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 x
19.3 Dadas las siguientes funciones f ( x ) = y g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x se verifica:
x +1
2
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ x2 2x 3x 2 + 2 x
g D f ( x) = ⎜ ⎟ + 2⋅⎜ ⎟= + =
⎝ x + 1⎠ ⎝ x + 1⎠ ( x + 1) 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2

x 1
28.5 Dadas las siguientes funciones g ( x ) = y f ( x ) = x 2 se verifica:
x +1

1 1
⎛ 1⎞ 2 2 x2 1
g D f ( x) = g⎜ 2 ⎟ = x = x 2 = 2 =
⎝x ⎠ 1 1+ x x +x 4
1+ x2
+ 1
x2 x2

18.6 si f : Z → Z es la aplicación tal que f ( z ) = 2 z 2 − 8 , entonces f −1

({0,−8}) es igual a:
y+8 z+8
f ( z) = 2 z 2 − 8 → y = 2 z 2 − 8 → z = → y=
2 2
f {0} = ±2
−1

f −1 {8} = 0

x+3
34.9 Sea f : R − {5} → R − {1} la función definida por f ( x ) = , entonces:
x−5

x+3
y= → ( x + 3) = y ⋅ ( x − 5) → x = y ⋅ ( x − 5) − 3 → x = xy − 5 y − 3 →
x−5
5y + 3 5x + 3
x − xy = −5 y − 3 → x (1 − y ) = −5 y − 3 → x = → f −1 ( x ) =
y −1 x −1

x+4
34.9 Sea f : R − {4} → R − {1} la función definida por f ( x ) = , entonces:
x−4

x+4
y= → y ⋅ ( x − 4) = ( x + 4) → xy − 4 y = ( x + 4) → xy − x = 4 y + 4 →
x−4
4y + 4 4x + 4
x( y − 1) = 4 y + 4 → x = → f −1 ( x) =
y −1 x −1

-14-
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 PERMUTACIONES fecha (07/11/2001)

Sea A un conjunto finito formado por n elementos, una permutación de A es una lista ordenada
formada por los n elementos de A. Dos permutaciones de A difieren en la colocación de al menos uno de los
elementos.

P ( n) = n !

PERMUTACIONES CON REPETICIÓN

Sea A un conjunto finito con k elementos (k > 0), una permutación con repetición de m elementos
de A, es una lista en la que el elemento a1 se repite mk veces. Dos listas son distintas si difieren en el orden
de sus elementos.

r!
PRnr =
n1 !+ n2 !... nk !

COMBINACIONES

Sea A un conjunto finito formado por n elementos (n > 0) y r un número natural r # n, una
combinación de orden r de A es una lista de elementos de A distintos dos a dos. Diremos que dos
combinaciones son diferentes si algún elemento de una lista no se encuentra en la otra.

⎛n⎞ n!
C ( n, r ) = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ r ⎠ r !⋅ (n − r )!

COMBINACIONES CON REPETICIÓN

Sea A un conjunto finito formado por n elementos (n > 0) y r un número natural r # n, una
combinación con repetición de orden r de A es una lista de elementos de A en donde los elementos pueden
repetirse. Diremos que dos combinaciones con repetición son diferentes si algún elemento de una de las dos
listas no se encuentra en la otra.

⎛ n + r − 1⎞
CR (n, r ) = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠

NÚMEROS COMBINATORIOS

⎛n⎞ V n!
Cnr = ⎜ ⎟ = nr =
⎝ r ⎠ Pr r !⋅ (n − r )!

ejemplo:

⎛6⎞ 6!
⎜ ⎟= = 15
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4!⋅ 2!

-16-
 BINOMIO DE NEWTON

( x + y ) 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
( x + y ) 2 = ⎜ ⎟ x 2 + ⎜ ⎟ xy + ⎜ ⎟ y 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
⎝0⎠ ⎝1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

( x + y ) 3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
( x + y )3 = ⎜ ⎟ x3 + ⎜ ⎟ x 2 y + ⎜ ⎟ xy 2 + ⎜ ⎟ y 3 = x3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3
⎝0⎠ ⎝1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

( x + y ) 4 = x 4 + 4 x 3 y + 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + y 4
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
( x + y ) 4 = ⎜ ⎟ x 4 + ⎜ ⎟ x 3 y + ⎜ ⎟ x 2 y 2 + ⎜ ⎟ xy 3 + ⎜ ⎟ y 4 =
⎝0⎠ ⎝1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
= x 4 + 4 x3 y + 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + y 4

ejercicios:

11.a.b Calcular n de forma que se verifique:

Vn ,4 = 30 ⋅ Cn ,5

n ⋅ (n − 1) ⋅ (n − 2) ⋅ (n − 3) n ⋅ (n − 1) ⋅ (n − 2) ⋅ (n − 3) ⋅ (n − 4)
= 30 ⋅
1 5!
5! = 30 ⋅ (n − 4)
120 = 30n − 120
240
n= =8
30

15.2 Queremos conocer cuantos números existen entre el 4.000 y el 5.000 y que estén formados con
las cifras 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, sin repetir ninguna.

1! 6!
, ) ⋅ V (6,3) =
V (11 ⋅ = 1 ⋅ 120 = 120
1! 3!

18.2 Con las cifras 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, formamos números de 5 cifras, cuantos números empizan por
73.

VR(10,3) ⋅ V (11
, ) ⋅ V (11
, ) = 10 3 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 = 1000

20.9 Con las cifras 1,2,3,4,5,6 formamos números de cuatro cifras, cuantos números son múltiplos
de 5.
VR(6,3) ⋅ V (11
, ) = 6 3 ⋅ 1 = 216

-17-
  (Q XQD FDUUHUD GH PDUDWyQ LQWHUYLHQHQ  HVSDxROHV  LQJOHVHV  LWDOLDQR  DOHPDQHV 
IUDQFHVHV \EHOJDVLXQSRGLXPFRQVLVWHHQSHUVRQDVVLWXDGDVHQSXHVWRVGLVWLQWRVFXDQWRVSRGLXPV
GLVWLQWRVSXHGHQGDUVHDODFDEDUODFDUUHUD


9 = = 


 &RQODVFLIUDVIRUPDPRVQ~PHURVGHFLQFRFLIUDVFXDQWRVVRQGLYLVLEOHVSRUGRV


95 ⋅ 9  =   ⋅ = 


E 8Q HVWXGLDQWH WLHQH TXH HOHJLU DO PDWULFXODUVH  DVLJQDWXUDV \  LGLRPDV GH XQ WRWDO GH 
DVLJQDWXUDV \LGLRPDV'HFXDQWDVPDQHUDVSXHGHKDFHUOR6LDVLJQDWXUDV\LGLRPDHVREOLJDWRULRGH
FXDQWDVPDQHUDVSXHGHKDFHUOR

D → & ⋅ & = 

E → & ⋅ &
  = 

E 8Q HVWXGLDQWH WLHQH TXH HOHJLU DO PDWULFXODUVH  DVLJQDWXUDV \  LGLRPDV GH XQ WRWDO GH 
DVLJQDWXUDV \LGLRPDV'HFXDQWDVPDQHUDVSXHGHKDFHUOR6LDVLJQDWXUD\LGLRPDHVREOLJDWRULRGH
FXDQWDVPDQHUDVSXHGHKDFHUOR

D → & ⋅ & = 

E → & ⋅ & = 

5(680(1

7HQHPRVQ HOHPHQWRV\IRUPDPRVJUXSRVGHU

,PSRUWD 3XHGH (QFDGD

$JUXSDFLyQ )Ï508/$
HO2UGHQ 5HSHWLUVH $JUXSDFLyQ

Q
9DULDFLRQHV 6, 12 U Q 9 Q U =
Q − U
9DULDFLRQHV 95Q U  = Q U
6, 6, U Q
5HSHWLFLyQ
3HUPXWDFLRQHV 6, 12 U Q 3  Q = Q 

3HUPXWDFLRQHV U
6, 6, U Q 35QU =
5HSHWLFLyQ Q + Q QN 

Q Q
&RPELQDFLRQHV 12 12 UQ &  Q U  =   =
 U  U ⋅  Q − U  

&RPELQDFLRQHV  Q + U − 
12 6, UQ & 5 Q U  = 
5HSHWLFLyQ  U




 7(0$352%$%,/,'$' IHFKD
+D\GRVWLSRVGHH[SHULHQFLDVODVGHWHUPLQLVWDV\ODVDOHDWRULDV
/DVGHWHUPLQLVWDVVRQHVWXGLDGDVSRUFLHQFLDVItVLFDV
/DV DOHDWRULDVVRQDTXHOODVGHODVFXDOHVQRSRGHPRVSUHGHFLUORVUHVXOWDGRVHQHVWRVFDVRVVHDSOLFD
HOFDOFXORGHSUREDELOLGDGHV
$VRFLDGR DWRGDH[SHULHQFLDDOHDWRULDHQFRQWUDUHPRVHOHVSDFLRPXHVWUDO(TXHHVHOFRQMXQWR
IRUPDGRSRUWRGRVORVUHVXOWDGRVSRVLEOHVGHODH[SHULHQFLD

HMHPSOR

/DQ]DUXQDPRQHGD ( ^FDUDFUX]`

/DQ]DUXQGDGR ( ^`

/DQ]DUGRVGDGRV ( ^`

$FDGDHOHPHQWRGH(OROODPDUHPRVUHVXOWDGRRVXFHVRHOHPHQWDO

( ^`

$WRGRVXEFRQMXQWRGH(OROODPDUHPRVVXFHVR

6XFHVR3DU ( ^`

6XFHVR,PSDUPD\RUTXH ( ^`

/ODPDUHPRV6XFHVRLPSRVLEOHDOYDFtR ∅

/ODPDUHPRV6XFHVRVHJXUR (

$VRFLDGRDWRGRVXFHVR$H[LVWHXQFRQWUDULR$

( ^` $ ^` $¶ ^`

'DGRV GRV VXFHVRV $ \ % GLUHPRV TXH VRQ LQFRPSDWLEOHV VL QR WLHQHQ HOHPHQWRV FRPXQHV
$ ∩ % = ∅

9DPRVDDVRFLDUDWRGRVXFHVRXQQXPHURTXHQRVGHLQIRUPDFLyQDFHUFDGHVXYHURVLPLOLWXG

8QD SUREDELOLGDGVHUDXQDUHJODTXHDVLJQHDFDGDVXFHVRXQQXPHURFXPSOLHQGRODVVLJXLHQWHV
FRQGLFLRQHV

 $ =  → $ = ∅
ž  ≤ 3  $ ≤ 
 % =  → $ = (

ž 3  $ ∪ % = 3  $ + 3  % − 3  $ ∩ %

ž 3  $ ′ =  − 3  $


 $6,*1$&,Ï1'(352%$%,/,'$'(6

5(*/$'(/$3/$&(

&XDQGR ORVVXFHVRVHOHPHQWDOHVWLHQHQODPLVPDSUREDELOLGDGH[SHULHQFLDVDOD]DUSRGHPRVDSOLFDU

ODUHJODGH/DSODFH

FDVRV IDYRUDEOHV
3 $ =
FDVRV SRVLEOHV

HMHPSOR

( ^` $ ^`

 
3 $ = = 


352%$%,/,'$'&21',&,21$'$

6L OD SUREDELOLGDG HV FRQGLFLRQDGD HV GHFLU VL VH WUDWD GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD DOHDWRULD GH OD FXDO
VDEHPRVTXHXQVXFHVR%KDRFXUULGRHOHVSDFLRPXHVWUDO(VHPRGLILFD

HMHPSOR WLUDPRVXQGDGRFX\DVFDUDVSDUHVVRQEODQFDV\ODVLPSDUHVURMDV1RVGLFHQTXHKDVDOLGR
EODQFD¢TXpSUREDELOLGDGKD\GHTXHVHDXQ"

( ^`SHURFRPRVDEHPRVTXHKDVDOLGREODQFDVDEHPRVTXHVHWUDWDGHXQQ~PHURSDU

SRUORWDQWR( ^`\HQFRQVHFXHQFLD 3 =

/ODPDUHPRVHQWRQFHVSUREDELOLGDGGH$FRQGLFLRQDGDSRU%%KDRFXUULGR

 $ 3 $ ∩ %
3  =
 % 3 %

   3EODQFR 

3 
 EODQFD 3EODQFR 
= = 
=


5HJODGHOSURGXFWR

 $
3 $ ∩ % = 3 % ⋅ 3 
 %

'LUHPRVTXHGRVVXFHVRV$\%VRQLQGHSHQGLHQWHVVLVHFXPSOHTXH

3 $ ∩ % = 3 $ ⋅ 3(%)
(VGHFLUTXHHOKHFKRGHTXHRFXUUD%QRPRGLILFDODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHRFXUUD$


 HMHUFLFLRVDFDPRVXQDFDUWDGHXQDEDUDMDGH(VWXGLDUVLVDFDU XQDV \VDFDU XQDHVSDGD VRQ
VXFHVRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHV


3DV = 3DV GH HVSDGDV = 3DV ⋅ 3HVSDGD

   
3HVSDGD =
   
= ⋅

  
3DVGHHVSDGD
V =
  
=

HMHUFLFLRFDUWDGHTXHVHDUH\RHVSDGD

3 $ ∪ % = 3 $ + 3 % − 3 $ ∩ %
       
3 $ ∪ % = 3  + 3  − 3  =
      

EE'HXQDFDMDTXHFRQWLHQHERODVURMDVEODQFDV\D]XOHVH[WUDHPRVXQDERODDOD]DU
FDOFXODUODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHODERODH[WUDtGDQRVHDD]XO

 
    
  
= = 
   
=

 
 

6HODQ]DQGRVGDGRVFXDOHVODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHODVXPDGHORVSXQWRVREWHQLGRVVHD


3=


 8QDHQFLFORSHGLDFRQVWDGHWRPRVHOSULPHURGHORVFXDOHVHVPDWHPiWLFDVODSUREDELOLGDG
GHTXHDOHOHJLUWRPRVDOD]DUUHVXOWHHOHJLGRHOWRPRGHPDWHPiWLFDVHV

Qž FDVRV IDYRUDEOHV &

3= = 
Qž FDVRV SRVLEOHV &
=

6HHOLJHDOD]DUXQQ~PHURQDWXUDOGHWUHVFLIUDVODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHDFDEHHQHV

 ⋅  ⋅ 
3= = 
 ⋅  ⋅ 


  6HH[WUDHXQDFDUWDGHXQDEDUDMDHVSDxRODODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHVHDXQDILJXUD\XQDFRSDHV


3= = 


6HODQ]DQGRVGDGRVODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHFDGDGDGRVHDQGLVWLQWRVHV

 
3=
 
=

8QDXUQDFRQWLHQHERODVURMDVERODVEODQFDV\QHJUDVVHH[WUDHQVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHGRV
ERODVGHODXUQDODSUREDELOLGDG3GHTXHVHDQQHJUDVYHULILFD

&   
3Q = = = 
&  
=


 7(0$6,67(0$'((&8$&,21(6/,1($/(6
IHFKD

[ −  \ + ] =  
[ + \ − ] =  


[ +  \ + ] = 


6,67(0$6'((&8$&,21(6

&203$7,%/('(7(50,1$'2 81$62/8&,Ï1

&203$7,%/(,1'(7(50,1$'2 ,1),1,7$662/8&,21(6

,1&203$7,%/( 127,(1(62/8&,Ï1

$VRFLDGRDWRGRVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVKD\GRVSURFHVRV

',6&87,5 (/6,67(0$ GHFLUVLVHWUDWDGHXQVLVWHPDFRPSDWLEOHGHWHUPLQDGRRLQGHWHUPLQDGR

RVLHVLQFRPSDWLEOH

5(62/9(5(/6,67(0$HQFRQWUDUODVVROXFLRQHVVLODVWXYLHVH

'RVVLVWHPDVGHHFXDFLRQHVVRQHTXLYDOHQWHVFXDQGRWLHQHQODVPLVPDVVROXFLRQHV
(OREMHWLYRVHUiSDVDUGHXQVLVWHPDDRWURHTXLYDOHQWHTXHVHDGHUHVROXFLyQPDVVHQFLOOD

3DUDSDVDUGHXQVLVWHPDDRWURHTXLYDOHQWHSRGHPRVXWLOL]DUWUHVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV

ž,QWHUFDPELDUHORUGHQGHODVHFXDFLRQHV
ž0XOWLSOLFDUXQDHFXDFLyQSRUXQQXPHURHQWHURGLVWLQWRGH
ž6XPDUDXQDHFXDFLyQXQP~OWLSORGHRWUD

0e72'2'(*$866

(VWDEDVDGRHQODDSOLFDFLyQGHODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHOHPHQWDOHV
6H WUDWD GH FRQVHJXLU TXH SRU GHEDMR GH OD GLDJRQDO ORV FRHILFLHQWHV VHDQ LJXDO D  3DUD HOOR
WHQGUHPRVTXHFRQVHJXLUTXHVHDQHOFRQWUDULRGHOSLYRWHFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHHQFDGDFDVR

[ + \ − ] =  
[ − \ + ] = 


− [ + \ − ] = − 

  −      −     −   [ +  \ − ] =  ]=
  −     =  −    =  −    − \ + ] =   \=
      
−   −  −    −     −   − ] =  
 [ =
     


&/$6,),&$&,Ï1

$SOLFDQGRHOPpWRGRGH*DXVVVLHPSUHOOHJDUHPRVDXQDGHORVVLJXLHQWHVWLSRV

2 * * * &203$7,%/('(7(50,1$'262/8&,Ï1Ò1,&$
) 2 * *
) ) 2 *

2 * * * &203$7,%/(,1'(7(50,1$'2,1),1,7$662/8&,21(6
) 2 * *
) ) ) )

2 * * * ,1&203$7,%/(12+$<62/8&,Ï1
) 2 * *
) ) ) 2

/(<(1'$

2 &XDOTXLHUQ~PHURHQWHURH[FHSWRHO
) (OQ~PHUR
* &XDOTXLHUQ~PHURHQWHUR

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ −  \ + ] = −
[ − \ − ] =  


[ + \ + ] =  

 −   −   −   −   −   −    −   − 
 −  −    =   −   =   −    =   −  
                 
       
  −   −   −

[ −  \ + ] = − [ = 
\ − ] =   \ = 


] = −  ] = −


6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR


E'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ +  \ + ] = 
[ − \ + ] =  


[ + \ − ] =  
     −     −      −   
 −    =     =   −  −  =   −  − 
   
  −     −     −  −      
  


[=


\=


]=

6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ +  \ + ] =  
[ − \ − ] =  


[ + \ + ] = 
            
 −  −   =  −  −  −  =  −  −  − 
     −  −  −     − 
     

6LVWHPD,QFRPSDWLEOH

[ +  \ − ] = 
[ − \ + ] = −


[ + \ + ] =  
  −      −      −   [ +  \ − ] =  [ = 
 −   −  =  −   −  =  −   −  − \ + ] = −  \ = 

      −   −    −    − ] =   ]=
    


6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ − \ + [ =  
[ + \ − ] =  


[ −  \ − ] = −


 −      −      −   
  −    =   −  −  =   −  − 
 −  −  −   −  −  −     
     

[ − \ + ] =  ] = 


\ − ] = −  \ = 


] =   [ = 


6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR [  + ] ≤ 

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ + \ + ] =  
[ −  \ + ] =  


− [ −  \ + ] = −

       −      −      −   
  −     = −  −   −  =  −   −  =   −  
−  −   −          −       
       

[ = 
\=
] = 

6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR \ + ] =


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ + \ −  \ = 
[ − \ + ] =  


[ − \ + ] =  
  −     −     −    [ = 
 −    =  −    =   −  −  \ = 

 −     −        ] = 
     
 


6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR \ + ] = 


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ + \ − ] = 
[ +  \ − ] =  


[ +  \ − ] = 

  −     −     −  
  −   =     =   −  
  −    −  −      
  

6LVWHPD,QFRPSDWLEOH

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ + \ + ] =  
[− \−]= 


[ − \ − ] = 

     −  −    −  −    −  −   
 −  −   =     =     =     
 −  −    −  −          − 
  

[=
\ = 
] = −

6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR ≤ [ ≤   ≤ \ ≤  − ≤ ] ≤ 

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ − \ − ] =  
[ + \ + ] =  


− [ +  \ − ] = 

  −  −   −   −   −   −    −   −   
    =   −  −   =    −   =    −   
     
−   −           −       − 


[=
\=
] = −

6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR [  =   ≤ \ ≤  − ≤ ] ≤ 


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ − \ + ] =  
[ + \ − ] = 


[ − \ + ] = 

 −      −     −     −   
  −   =  −    =  −    =   −  − 
 −     −     −       
    

[ = 


\ = 


] = 


6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ + \+]= 
\−]=


[ + \ + ] = 

            ] = ]
  −   =   −   =   −   \ = ]
      −       [ + ] + ] =  → [ = −]
     

6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH,QGHWHUPLQDGR

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

−  [ +  \ − ] = 
[ − \ +  ] =  


−   −   −   −  
  −    =      
   

6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR7LHQHVROXFLyQ~QLFD


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[− \−]= 
[ + \ − ] =  


[ +  \ − ] = 

 −  −    −  −    −  −   [=
  −   =   −   =   −   \=
  −     −     −   ]=
     

6LVWHPD+RPRJpQHRVLHPSUHWLHQHXQDVROXFLyQ

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ + \ + ] = 
\ − ] = 


[ − \ + ] = −

             
  −    =   −    =   −  
 −   −   −   −     
     

6LVWHPD&RPSDWLEOH,QGHWHUPLQDGR&RQVROXFLyQ
λ
[=

+λ
\=

]=λ

([DPHQWLSR+0D\RPDxDQD'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ +  \ + ] =  
− [ +  \ + ] = 


[ +  \ + ] =  
            
−     =     =    
      −      −  
  

6LVWHPD+RPRJpQHRVLHPSUHWLHQHXQDVROXFLyQ [  = \ = ] = 


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ + α\ + ] =  
−[+ \−]= 


− [ + \ − ] = 

 α    −   −    −  −    −  −   
−   −   = −   −   = −  −    =  
         =
−   −     α      α     α +  


−  −  
    
   α −  − 


(OVLVWHPDHV&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGRSDUDα =  

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

N[ + \ + ] =  
[− \−]= 


[ − \ − ] = 

N     −  −    −  −    −  −   
 −  −   = −  −    =      =  
     
 −  −      N     N +      N −  − 
    


3DUD N = (OVLVWHPDHV&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

N[ + \ − ] =  
[ +  \ + ] = 


[ + \ − ] = 
N  −    −  N         
    =     =  −    =     =
  −    −     −  N   −  N −  
      

   
    
  N −  


3DUDN (OVLVWHPDHV&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGR


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[+ \+]= 
[ +  \ − ] =  


− [ + \ + D] = 

              
   −   =   −  −  −  =   −  −  − 
     
 −   D     D +       D −   

3DUDD (OVLVWHPDHV&RPSDWLEOH,QGHWHUPLQDGR

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

D[ − \ + ] = 
[ − \ = 


D[ + \ − ] =  

D −     −   D  −   D 
 −    = −     =   −  − D +  −  =
D  −     −  D     D  
     

−   D 
  −  − D +  − 
   D  
 


3DUD D = − \D HVFRPSDWLEOH


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ − \ + ] = 
α[ − \ + ] =  


[ + \ − ] = 

  −       −     −     −   
α −    =   −    = −     =  −    =
   −   α −     −   α    α +  
      

 −   
 −    
  α +  


(OVLVWHPDHV&RPSDWLEOH'HWHUPLQDGRSDUDα ≠ −


'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

− [ + \ + ] = 
[ + α\ − ] =  


[ + \ − ] =   
−     −     −       −   
  α −   =    −   =   −    = −     =
   −     α −     −  α    −  α 
       

 −   
   
  α −  


(OVLVWHPDHVLQFRPSDWLEOHSDUDα = 

'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ +  \ − ] =  
[ + \ − D] = 


[ + \ =  

  −     −     −     −  
  − D  =     =  −    =  − 
   
      − D     − D     − D 
    

3DUDD (OVLVWHPDHV&RPSDWLEOH,QGHWHUPLQDGR

([DPHQ7LSR(0D\RPDxDQD'LVFXWLU\UHVROYHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHV

[ + \+]= 
[ − \+]= 


[ − \ − D] = 

           
 −    =  −    =  −   
 −  − D   −  −  − D    −  − D 
  

3DUD D =   [  = \ = ] =  HVOD~QLFDVROXFLyQ


 7(0$0$75,&(6<'(7(50,1$17(6 IHFKD
/ODPDUHPRVPDWUL]GHRUGHQRGLPHQVLyQ P ⋅ Q DWRGRFRQMXQWRGH P ⋅ Q Q~PHURVGLVWULEXLGRVHQ
P ILODV\Q FROXPQDV

   
$=  0DWUL]GHRUGHQ  ⋅ 
  − 


  
%= 0DWUL]GHRUGHQ
 − 


&XDQGRHOQ~PHURGHILODVHVLJXDODOQ~PHURGHFROXPQDVODPDWUL]VHOODPDFXDGUDGD
3DUDVHxDODUORVHOHPHQWRVGHQWURGHOD PDWUL]FDGDXQRGHHOORVVHDFRPSDxDFRQGRVQ~PHURVR
VXEtQGLFHVLQGLFDQGRHOSULPHURODILOD\HOVHJXQGRODFROXPQD

   D =  D = 
$= 
−   D = − D = 


6LXQDPDWUL]HVFXDGUDGDORV D  D  HWFIRUPDQODGLDJRQDOSULQFLSDO

'DGDXQDPDWUL]

    − 
$=  $W = 
−     
 

/ODPDUHPRVPDWUL]WUDVSXHVWD DODPDWUL]REWHQLGDDOFDPELDUILODVSRUFROXPQDV

/ODPDUHPRV PDWUL] QXOD GHXQRUGHQGDGRDODPDWUL]FX\RVHOHPHQWRVVRQWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRV

FHUR

 
= 
 


8QD PDWUL] FXDGUDGD OD OODPDUHPRVPDWUL] XQLGDG FXDQGR WLHQH ORV HOHPHQWRV GH OD GLDJRQDO
SULQFLSDOWRGRVORVGHPiVFHUR

 
, = 
 


'RV PDWULFHV GHO PLVPR RUGHQ VRQ LJXDOHV FXDQGR ORV HOHPHQWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D OD PLVPD
SRVLFLyQVRQLJXDOHV

D     D= = 
  =  [  
    =  [  =  → [ = ±


 23(5$&,21(6&210$75,&(6

680$

'DGDV GRVPDWULFHVGHOPLVPRRUGHQOODPDUHPRVPDWUL]VXPDDODREWHQLGDVXPDQGRWpUPLQRD
WpUPLQR HVWDVXPDGHPDWULFHVWLHQHODVSURSLHGDGHVGHXQDVXPDGHQ~PHURVDVRFLDWLYDFRQPXWDWLYDQXOD
RSXHVWD

          
  −  +    =   − 
     

08/7,3/,&$&,Ï1

ž352'8&72'(811Ò0(5232581$0$75,=

3DUD PXOWLSOLFDUXQQ~PHURUHDOSRUXQDPDWUL]PXOWLSOLFDPRVGLFKRQ~PHURSRUFDGDHOHPHQWRGH
ODPDWUL](VWDRSHUDFLyQWLHQHXQDVHULHGHSURSLHGDGHVSiJ

ž352'8&72'(0$75,&(6

'DGDV GRVPDWULFHV$\%LQLFLDOPHQWHSRGHPRVPXOWLSOLFDUODVVLFROXPQDVGH$HVLJXDODILODVGH
%6LVHFXPSOHODFRQGLFLyQDQWHULRU&ROXPQDV)LODV&2),YHPRVFRPRVHREWLHQHHOSURGXFWR

     
      
$ =    %= $⋅ % = 
   %⋅ $ = 
−  
 
 −   

−  −  

 −  
 

(O SURGXFWRGHPDWULFHVWLHQHODVSURSLHGDGHVKDELWXDOHVGHXQSURGXFWRH[FHSWRODFRQPXWDWLYDHQ
JHQHUDO $ ⋅ % HVGLVWLQWRGH % ⋅ $ 

−   
  −  −  −  
$=  % =     $ ⋅ % = 
    −   
 
   
 

327(1&,$6'(81$0$75,=

/ODPDUHPRVSRWHQFLDVGHXQDPDWUL]FXDGUDGD

$
$ = $ ⋅ $
$ = $ ⋅ $


 (OSURGXFWRGHODVPDWULFHV$\%\HOHVWXGLRGHVXUDQJRQRVSHUPLWHQDILUPDU

     
   
$ =    %=  $⋅ % = 
  
−   

−   −  −  
  

'DGDVODVVLJXLHQWHVPDWULFHV

       
$=  %=  '=
      − 
  

      
D  $ + ' = 
   −     
+ = 

  
E $ ⋅ % = 
  


     −   
F $ − '  =  − 
       − 
  =

5$1*2'(81$0$75,=

/ODPDPRV5DQJRGHXQD0DWUL]DOPHQRUQ~PHURGHILODVRFROXPQDVLQGHSHQGLHQWHV

  
  
$=   $ 5DQJR % =    % 5DQJR
     
 

6H SXHGHGHPRVWUDUTXHXQDPDWUL]\VXWUDVSXHVWDWLHQHQHOPLVPRUDQJRSRUORWDQWRDODKRUDGH
FDOFXODUHOUDQJRGHXQDPDWUL]SRGUHPRVSDVDUVLQRVLQWHUHVDGHXQDPDWUL]DVXWUDVSXHVWD

'HWHUPLQDUHOUDQJRGHODVLJXLHQWHPDWUL]

          
$ =    =   −  =   −  5DQJR
     −     
     

&DOFXODUHO5DQJRGHODVLJXLHQWHPDWUL]
           
$ =   −     =  −  −   −  −  5DQJR
          −  − 
   


 &DOFXODUHO5DQJRGHODVLJXLHQWHPDWUL]

             
$ =   −   =  −  −   =  −  −  
     5DQJR
   −     −     
     
 

&DOFXODUHO5DQJRGHODVLJXLHQWHPDWUL]

         
$ =    =  −  −  =  −  − 
     5DQJR
    −  −     
     

'(7(50,1$17(6 IHFKD

8Q GHWHUPLQDQWHVHUiXQQ~PHURTXHVHDVLJQDDWRGDPDWUL]FXDGUDGDQRVGDLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHHO
UDQJRGHODPDWUL]ODGHSHQGHQFLDRLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHILODV\RFROXPQDV

'(7(50,1$17(6'(25'(1

D D  D D

$ =   $= = D ⋅ D − D ⋅ D
D D  D D

   
$= = − %= = −
 −  

'(7(50,1$17(6'(25'(1

D D D 

$ = D D D 
D D D 
 

5HJODGH6DUUXV

D D D

$ = D D D = D ⋅ D ⋅ D + D ⋅ D ⋅ D + D ⋅ D ⋅ D − D ⋅ D ⋅ D
D D D
− D  ⋅ D  ⋅ D − D  ⋅ D ⋅ D 


&DOFXODUHOVLJXLHQWHGHWHUPLQDQWH

  −
$=    = − −  +  −  −  +  = −
−   −

&&DOFXODUHOVLJXLHQWHGHWHUPLQDQWH

  
$ = −    = − +  −  −  = −
  

&&DOFXODUHOVLJXLHQWHGHWHUPLQDQWH

  
$ = −    =  −  −  +  = −
  


 7(0$*(20(75Ë$ IHFKD
0(','$6'(È1*8/26

8Q iQJXORVHSXHGHPHGLUGHGRVPDQHUDVHQJUDGRVVH[DJHVLPDOHV\UDGLDQHV(QODPHGLGDGH
JUDGRVVH[DJHVLPDOHVDVLJQDPRVDXQDFLUFXQIHUHQFLDFRPSOHWDžFDGDJUDGRWLHQH\FDGDPLQXWR
/D PHGLGDHQUDGLDQHVSDUWHGHODGHILQLFLyQGHUDGLDQGLUHPRVTXHXQiQJXORPLGHXQUDGLDQFXDQGRVXDUFR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHHVLJXDODUDGLR

O O 5 ŒUDG
UDG
5

,QWHUHVD VDEHUSDVDUGHODPHGLGDHQJUDGRVDODPHGLGDHQUDGLDQHV3DUDHOORWHQGUHPRVHQFXHQWD
TXH
ŒUDG â ž
π UDG

â ž
ŒUDG â ž

π â ž

&DOFXODUODPHGLGDHQJUDGRVGH
π UDG

ŒUDG â ž
π UDG
â [

⋅ ž

= ž
π

&DOFXODUODPHGLGDHQUDGLDQHVGHž

ž ⠌UDG
ž â [

ž π
[=  π UDG
= 
ž

7(25(0$'(3,7È*25$6

(OFXDGUDGRGHODKLSRWHQXVDHVLJXDODODVXPDGHORVFXDGUDGRVGHORVFDWHWRV
D = E + F

E D


 7(0$75,*2120(75Ë$ IHFKD

5$=21(675,*2120e75,&$6'(È1*8/26$*8'26

E 
VHQα FRVHFα =
D VHQ
F 
FRV α VHF α = D E
D FRV
VHQα E FRVα F 
WJα FRW Jα =
FRV α F VHQα E WJ
= = =

ž F

E F  E + F  D 
VHQ α + FRV  α = =  =
D D D D
+ =

VHQ  α + FRV  α = 

5$=21(675,*2120e75,&$6'(žžž

ž = UDG ž = UDG ž = UDG

π π π
  
 
 VHQž = VHQž =
VHQž =  

 
 FRVž = FRVž =
FRV ž =  

 WJž = 
WJ ž =  WJž =
 
FRW J ž =  FRW Jž =
FRW Jž =  

ž


  


 ž 



  8QWULiQJXORUHFWiQJXORWLHQHGRVFDWHWRVFRQODPLVPDORQJLWXG\VXKLSRWHQXVDPLGHPHWURV
FXDQWRPLGHQORVFDWHWRV

 = [  + [ 
  = [ 
[= 

 6HVDEHTXHODDOWXUDGHXQDWRUUHGHWHQGLGRHOpFWULFRHVGHP\FRQD\XGDGHXQWHRGROLWR
KHPRV PHGLGRHOiQJXOR. TXHIRUPDODYLVXDODOYpUWLFHVXSHULRUGHODWRUUHFRQHOVXHORUHVXOWDQGRTXH.
UDGLDQHV&DOFXODUODGLVWDQFLDDODWRUUH

. 


WJα = → [WJα = 
[

[= = 
WJ

 +DOODUODGLVWDQFLDGHOEDUFRDOIDURGHODILJXUDFRQRFLHQGRODDOWXUDGHOIDUR\ODPHGLGDGHO
iQJXORGHWDOILJXUD


WJα = → [WJα = 
[

[=  P
= 
WJž


. ž

 (QXQWULiQJXORUHFWiQJXOR$%&VHVDEHTXHORVFDWHWRVE \F PLGHQ\FP5HVSHFWLYDPHQWH

&DOFXODUHOVHQ\ODWJ

D =  +  = 
 D E
VHQβ =


WJβ  F



  (OYDORUGHODWJGHFDGDXQRGHORViQJXORVGHXQWULiQJXORTXHWLHQHORVWUHVODGRVLJXDOHVHV

 

 =   + [

 
 
[= WJž = 
=   

  



[=




 (QODILJXUDVLJXLHQWHFRQRFLHQGRTXHHOUDGLRGHODFLUFXQIHUHQFLDHV\TXHHOVHQRGHOiQJXOR
. YDOH    VHSXHGHDILUPDUTXHHOVHJPHQWR34 PLGH

 
VHQα = 4


  
FRV α =  − 


  


2 . 3
 
FRV  α =  −
 
=


FRVα =


  [  
 
WJα = 
WJα = →[ =
  
=




6HD. XQiQJXORWDOTXH FRV α = +DOODUVHQ.WJ.FRWJ.

     

VHQ α +   =  → VHQ α =  − → VHQ α =

→ VHQα =
    

 
 
WJα = 
→ WJα = = 




FRW Jα =



&DOFXODUODDOWXUDGHODPRQWDxDGHODILJXUDFRQORVGDWRVTXHDSDUHFHQ

K K
WJž = WJž =
 + [ [

 + [  ⋅ WJ ž = [ ⋅ WJ ž
 +  [ = [
[ =  

ž ž
P

π
6LSDUDHOiQJXOR α = VHVXSRQHTXH VHQ α = D  HQWRQFHV


FRV α + D    =  D
WJα = −
FRVα = −  − D   − D

)Ï508/$63$5$(/6(12<(/&26(12
'(/$680$<',)(5(1&,$'(È1*8/26 

VHQ(α + β ) = VHQα FRV β + FRVαVHQβ

VHQ(α − β ) = VHQα FRV β − FRVαVHQβ
FRV(α + β ) = FRVα FRV β − VHQαVHQβ
VHQ(α − β ) = FRVα FRV β + VHQαVHQβ


 7(0$,1752*(20(75Ë$$1$/Ë7,&$
IHFKD

/D XWLOLGDGGHXQVLVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDVQRVSHUPLWHDVLJQDUDFDGDSXQWRGHOSODQRGRVQ~PHURV
OODPDGRVDEVFLVD\RUGHQDGDGHXQSXQWR3[\

\ RUGHQDGDV

ž&XDGUDQWH ž&XDGUDQWH

2 RULJHQ
[ DEVFLVDV

ž&XDGUDQWH ž&XDGUDQWH

5$=21(675,*2120e75,&$6'(&8$/48,(5È1*8/2

'DGR XQiQJXORFXDOTXLHUD. OROOHYDUHPRVVREUHODFLUFXQIHUHQFLDGHU FRQORFXDOFRUWDUiDOD

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HVHOVHQR

U 

6HQ

[
&RV


 6,*12'(/$65$=21(675,*2120e75,&$6

&XDGUDQWH 6HQ. &RV. 7J.

ž   
ž   
ž   
ž   

−
HMHPSOR 'HXQiQJXOR. VDEHPRVTXHHO FRV α = \TXH .  π  FDOFXODUODVGHPiVUD]RQHV
π
 
WULJRQRPpWULFDV

 − 

VHQ α + 

 =
  
−  − 
WJα 
   
−
= =
VHQα =  − 
  −
=
FRW Jα =
 
VHQα =



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 i 111 ⋅ (1 − i 15 )
40.2 La parte imaginaria del número complejo es:
(3 + 2i ) ⋅ i 37
i 111 ⋅ (1 − i 15 ) − i (1 − ( −i )) − i − i 2 1− i
= = = =
(3 + 2i ) ⋅ i 37
(3 + 2i ) ⋅ i 3i + 2i 2
− 2 + 3i
(1 − i ) ⋅ ( −2 − 3i ) − 2 − 3i + 2i + 3i 2 − 5 − i − 5 − i
= = = =
( −2 + 3i ) ⋅ ( −2 − 3i ) − 2 2 − (32 ⋅ i 2 ) 4+9 13

(3 + 2i ) ⋅ i 33
37.9 La parte imaginaria del número complejo 115 es:
i ⋅ (1 − i 11 )
(3 + 2i ) ⋅ i 33 (3 + 2i ) ⋅ i 3i + 2i 2 ( −2 + 3i ) ⋅ (1 + i ) − 2 − 2i + 3i + 3i 2 − 5 + i
= = = = =
i 115 ⋅ (1 − i 11 ) − i ⋅ (1 − ( −i )) − i − i 2 (1 − i ) ⋅ (1 + i ) 12 − i 2 2

i 298
34.7 El valor de 481 es:
i − i 275

i 298 −1 − 1 ( −1) ⋅ ( −2i ) 2i 2i 2i i

= = = = = = =
i −i
481 275
i − ( −i ) 2i (2i ) ⋅ ( −2i ) − (2 ⋅ i ) − (4 ⋅ ( −1)) 4 2
2 2

4 + 2ai
21.10 Determinar a para que el cociente z =
3a + i
4 + 2ai (4 + 2ai ) ⋅ (3a − i ) 12a − 4i + 6a 2 i − 2ai 2 14a − 4i + 6a 2 i
= = =
3a + i (3a + i ) ⋅ (3a − i ) 32 a 2 − i 2 9a 2 + 1

− 4i + 6a 2 i = 0
4i
a=
6i
2
a=±
3
2 − xi
5.1 Dado el número complejo z = calcular x para que su parte real sea 0 y dar el valor de
2 + xi
z.
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= = =
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4 − x2
=0 4 − x 2 = 0 → x = ±2
4 + x2
− 8i
x = 2→ z = = −i
8
8i
x = −2 → z = = i
8

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(  
)
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( )


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= OLP =
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HMHPSOR
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Q Q+ − − Q

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     
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 
∞

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=

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 Q +

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

 Q + Q−   Q−   Q −Q−

OLP Q+   − OLP 
H =H =H = H
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  Q− 
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HV
Q
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=H
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Q→∞

 Q  −  
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 Q  −    Q −  

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 TEMA 20 FUNCIONES
Llamaremos función a toda regla que asigna a cada elemento de un conjunto A llamado DOMINIO
un elemento de otro conjunto B al que llamaremos RECORRIDO.

f
ejemplo: ú → ú
x ÿ x2

1 ÿ 1
2 ÿ 4
3 ÿ 9

En la práctica representamos los elementos del dominio por la letra x, llamada variable
independiente y los elementos de recorrido por la letra y llamada variable dependiente.
Así como componemos aplicaciones, también podemos componer funciones.

COMPOSICIÓN DE FUNCIONES

g D f ( x ) = g ( f ( x ))
f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = x + 1
( g D f )( x ) = g ( x 2 ) = x 2 + 1
( f D g )( x ) = f ( x + 1) = x 2 + 2 x + 1

La composición de funciones no es conmutativa.

36.4 Sean f : ú ÿ ú y g: ú ÿ ú dos aplicaciones definidas por f ( x ) = 2 x − 1 y

2

g ( x ) = 3x − 2 , entonces:
f ( g ( x )) = f (3x − 2) = 2(3x − 2) 2 − 1 = 2(9 x 2 − 12 x + 4) − 1 = 18 x 2 − 24 x + 7
g ( f ( x )) = g (18 x 2 − 24 x + 7) = 3(18 x 2 − 24 x + 7) − 2 = 54 x 2 − 72 x + 19

x 1
28.5 Dadas las funciones g ( x ) = para x ≠ − 1 y f ( x ) = 2 para x ≠ 0 , entonces:
x+1 x
1 1
x2
⎛ 1⎞ x2 x2 x2 x2 1
g D f ( x) = g⎜ 2 ⎟ = = = = =
⎝x ⎠ 1 1+ x2 x4 + x2 x4
2 +
x2
1+ x2
+1 x x 2

x2 x2

-76-
 25.5 Dadas las funciones reales de variable real f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 y g ( x ) = 3x + 5 se tiene que:

f D g ( x ) = f (3x + 5) = (3x + 5) 2 + 1 = 9 x 2 + 30 x + 25 + 1 = 9 x 2 + 30 x + 26

24.7 Dadas las funciones reales de variable real f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 y g ( x ) = 3x − 2 se tiene que:

f D g ( x ) = f (3x − 2) = (3x − 2) 2 + 1 = 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4 + 1 = 9 x 2 − 12 x + 5

x
19.3 Dadas las funciones f ( x ) = para x ≠ − 1 y g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x . Cual de las siguientes
x+1
afirmaciones es correcta.

⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 2x ⎞
2
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
2

g D f ( x) = g⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ x + 1⎠ ⎝ x + 1⎠ ⎝ x + 1⎠ ⎝ ( x + 1) 2 ⎠ ⎝ x + 1⎠
x 2 + 2x 2 + 2x 3x 2 + 2 x
= =
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2

-77-
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[  −
[ VL [

ž I  −  = 
OLP I  [  = OLP I  [ +  =  
ž  1RWLHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 
[ →−− [ →− 
OLP+ I  [  = OLP I  [[ −−  = 
[ = − 
[ →− [ →− 

ž I  = 

OLP I  [ = OLP I  [[ −−  = 

[ = 
ž  7LHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 
[ →− [ →

OLP I  [ = OLP I [ = 
[ →+ [ → 

(VFRQWLQXDHQF 

[ − 
[
[ − 

[+


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 VL[
 + [ VL[ 
 [ −
I  [ VL[
[  −
[ VL [

ž I  −  = 
OLP I  [  = OLP I  + [  =  
ž  1RWLHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 
[ →−− [ →− 
OLP+ I  [  = OLP I  [[ −−  = 
[ = − 
[ →− [ →− 

