1.

4 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

The standard formulas for evaluating the integrals of the six trigonometric functions are given
below. The first two can be verified by differentiation and the remaining four may be proved
directly.

Proof of T1: Since d(-cosu + C) = sinudu, then we have verified that T1 is correct.

Proof of T3:

=- (-sinu du)
cosu

=- d(cosu)
cosu

= -ln |cosu| + C
Proof of T5:
secu(secu + tanu)du
secudu = secu + tanu
= (sec2u + secutanu)du
secu + tanu

= d(secu + tanu)
secu + tanu

= ln |secu + tanu| + C
The following formulas are also consequences of their corresponding differentiation formulas.
For instance, T7 is correct since d(tanu + C) = sec2udu.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate sin4xdx

SOLUTION: This takes the form of T1 with u = 4x. Then du = 4dx and nf = 1 . Hence
applying T1, we have 4

sin4xdx = 1 (-cos4x) + C
4
= - 1 cos4x + C
4
(
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate
( 1 +cos2x
sin2x dx

SOLUTION:

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate (1 + secx)2 dx

SOLUTION: