1257 in? Volume of conductor material per foot run = 0:1257 x 1I2= L5in3 1-51 x 555 Weight of conductor per foot run = 13h = 0-485 1b Weight of ice per foot run = 1-25R(R + D) 1:25 x 0-375 x 0-775 = 0-363 Ib i) Vertical weight of conductor per foot run == 0-485 + 0:363 = 0-848 Ib (Fig. 2.10) O77 1b 0-848 ib 20Horizontal wind pressure on conductor per foot run 118 Sortie aay oe Effective weight per foot run, w, = /(O-848® + 0-772) = 1-15 Ib Safe stress = 24,000 x 0-1257 = 3,017 Ib Therefore 1:15 x 500 x 500 Sap fee a ERX 20 5 = 19 ft 1L-9 x 0-878 Vertical sag = d cos 0 = = = 88M (Ans.) 2.2 Calculate the minimum sag permissible for a 200-metre span, l-cm diameter copper conductor, allowing a maximum tensile stress of 2,000 kg/em*, Assume a horizontal wind pressure of 4 g/cm? of Projected area, and take the specific gravity of copper as 8-9. Solution 7=200m d® x 2,000 = 5007 = 1,570 kg Weight of conductor per metre length: sat aa cee ae wea qd AOD x6 BOX hag OT Ke Wind pressure per metre length: =1x 100 x 4 x Fig = Od kg Effective pressure on conductor per metre length: w= V(w?2 + 12) = V(0-7? + 0-42) = 0-805 kg w,P 0-805 x 200 x 200 S98 d= BF = ext a9 «= 256m Minit = 2:56 cos 0 = 2°56 x = 2.23 m (A inimum sag = 256 cos 9 = 256 x Gays = 2:23 m (Ans.) 2.3 Asingle span of transmission line is $00 ft in length, the support- ing structures being level. The conductors have a cross-sectional 21area of 0-169 in.2, Calculate the factor of safety under the following, conditions: Vertical sag permissible, 8! Breaking stress, 60,000 Ibjin? Wind pressure, 0-8 Ib per foot run Specific gravity of conductor material, 8-9 Solution Specific gravity = 8-9 g/em? 89 x 254 oe SO DOM in’ = pag Ilia: = 03215 Ibjin3 = 0-3215 x 0:169 Ib per inch length = 03215 x 0-169 x 12 Ib per foot length = 0-65 Ib per foot length Wind pressure = 0-8 Ib per foot run Effective weight, w, = (0-65? + 0-82) = 1-03 Ib _ 8 x 1-03 wa = 27K Ve Actual sag, d =— 60,000 f where f is the factor of safety. Safe stress = Ibfin.® i 000 x 0-169 _ 10,140 Tension on conductor, T = 60,000 x 0:169 ag tt 2 Sf But d = w,?/87, so that T = w,l?/8d, and 10140 9 140 8% = = MOF 10,140 x 8 x 12-7 = hes x 250000, A (4ns) 2.4 A transmission-line conductor, crossing a river, is supported from two towers at heights of 100 ft and 200 ft above the water level. If the horizontal distance between the two towers is 800 ft, find the clearance between the water level and the conductor at a point midway between the towers under fair-weather conditions. ‘Assume the maximum tension to be 4,000 Ib. and the weight per foot run to be 0:5 Ib.Solution (Fig, 2.11) A = 200 — 100 = 100 ft d= 80011 From eqn. (2.7), 1 Th ee gt 800 4,000 x 100 ‘ = +52 = 400 + = 1,400 2 0-5 x 800 400 +- 1,000 = 1,400 ft Pe Fig. 2.11 Dimensions are in feet Therefore X, = 800 — 1,400 = —600 ft Since x, is negative, P, lies on the same side of O as Py. P is midway between P, and P,. x = x, + 400 = 1,000 ft ey wx? Height of P above O = 57 : 0-5 x 1,000 x 1,000 oa OOO aE = 62:5 ft 5 _ Wry? 05 x 1,400 x 1,400 Height of P, above 0 = sap = 22ST Therefore Height of P, above P = 122:5 — 62:5 = 60 ft and Height of P above water level = 200 — 60 = 140 ft (Ans.)2.5 An overhead transmission line at a river crossing is supported from two towers at heights of 50m and 100m above water level, the horizontal distance between the towers being 400m. HW the maximum tension is 1,800 