ž I  = 

OLP− I  [  = OLP I  [[ −−  = 

[ = 
ž  7LHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 
[ → [ →

OLP I  [  = OLP I [  = 
[ →+ [ → 

(VGLVFRQWLQXDHQ[ 

[ − 
[
[ − 

  + [


+DOODUHOYDORUGH&SDUDTXHODVLJXLHQWHIXQFLyQVHDFRQWLQXDHQ

[ − 
VL [ ≠ 
[ − 
I [ =
& VL [ = 

[ − 
F = I  = OLP I  [  = OLP 
[ → [ → [ − 

KDOODPRVHOOtPLWHSRU/K{SLWDO
[ −  [ 
OLP I  [  = OLP 
[ → [ −  [  =

=
[ →


&WLHQHTXHYDOHUHO OLP =



(VWXGLDUODFRQWLQXLGDGGHODIXQFLyQGHÜ HQÜ GHILQLGDSRU

[  + [ VL[
[
I[  VL [ 

[
VL[!
[−

ž I    = 

OLP− I  [ = OLP I  [  + [ = 
[ → [ →
ž  7LHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 
 [

OLP I  [ = OLP I   = 
 

[ → + [ →


ž I   = 

 [
OLP− I  [ = OLP I   = 

[ → [ →   
ž  1RWLHQHOtPLWH

 [ 
OLP I  [ = OLP I   = 
[ → + [ →  [ −  

[  + [

[ [
 [−


'HWHUPLQDUSDUDTXHYDORUHVODVLJXLHQWHIXQFLyQHVFRQWLQXD

 [ + α [ VL [≤


I  [ = 
α − [  VL [>

ž I   =  + α

OLP− I  [  = OLP I  [  + α[  =  + α 
ž [ → [ → 
OLP+ I  [  = OLP I α − [  = α −  
 
[ → [ → 

 + α = α − 
α = −

3DUDTXHYDORUGHD HVFRQWLQXDODVLJXLHQWHIXQFLyQ

[ +D VL[ 
I[ 
[  − D[ +  VL[!

OLP I  [  = OLP I  [ + D  =  + D 
[ →− [ → 
OLP+ I  [  = OLP I  [ − D[ +  =  − D + 
 
[ → [ → 

+ D =− D + 
D = 

D=



 7(25(0$'(%2/=$12

6HD I XQDIXQFLyQFRQWLQXDHQXQLQWHUYDORv DE}\HOVLJQRGHOD I  D  ≠ VLJQR I  E 

D E

(QWRQFHV([LVWHDOJ~Q.D. EWDOTXH I  [  =  
I α  =  HTXLYDOHDTXH. HVXQDUDt]GH I  [  =  

HMHPSOR

3UREDUTXHODHFXDFLyQ [  −  [  +  =  WLHQHXQDVROXFLyQFRPSUHQGLGDHQWUH\

I[ HVFRQWLQXDv } 3RU%RO]DQRH[LVWH. WDOTXHI[ 

I !

I 


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Ü GHILQLGDSRU

 − [ [ ∈  −∞ 
 [ −  [ + 
  [ ∈ >
I  [ = 
 [ − 

 [−  [ ∈ >  ∞ 

ž I   = − 

OLP I  [  = OLP I  − [ = − 
[ → − [→
ž  7LHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 

OLP+ I  [  = OLP I  [ −[ −[ −  = −


[→ [→ 

ž I    =  [ −
 =

OLP− I  [ = OLP I  [ − [ −

=  [ −
= 


 [ − 
ž  7LHQHOLPLWHHQ[ 
[ → [ → 
OLP I  [ = OLP I  [ −   =  
[ →+ [ →

− [

[−

[  −  [ + 
[ − 

/DIXQFLyQHVFRQWLQ~DHQWRGRÜ


 (;$0(1 7,32+0$<2HMHUFLFLR(VWXGLDUODFRQWLQXLGDGGHODIXQFLyQGHÜ HQÜ GHILQLGD
SRU

  [ ∈ −∞ − 
[+
 [ − [ + 
 
I [ =  
[ −  [ + 
[ ∈ > − 


[ ∈ >+∞ 

 [ − 



ž I −  = =

OLP− I  [ = OLP I  [ +  = 
 = 
ž  1RWLHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 
[ →− [ →− 
OLP+ I  [ = OLP I  [[ −−[[+−  =  [ −
=  


 [ −
[ →− [ →− 

ž I   = [ −  = 

OLP− I  [  = OLP I  [[ −−[[++  =

=   [ −


 [ −
ž  7LHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 
[ → [ → 
OLP+ I  [  = OLP I  [ −   =  
[ → [ →

/DIXQFLyQHVFRQWLQXDHQ [−   ]


[+
[ − 
[ − [ + 


[  −  [ + 


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 [ − [ − 
[ ∈  −∞ − 
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 + +
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[ +[
[ ∈ > − 

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 [ − 


ž I  −  = −


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  7LHQHOtPLWHHQ[ 
=
ž
[ →−  [  + [ +
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( ) = −
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
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ž I  −  = − 

OLP− I  [  = OLP I ( )= [ −
[ + [

 [ + = − 
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OLP I  [ = OLP I  =  
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ž I   = 

OLP I  [  = OLP I  =  
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
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)
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[ − 

[ − [ −  [−
[  + [  +  [ [ + [

/DIXQFLyQHQFRORUD]XOQRHVYLVLEOH\DTXHTXHGDRFXOWDGHWUiVGHODIXQFLyQYHUGH


 TEMA 24 DERIVADAS fecha (25/3/2002)

f ( x) − f (a )
Diremos que una función f(x) es derivada en el punto “a” si existe el límite: lim = .
x→a x−a

f ( x) − f (a)
lim = = f ′( a )
x→a x−a

y = f(x)

f(x) - f(a) ÿ variación de f desde a hasta x

f(a) f(x)

a x-a x

ejemplo: f(x) = constante k siempre vale 0.

f ( x) − f (a) k −k 0
lim = = lim = = lim = =0
x→a x−a x→a x − a x→a x − a

NOTACIÓN:

f ( x) − f (a)
f (a ) = lim =
x→a x−a

f ( a + h) − f ( a )
lim =
x →0 h

h x=a+h

a x

-106-
HMHPSOR I [ = [
I ′ [  =  [

I  [ + K − I  [ I  [ + K  − I  [   [  + K  +  [K − [  K  +  [K
OLP = OLP = OLP = OLP
K→ K K→ K K→  K K→  K
K  [ + K
OLP = [
K→ K

HMHPSOR I [ = [
I ′ [  =  [ 

I  [ + K − I  [ I  [ + K − I  [  [  + K  +  [  K +  [K  − [ 
OLP = OLP = OLP
K K K
=
K→ K→ K→

K  +  [  K +  [K  K K  +  [  +  [K
OLP = OLP = K  +  [  +  [K =  [ 
K→ K K→ K

3RGHPRVGHGXFLU

I  [  = [ Q → I ′ [  = Q[ Q −

HMHPSOR

I  [ = [ = [


  −  −  
I ′ [  = [  = [  =  =
  [   [

&RPSUREDUPHGLDQWHODGHILQLFLyQ I  [  = [

I  [ + K − I  [ ( [+K − [ ⋅ )( [+K + [ ) = OLP [+K−[ 

OLP = OLP
K K⋅ [+K + [ K⋅ [+K + [  [
=
K→ K→ K→
( ) ( )
&RPSUREDUPHGLDQWHODGHILQLFLyQ I  [  = [

I  [ + K − I  [ K
OLP = OLP = 
K→ K K→  K


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$ . IDKID

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(MHPSOR&DOFXODUODHFXDFLyQGHODUHFWDWDQJHQWHDODIXQFLyQ \ = [  HQHOSXQWR[ 

3XQWR

3HQGLHQWH \′ =  [
\ ′  = 

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[− \−
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(I ± J )′ = I ′ ± J ′

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(MHPSOR ([ 
+ [  ) = ( [  )′ + ( [  )′ =  [ +  [ 

