Moral dilemma

Moral dilemmas are situations in which the decision-maker must consider two or more moral
values or duties but can only honor one of them; thus, the individual will violate at least one
important moral concern, regardless of the decision.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15191-1_2
Moral dilemma is a situation where:
1. Presented with two or more actions
2. Moral reason to choose
3. Cannot perform all actions

False moral dilemmas are instances in which it is clear what ought to be done
but in which there is temptation or pressure to act in another way. In business
ethics, the distinction between true and false dilemmas has also been described
as the distinction between dilemmas and temptations (Brinkmann, 2005, p. 183;
Kidder, 1995, p. 7)

For instance, lawyers and accountants can be tempted to prioritize self-interest

over their clients’ interests. The knowledge gap between the professionals and
the clients is such that the risk that clients will detect such choices is minimal.
The professionals may claim that they are facing moral dilemmas when, for
example, opportunities arise to overcharge clients. In the vocabulary of this
book, the most appropriate term for such a situation is false dilemma.

This situation may resemble a real dilemma in that the decision-maker must
decide between two options that are both undesirable in some way, as cheating
the client feels wrong, but so does turning down a chance to earn extra money.
However, the former feeling has a moral component that is lacking in the latter.
Thus, conflict-of-interest situations are generally false moral dilemmas with
only superficial similarities to real dilemmas.

Moral and Non-moral standards

https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/06/08/moral-standards/
others: https://ourhappyschool.com/node/824

Moral Standard
- Refers to the norms which a person has about type of actions that believes to be
morally acceptable and morally unacceptable.
It deals with matters can either seriously harm or seriously benefit human beings

The validity of moral standards comes from the line of reasoning that taken to back or support
them

Rules are stabilizing force that enhances the survivability of individual, families, and nations

Non-Moral Standard – refer to rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations.
Basic examples of non-moral standard include: rules of etiquette, fashion standards, rules in
games and various house rules
Examples:
Standards of etiquette – by which people judge manners as good or bad
Standards of law – by which people judge something as legal or illegal
Standards of aesthetics – by which people judge art as good or rubbish

Moral Judgments
https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/glossary/moral-judgment/
other:
https://www.prweek.com/article/1451829/8-tips-making-moral-judgments-public-relations
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/sports-psychology/moral-development/moral-judgment/
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/94987

Moral judgments refer to judgments that have moral content; they are used to evaluate
situations, courses of action, persons, behavior, etc.

Theory of Moral Sentiment

It points to the human tendency to sometimes favor, or privilege, family and friends in moral
decisions to substantiate their claim.

Rationality
The basis of moral judgments

Moral reasoning

Kants’ Deontological Theory

- Deontology
It puts rationality at the center of morality, claiming that morality is derived from reason,
and that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality (the categorical
imperative).

Utilitarianism
emphasize the importance of reason in moral judgments, claiming that ‘right’ moral judgments
involve a rational calculation of an action’s consequences.

• Seven Pillars Institute (2017). Moral Judgment. Retrieved from:

https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/glossary/moral-judgment/

• Jensen Manebog (2013). Moral Standards vs Non-Moral Standards. Retrieved from:

https://ourhappyschool.com/node/824
• Kvalnes Ø. (2019) Moral Dilemmas. In: Moral Reasoning at Work. Palgrave Pivot, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15191-1_2
• Steph (2018). Learn Philosophy Online: Moral and Non-Moral Standards. Retrieved from:
https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/06/08/moral-standards/
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