kg and the conductor weighs 1 kg, per metre, find the clearance between the conductor and the water at a point midway between the towers. He sil 200 bs Fig. 2.12 Dimensions are in metres Solution (Fig, 2.12) h = 100 — 50 = 50m 1. Th 1,800 x 50 Reig t = 200+ aay = 200-4 225 = 425m Therefore x, = 400 — 425 = —25m Since x, is negative, P, lies on the same side of O as P,. Therefore x = 25+ 200 = 225m . wa? Lx 225 x 22: Height of P above O = 57 7x 1,800 « _ we? 1x 25x25 9 Height of P, above © = Far = 3577 399 = OTM = 14-06 m Therefore Height of P above P, = 14-06 — 0-17 = 13:89 m. and Height of mid-point P above water level = 50 + 13-89 = 63-89 m (Ans.) 242.6 A river-crossing span of an overhead line is to be supported by two towers 1,000 ftapart. If one tower has a height of 175 fl above water level, find the height of the other tower to give a clearance of 275 ft between the conductor and water at a point 200 ft from the second tower. The weight of the conductor is 0-96 Ib per foot run, and the tension on the conductor is 5.000 Ib. Pa Fig. 2.13 Dimensions are in feet Solution (Fig. 2.13) 4, = 1,000 — 200 = 800 ft hh, =P —P, = 100ft . Shoat Ty 5,000 x 100 _ 7 x= = 400 + Foe ggg = 400 + 650 = 1,050 ft x, = 800 — 1,050 = —250 ft xq = x + 200 = 1,050 + 200 = 1,250 ft Since x, is negative, P, lies on the same side of O as Ps. wx? _ 096 x 250 x 250 ar 2x 5,000 Height of © above water = 175 — 6 = 169 ft wx? 0:96 x 1,250 x 1,250 _ Height of P, above'O = 2 = sms NSO Height of P, above O = = 6ft Therefore Height of P, above water = 150 + 169 = 319 ft (Ans.)2.7 An overhead transmission line at a river crossing is supported from two towers at heights of 30 m and 60_m above water level, the horizontal distance between the towers being 400 m If the maximum tension is 2,000 kg and the conductor weighs 1 kg per metre, find (a) the minimum clearance, and (6) the clearance between the con- ductor and the water level at a point midway between the towers. Fig. 2.14 Dimensions are in metres Solution (Fig, 2.14). The vertical distance between P, and Ps is h= 60 —30=30m Le 4 2000 520 = 200 + 150 = 350m xy=l—% = 50m P is the mid-point between P, and Pp. x = xy — 200 = 350 — 200 = 150m wx? 1 x 150 x 150 Height of P above O = 37 =x 7,000 = 7625 . _ wat 1x 50x 50 |. Height of P, above O =r =—9.5 2000 = POM E wx, _ 1 x 350 x 350 Height of P, above O = ea =—33200 = 30-625 m Height of O above water level = 30 — 0625 = 9-375 m (Ans. (a) Height of P above water level = 29-375 + 5-625 = 35m (Ans. (b))28 An overhead transmission line over a hillside where the gradient is 1:20 is supported by two 100 ft high towers with a distance of 1,000 ft between them. The weight of the conductor is 0-5 1b per foot length, and the tension, is 1,500 1b. The lowest conductor is fixed 20 ft below the top of cach tower. Find the clearance of the lowest point of the conductor from the ground. Fig. 2.15 Solution (Fig. 2.15). The effective height of the tower will be con- sidered to be 80 ft. The vertical distance between the two supports is 1,000 AF = 39 = 50ft The horizontal distance between the two supports is AC = +/[(1,000)* — (50)*] = 998-8, or say 1,000 ft 1 Th 1,500 x 50 op ef oh = 500 + 150 = 650 ft 27 wl 0:5 x 1,000 xX, = 350 ft — We? _ 05 x 650 x 650 | Sag, d, = or ~~ 2x 1,500 = an P,A = DB = 80 + 50 = 130ft 350 BE=35 = 17-5 ft OE = DB — (d, + BE) = 130 — (70-4 + 17-5) = 130 — 879 = 42:1 ft (Ans.)