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Has 3asemnenue 8 en kA een A TM Tiponoamenne ta6nuun 4 HauMenosanue O6oaHatenne Kopnyc (Mawuunl, annapata, mpx6opa) L Jluuva aaeKtpHueckol CBA3H ¢ OTBETBIEHUA- MH: a) c ogHHM 6) c apyma Ipaduyeckoe nepeceyenne mposona (ka6enn, WHHBI) Mospexgenne w30nAnHH: a) Mexazy npopozamu g 6) Mexay mpoBozom H Kopnycom 7 Mampi snextprueckne (TOCT 2.722—68) O6moTKa jO6aBOUHLIX OmOCOB, ObMOTKa kOmnencaunonnan fv. O6morka cratopa (KaxkA0h dase) MamHHE NepemMeHHoro TOKa, O6MOTKa mocaexoBa- TeMbHOTO BOSOyXeHHA MaALIMHE MOCTOAH- nn. Horo TOKa O6morka napanienbHoro Bos6yxKmeHHA Ma- WHHBI NOCTORHHOTO TOKa, O6OMOTKa He3aBH- nan, cuMoro Bos6yK1eHHA Mauiana = anexTpuyeckaa, craTop. OGmee o6o3HayeHve QO Crarop c tpextpasnok o6MoTKOd: a) COeAuHeHHOA B TpeyromDHHK ® Bo : Tponomkenne ta6.0nn 4 Havmenosanue t i Soh | 6) coegunenxof 5 aBesny i i Potop & Koporko3amKHyTOR O6MmoTKON Mawaua ‘noctoasuéro toxa ¢ He3aBHcHMOn O6morTKoii Bo36y x AeHHA Mauinua -HOCTOAHHOFO TOKa C NOCJICAOBATEIb- HUIM-BO36y2K AeHHEM Mauinua nottoaHnoro ToKa c Napasienpneim so36y KLeHHeM Maurmud moeeTonuHero ToKa co cMelaHHHM Bo36yKTeHHeM : ' i i Yeuavtenb sneKTpOMaUMHHB c monepedHbiM NOTOKOM H TpeMa OOMOTKaMH ynpaBjreHHa | Vente siekTpOMaulHAHBI c NpOAOAbHHM NOTOKOM H TpeMA. OOMOTKAMH yiIpaBuenna 10 OG6osHatenne INT OH) ROLE Gos mn a et: Tponoamkenne ta6suue 4 Haumenosanue O6o3Hatenne KatyuKn «aayKruenocrn, ApoccemH, Tpanciopmatopy, apro- Tpanchopmatoppl w MarHHTHBe ycnnutenn (TOCT 2. 723—68) O6motka TpaHcopmaropa, asTorpancibopma- TOpa, Apoccena M MarHHTHOrO ycuauTenA O “~~ 4 1 Tpanctbopmatop tpexcbasnniii c cdbeppomarnur- UBIM CePZedHHKOM; coeqHHeHHe o6MOTOK : 3Be3la — 3pe3na SIRS AstTorpakcibopmatop tpexdasnpii c cheppo- MarHHTHLIM CepMeuHHKOM; coegnHenHe 06- * MOTOK 3Be3 011 Es Tpaxchopmatop Toxa ¢ oso sropuunol o6MoTKO Tpanciopmatop Hanpaxenus H3MepuTesbHbITi © PH Yenantenb MarHntupilt c ~ByMa pa6ouHmu 4 oOmeli ynpapasoulel o6MoTKaMH. Yep- Ta, Mepecekaioulan OOMOTKH, oGosHauaeT cepaeqHHk (MarHHTompoBog), KOTOpbIi Ox- BaTbIBaeTCA 3THMH OOMOTKAMH Tlpofomkenne ta6.uun 4 Haumenosanue OGosHayenne Ycrpolictsa KOMMYTALLHOHHbIe H KOHTAKTHHIe CoeAHHeHHA (TOCT 2.755—74) Konrakr kommyTamMoHHoro ycrpolicrBa O6uiee o603Ha4eHHe: | a) 3aMbiKalolMHi 5 6) pasmbiKaroulny 8) Nepekmouatoumn [ | Koutakr pasmpikaouuit c nelfictBytouim 3a- MeJIHTeJIeM: a) pH cpa6aTbIBaHHH 8) npH cpaOaTsBaHHH H BO3Bpate Bpik.mouatean: a) oqHonOmMocHDIA 6) np Bosspate ‘ys | 6) TpexnomocHna YY) 12 | | | Mpogomxenue ta6nnun 4 Haumenosanue OGosnayenue Buikmowaterb Tpexnomocuuh aptoMatue- | CKHA i Borkmoyatenb nyTeBol omHONOMOCHHi eo Tlepexsiovaterb ononomtocHut Borkmouatenb KHONOUHDIA HaxKHMHOn: a) C SAMbIKaIOWHM KOHTaKTOM 6) © pasMbIKaiomlHM KOHTAaKTOM Pene SAEKTPHYeCKOeR C SaMBIKaIOUHM, pa3- MBIK@aIOWHM HW NWepeKOYaIOWHM KOHTaKtTa- MH oh cop Koutakr peste ¢ BO3BpaTOM HamkaTHeM KHONKH 4 Peae snextporenioBoe 6e3 camoBossparta, ¢ BO3BPpaTOM HaKaTHeM KHONKH 13 Mpogomkenve ta6nnue 4 Haumenopanue OGosnatenue OGosHayenne $6MoToK pene, KOHTaKTOPOB H MarHHTHEIX 4 uyckatenen. (TOCT 2.725—-68) | OGmorKa’ pene, KOHTaKTOpa Hu MarxuTHorO q nyckateaa. OOuee oGosHayenne Ecau néo6xonumo; yrounuts pom toKa pe- “€ WIM BHA OOMOTKH pene, TO B MpaMo- YIOJIbHUK — BIIHCbIBAIOT ~—COOTBeTCTBYIONNHA 3Hak HIM OyKBY:: a) o6morKa ToxoBaa u Hanpaxkenna 4 a 6) OGmoTkKa pene MaKCHMambHOrO TOKa H MHHHMAJIbHOTO HanpwKeHHA O6morxka tennosoro pene Flonyckaerca ana w306paxenus o6MOTOK pe- “le, KOHTAKTOPOB’ HM MA@rHHTHHX NycKaTenen OPHMeHATD cileqyioulHe O6o3HazeHHun: a) o6morKa pené Tokosan nocaegoBatenb- waa.) sd 6); o6morKa pene Hanpaxenna napanarenp- Han © ' 4 B). o6moTKa KOHTaKTOpa Hw MarHHTHOro nycKaTesa we 4 ~~ Tponomkenve ta6annu 4 Hanmenosanue OGosnayuenne Suextpomarauta (TOCT: 2.724—68) Saextpomarnnt. O6uee o6osnayenve ca . 4 : Alonyckaeren ana u3se6paxenna SJIEKTpOMar- HHTa M1PHMeHATD CnenyloulMe O6o3HayeHHA: . a) sdlextpomaruut MOCKELOBATeABHOTO |. © ==. BKJIO“eHHA . 6) snexTpomarnut napanaensHoro BKJIO- = neni, Oo : vee OaexTpomarnut tpexasnoro toKa : Hh f. Tpenoxpadurean (TOCT 2.72768) Mpexoxpantenn naaskut. Obimee. o6osnage:’ , HHe to. : Kartymka tepmuueckas (Mpetoxpanurenbyan) ff Pesucropui, koHJeucatopp: (TOCT 2.728—74) Pesucrop NOcTORHHE . ok. Iynr wsmepureapanit +H. Pesuctop nepemenunii (cTpeaka oGo3sHaqaet t: 4 NOABHKHOH KOHTAaKT) tT} Pesuctop nepemexHni 8 peoctatHom BKM: . yeHHH’ 18° TIpogonxkenve ta6aunet 4 Haumenosanne OGosaatenne Kougencatop noctoanHo emKocTu -L KouaencaTop nepemenHoft emKoctu ! ( Tipa6opat sxextpousmeputembyne (TOCT 2.729—68) IIpH6op usmeputenpana: a) nokasbIBaouah 6) peructpapynouna FA B) HHTerpapyiomMA (HanpAMep, cueT4HK) my e Ipx6opy norynposogunKosue (TOCT 2.730—~73) Avon. Buinpamuteabunit cron6, O6uee o60- sHayenHe TynHeabHBit HOA O6paurenxult qnon Cra6uaurpon: a) omHocroponnua 6) apycropouHuh Bapuxan ERP REY Alon Tupuctop (aHHUcrop) 16 ; \ | : ' Tipogommenve ra6nuip 4 HanMenopanue O6o3nayeHHe T\Hoanbii CuMMeTpHUHEIA THpucTop TpansuctTop THna p-n-p Tpan3ucrop Tuna n-p-n @otopesuctrop ®oronno0, OgHoasnan §=MocTOBan ~~ BLINpAMMTeAbHaA cxema a) paspepHyToe u306paxenHe 6) ynpoweHHoe u3s06pamxenue TpextbasHan MocTOBad = BbINPAMHTesBHaa : cxema Q 7-2639 - 17 TIpogomxenue ta6n. 4 —_,_ meee Tata. 4 Hawmeuosanne OGosHayvenue Ucrowuukn ceera (TOCT 2.732—68) JlaMna HakaauBanua ocneTHTenbuaa u cur- ® HaabHaa JlaMna razopa3paauan OCBeETHT@bHaa A CHr- “Gs HayibHaa A) I. 5IEKTPOBE3ONACHOCTb NPH SKCHIAYATAWHH CYLOBOFO 3JIEKTPOOBOPYJLOBAHHA OckoBaiie npxunay sneKrpoTpasmaTH3Mma Ha cygax: rpy6nie Hapymenua [pasa texauyeckoli axcnayataunn CyRoBoro 9seK- TpooSopynonanua (TITSC3) a rexnnKxn SAEKTPOOesonacnocTH; BEIMOMHeHHe paGoT Nog HanpaxeHnem Ges neHcTBUTeABHOM HeOOXo- AHMOCTH B 3TOM H Tp HecOOmOAeHHH SaNUTHDIX Mepompuatuh; HECOBEPUICHCTBO KOHCTPYKUHA SneKTPHHLAPOBAHHBIX MeXaHH3MoB (Nany6uerx. yerpoiicTs, MalIMHHOrO oTMeneHHAa Hu Ap.); HecoBep- HICHCTBO KOHCTPYKUHH CBeTOTeXHAYeCKHX yCTpOHCTE H dneKTpoyc- TAHOBOUHOK apMaTypbl; HencnpasHocTe u HecOBepmieHcTBO tepe- HOCHOM apmaTypbI H MepeHocHoro HHCTPyMeHTa; OTCYTCTBHe efHHO- o6pasua 8 BuGope Hanpaxennii ueneli yupaBjlenua myckopery- “lupyioweli annapatypil; HeyAosneTBOpHTenbHOe cocTOAHHe guleK- TPH4eCKOH H3OAAUMM ceTH, OTCyTCTBHe MOMKHOTO KOHTpOAA 3a MPOBOLHMbIMH paOoTaMH c aeKTpoo6opyzoBaHHem; HecBoeBpe- MeHHOe yCTPaHeHHe BOSHHKWIHX HeucHpaBHocTell un ToBpexqeHHA SeKTPOOSopyAOBaHHA; copMaabHoe HpoBetekHe HHCTPyKtTaka 10 GesonacHEmM npHemam pa6oru. / ‘B mo6om 43 nepewacaenupx cnyaaes yenoBek Moxer nomactTb nog HanpsxKenve ceta. Tipu stom nav6oee BepoaTHUIM aBNAeTCA COMPHKOCHOBeHHE YeNOBeKa He ¢ ABYMA, ac OMHOH cagzol ceTH. Tak Kak Wa Cyfax MpHMeHsloTca cucTemE ¢ H300HpoBaHHon Helt- TPalbio, TO BeNHYHHAa TOKa, Mpoxogaltero vepes Tei0 yeNOBeKa, GyqeT 3aBHCeTb He TOMBKO OF HanpsKeHHA CeTH H CONpOTHBAeHHA Tela, HO H OT COMpOTHBAeHHA ToKy YTeuKH “epe3s H30TALHW Ha Kopiyc, TO ecTb OT conpoTuBienus w3onauMH. [loatomy noanep- *ANWIO CONPOTHBMEHHA HSONAUMH Ha cylNe B npeacaax, o6ycaoB- 2 : 19 nenaplx TIpasunamu Perucrpa CCCP a NITSCY, yaeasetes nepro- Ouepeqnoe BHHMaHHe. Ucnoap30nanve anextpuyeckoit SHePruH Ha Cymax cBAgaHO He TONbKO € ONAaCHOCTHIO NOpaxKeHHa OOcayxHBalOULero nepconasa STeKTPHYeCKHM TOKOM, HO H C BO3MOXKHOCTHIO BOSHHKHOREHHA nowapos. B HopMambunix ycnoBuax TenoBoe smelicTBHe TOKA HOpMupo- BaHO, TO eCTb Harpes NpoOBOANHKOB H TOKOBeAyUINX geTaneh B SNeKTpooOopy2aBaHHH paccyHTHIBalOT TAKUM o6pa3om, 4TO6H On He IpeBbIlat YCTaHOBJIeHHELX HOpM. BeenctBwe Heco6sogenun TITSCS a Upapasa TexHHkn 6e3- OmacHOcTH, NoBpeakAeHHii, BOSselicrBua Ha aleKTpoobopyAoBahve OKPyKalouleH cpemb (CbIPOCTH, MbIH, XHMHUeCKH AKTHBHBIX Be- mlectB) efO HOPMadbHOe cocToaHHe Hapyutaerca. TIpu stom B cy KOBHIX SEKTPHYECKHX YCT@HOBKAX BO3HHKAIOT KOPOTKHe 3aMbIKa- HHA, Teperpy3ku, Gombe nepexOaHble conporusaenns, Ayrospe M HCKPOBbIe paspAgul, YTO TaKKe MOMKeT MpHBecTH K MOKapaM. SaWuTHpre cpeacTBa HW HX HCIbITaHve Aaa samutei nepconana, pa6otatomero na SIEKTPHYCCKHX yc- TAHOBKAX, OT NOPaKeHHA 9ACKTPHYeCKHM TOKOM, BOSJeNCTBUA SaeKTpHyecKOH AYTH H MPOAYKTOB ee ropeHHA HT. TL IIpHMenaioT- Cf OCHOBHBIe H AONOMHHTebHbIe CpeCTBAa 3aLIHTEI. Ochopuble — 8To cpencTBa, H30uAHA KOTOPbIX Hae@xKHO BBI- UepxupaeT padouee HalpaxKeHve asaeKTpOycTaHOBKA HM MOSBOJAeT UPHKAaCaTbCaA K TOKOBEAYULHM YaCTAM, HAXOAALLHMCA TOM Halipa- 2KeHveM. HononnuretbHbie — sto cpencrsa, KoTophle caMH no ceGe He MOryT TPH 2aHHOM Hallps2KeHHH OGecneyHTh Oes0nacHocTD oT MOpaxkekuA TOKOM. 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A. c, HCTOWHHKa avieKTposHeprun E a O6paTHO nponopunoHateH now- HOMY COMPOTHBNenHIO, TO eCTb CyMMe BHYTPeHHero conpoTHBae- HHA HCTOWHHKA 3JICKTPOSHEPrHH fo H CONMpOTHBIeHHA BHeMlHel uemu R: E f= 7 ER’ orkyaa E = Ir, + IR, rae Iro=U.—Hanpaxenwe Ha BHKYTPeHHeM yuacTke enw aH BHYTpeHHee NaeHve HaNPAMKEHHA, YHCeHHO paBHoe MpOWSBeAeHHO TOKA Ha COMPOTHBJeHHe HCTOUHHKA; /R=U— nanpsamenne ua sHeuHeM yyacTKe WenH, wHCneHHO PapHoe MpOu3BeaeHHIO TOKa Ha cCONpoTHBeHHe BHelWHero yyacTKa Wenn. Takum o6pa3om, 3.4.¢. HcTOWHHKa aIeKTPHYeCKOH sHepray PaBHa CyMMe HanpaxeHHA HAH NadeHHii HanpsxeHHi. na BHYT- peHHeM 4 BHemiem yuacTKax uenm: E=U,+U. Hanpamenue na 3a2KHMA@X HCTOUHHKA SJeKTPOSHEPrHH pH Harpy3Ke MeHbille ero 9. H.C. Ha BeAWYHHY BHYTpeHHero nageHua Hanpaxenna: U=E — —Iro. 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Tlocaenosatensieim HasiBaerca Takoe coeqMHeHHe conpoTHB- aleHHi, npH KoTopom TOK /, He PASBETBARAC, NOCYepeAHO MpOXOAHT ' Bce conporusuenHa vw BeanyHHa ero R KaxnOH TouKke nenH o@u- Haxoga (puc. la). ; Tlozpenennoe Hanpaxenue U paso cymMe manent Hanpaxe- HU Ha OTZeabHBIX yuacrKax nocnenosatesbHon wenn: Us Uy + Uy +... + Ug IR, + [Ry +o. Ry = ER. Takum o6pasom, o6uiee HIM SKBHBaTeHTHOe COnpoTHBvienne. HenH paBHO CyMMe conpoTuBnenuit OTACBHBIX yuacTKoB: R=R,+ HRot..+Rp. flapanseapanim Ha3blBaeTCH Takoe coeqHHeHHe, npu KOTOpom Bce CONPOTHBAeCHHA - BKMO"UeHE! Ha NolHOe HanpaxeHHe U (puc. 1, 6). 30 Puce. I. Coeaunenue conpotussennii (npHemHHKos): @— nocueqopatenbHoe; 6 — NapasjeqbHoe Tox / 8 HepasBerBmeHHOM yyacTKe enn paBeH cCyMMe TOKOB “B pasBeTBJIeHHAX: f=f,+lo+...+4, (nepserit saxon Kupxroda). Toxn 5 pa3neTBneHHax o6paTHo mponopuHoHaDHE! conporus- “DeHusM pasbeTBreHHi HAH MpAMO HpONOpyHOHAaNbHN HX npoBo- AHMOCTAM: | u pee aug pate h= R= Ue h= R= UE In= R= Ula TakuM O6pa30M, Hp NapaneabHom coeaunenun o6utas mpo- ‘BOAHMOCTS enw paBHa CYMMe IIpOBOAHMOCTeH OTMebHEIX BeTBell: : 1 1 1 B= Bit ater t Sn =R +R, tetR,- 81 Ilas onpegzenenna oGulero conpotusnesuA uenn cHadana Haxo- Ast OGLLYIO MIPOBOAMMOCTD, 4 3aTeM ee OOpaTHyO BeENHUMHY: 1 R= . CmellaHHbIM HasbiBaeTcR Takoe coeaHHeHHe conpoTHBuenna, Tipu KOTOPOM 4acTb HX COCAHHAeTCA NOCHE MOBATebHO, a YaCcTh — NapadienbHo. O6utee cONpOTHBAecHHe OMpeAensioT, HCNOA3yA Me- TOLbI NapadenbHoro H NMOCueMOBaTeMbHOTO coOeAMHeHHM conpo- TUBAeHHH. Bropofi 3akon Kupxroda. Pacer caomxHbix ueneit B aqeKTpoTexuke, KpOMe MpOcTHIX Ueneli, cyulecTBYIOT COx- Hble€, COCTOAMLIHe 3 HeCKOJIBKHX HCTOUHHKOB 3. J. C. H COMPOTHBVIE- uni, COC@AHHeHHDIX MexKAY coGoll mpon3BOIbHEIMH cnocobaMH, B caowKHBIx Kemax (puc. 2) HMeeTCH HeCKObKO 34MKHYTHX KOH- TYPOB. 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Jina pacuera cnoxuolt uenH 3ana- eTCH CxeMa sTO# nenu, BenM4uHa A HOJAPHOCTb 9, 0. C. HCTOUHHKOB TOKa, CONPOTHBMeHHe Bcex yuactkoR. Jina HaxXOMeHHA BeAHUHHEI TOKa BO BCexX yYaCTKaxX MpOH3BOALHO 3amaloTcs HanpaBjleHvamu Toka, KOTOpbie NOKasbiBaloT crpenkamu. Ecau p pesyaptrate pac- vera 6yaeT Hafigeno, uTO Kakoli-nH60 TOK HMeeT OTPHLaTebHOe SHayeHHe, TO delicTBHTembHOe HanpabaeHne TOKa — npoTHBono- womwHOe. Konugectso cocrapjieHHblx YPaBHeHHH 2O/DKHO G6bITB PaBHO HCY HeHSBECTHLIX TOKOB, pH 3TOM UHC Y310BbIX ypaB- HeHHH, cocTaBAeHHBIX 110 MepBOMy 3akony Kupxrota, A0aKHO ObITS Ha C0HHHUY MeHbIe KOmHYeCTBa y30B B CxeMe, Hegoctaiomue ypasnexus (KoHTypuLie) cocTaBasioTca Ha OcHoBe BToporo 3aKoHa Kupxroga. Tip stom caeayer BbiOUpaTB Haw60aee Mpoctate KONTYpBI, B KaXKAOM H3 KOTOPEIX JO/DKeH co- AepKaTbCA XOTA Obl OHH yyacTOK, He BXOQMBUIMH B paHee coc- TaBAeHHble ypaBHenua. Hanpumep, p PaccMaTpuBaemoi cxeme (puc. 2) HeugpecrHn TpH TOKa J), Is, 73, HMeIOTCH Ba yaa By F uw tpa xoutypa. Io MepBoOMy 3akouy Kupxroda coctapasem OAHO ypasHeHve, AonycTHM, naa yana B: Lit+d.—I3=0, a Hego- craioulve 1Ba ypaBheHua cocTaByM 11lo BTopomy 3aKony Kupxroda. Honyctum, aaa xoutypa ABBJIETA: £\=1R,+13R3 aw aan KoH- typa BETB: Ee=/2Re+/sR3. Pemas cosmectuo TPH ypaBieuna © TpeMA HEHSBeCTHEIMH, ONpeAenstoT toKH: |, Ie, /5. 3akon JI>Koyaa-Jlenna Koanuectso tonaa Q, Benensemoe SCKTPHYECKHM TOKOM I, MPAMO TIPOMOPUHOHABHO KBALpaTy TOKa, conpoTHBAeHHIO Upozog- Huka R 4 BpemMenn mpoxoxeHHa ToKa f: Q=0,24 /? Rt kan, 37-2639 33

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