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( . ⋅ I )′ = . ⋅ I ′
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ODIXQFLyQ

(MHPSOR  [   ′ =  ⋅  [  =  [ 

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 I ⋅ J ′ = I ′ ⋅ J + I ⋅ J ′

(MHPSOR  H [ ⋅ VHQ[  ′ = H [ ⋅ VHQ[ + H [ ⋅ FRV [

 [  ⋅ FRV [  ′ =  [ ⋅ FRV [ + [  ⋅  − VHQ[  =  [ ⋅ FRV [ − [  VHQ[

ž&2&,(17('(81$'(5,9$'$VHSXHGHGHPRVWUDU IHFKD

 I ′ I ′ ⋅ J − I ⋅ J ′
J J
  =

HMHPSOR

[ + 
I  [ =
VHQ[
 [  ⋅ VHQ[ −  [  +  ⋅ FRV [  [  ⋅ VHQ[ − [  FRV [ − FRV [
I ′ [  =
 VHQ[    VHQ[  
=

[ −
I  [ = 
[ +
 [  [  +  −  [  −  +  [  [  +  [ −  [  +  [ [
I ′ [  =
 [ +   [ +   [ +  
 
=  
= 


 VHQ[
I  [  = WJ[ =
FRV [
FRV [ ⋅ FRV [ − VHQ[ ⋅  − VHQ[  FRV  [ + VHQ  [ 
I ′ [  =
(FRV [ ) FRV [ FRV  [

= 
=

(MHUFLFLRV

ž+DOODUODHFXDFLyQGHODUHFWDWDQJHQWHDODFXUYD \ = [  HQHOSXQWR [ =  

3XQWR
3HQGLHQWH \′ = [
\ ′ =    = 
9HFWRUGLUHFWRU

[ −  \ −
 [ − \ −  = 
 
=

'HULYDU

  
D I  [  =  [  − [ +  → I ′ [  =  [  − [
 
   [
E I  [  = [  = [  → I ′ [  = [ =


 
 [  [    [   [
F I  [  = [ +
 
[ → 
+[ = + [ =


    

+


 I  [  =  VHQ[ FRV [ → I ′ [  =  [FRV [ FRV [ + VHQ[ − VHQ[ ] =
G
FRV  [ − VHQ  [ 
 H[
H I  [  = H ⋅ WJ[ → I ′  [  = H ⋅ WJ[ + H ⋅
[ [ [
= H ⋅ WJ[ +
[
FRV [ FRV [
I

127$&XDQGRQRVHQFRQWUDPRVFRQXQDIXQFLyQGHOWLSRVHQ[HVLJXDOD VHQ[12DVHQ[


 '(5,9$&,Ï1'(/$)81&,Ï1&2038(67$

I  [  = X Q → I ′  [  = Q ⋅ X Q − ⋅ X′

I  [ = 
[  +
  → I ′  [  =  [  +   ⋅ [ = [  [  +  
X


I  [ = X → I ′  [ = ⋅ X′
 X
 [  + 
I  [ = [ + [ → I ′  [  =



⋅ [ +  =


X  [  + [  [  + [
I  [  = H X → I ′  [  = H X ⋅ X′

[   [+
I  [ = H → I ′  [ = H [ ⋅ [ +  =  [ +  ⋅ H [
 +

X

+  [ + 
+  [ +

'(5,9$5

[ −  [   [  +  −  [  − [  [  + [  − [  + [  [ 
 \ = → \′ =
[ +   [  +    [  +    [ +  
= = 

FRV [ − VHQ[ ⋅  VHQ[  − FRV [ ⋅ FRV [ VHQ  [ − FRV  [

\= → \′ =
VHQ[  VHQ[  VHQ  [
= =

−  VHQ  [ + FRV  [  
VHQ [ VHQ  [

=

 [  − 
 \ = [  − [ +  → \ ′ = ⋅ [  −  =
 [  − [ +   [  − [ + 

 \ =  [  +   → \ ′ =   [  +   ⋅  [ =  [  [  +  

 \ = H VHQ[ → \ ′ = H VHQ[ ⋅ FRV [ = FRV [ ⋅ H VHQ[

 \ = H [ + [
→ \′ = H[ + [
⋅  [  +  =  [  +  ⋅ H [ + [
  

 \ = VHQ  [ + FRV  [ =  → \ ′ = 

 [
 \ = 
 [  +  =  [  +   → \ ′ = ⋅  [  +   ⋅ [ =
 −

   [  +  


 (-(5&,&,26'((;$0(1 IHFKD



− [  − + [  −  − [  ⋅  + [ −
I  [  = ORJ → I ′ [  =
+ [ − [  + [   − [  + [  
⋅ 
= ⋅ =

+ [
− − 
 − [  + [   − [ [ −
= 
= 



ORJ [ ⋅ [ − ORJ [ ⋅   − ORJ [
I  [ = → I ′  [ = [
[ [ [
=
− 
⋅ [ −  − ORJ [  [ − [ −  [ +  [ ORJ [ − [ +  [ ORJ [  ORJ [ − 
I ′′  [  = [
[ [ [ [
= = =



  
   ⋅ [ − ( ORJ [ − )[
 ORJ [ −   [ [  − [ ORJ [ +  [  [  − [  ORJ [
I  [ = I  [ 
[ [ [ [
→ ′ = = = =
−  ORJ [
[
=



[  + 
I  [ =
 [ −  [ − 
 [ [  − [ +  − [  + [ −   [  − [  + [ −  [  +  [  − [ + 
I ′  [ =
 [ −    [ −    [ −    [ −  
= =

−  [  + [ + 
 [ −    [ −  
=



   
I  [  = ORJ ORJ [ → I ′  [  = ⋅ ⋅ =
ORJ [  ORJ [ [ [ ORJ [
⋅




 [ +  [ ⋅ H [ + [ 


I  [ = H [  + [ 
+  → I ′  [ = ⋅H [  + [ 
⋅ [ +  [ =


 H [  + [ 
+  H[ + [ 
+




I  [ =  [  ⋅ H − [ → I ′  [ =  [  ⋅ H − [ +  [  ⋅ H − [  ⋅  −  =  −  [  +  [   ⋅ H − [
I ′′  [ =  −  [  +  [ ⋅ H − [ +  −  [  +  [   ⋅ H − [ ⋅  −  =  −  [  +  [ +  [  −  [   ⋅ H − [ =
=  [  −  [  +  [ ⋅ H − [

'

 [
I  [  = [ ORJ [  +  → I ′  [  = ⋅ ORJ [  +  + [ ⋅  [ ORJ [ 

 [  +   [  + 
⋅ = + +



      − 
I  [  = ORJ [  − [  ⋅ FRV → I ′  [ =   ⋅  [ −  ⋅ FRV + ORJ [  − [ − VHQ  ⋅    =
  
[   [ − [   [  [  [ 
[ −      
⋅ FRV + ORJ [  − [  VHQ  ⋅   

 [ − [ 

[ [  [ 
=




 [ +  ⋅ H [ + [


I  [ = H [  + [
+  → I ′  [ = ⋅H [  + [
⋅ [ +  =
 H[ + [
+  H[ + [
+
 



  D ⋅ H D[ +E D
I  [  = ORJ H D[ +E
→ I ′  [ = ⋅H D[ +E
⋅D =
HD[ +E  H D[ +E  ⋅ H D[ +E 
⋅ =



I  [  =  + FRV [   → I ′  [  =  + FRV [   ⋅ [  +  FRV [  ⋅  − VHQ[ ] =

=  + FRV [   ⋅ − VHQ[ ⋅ FRV [  = −  VHQ[ ⋅ FRV [ ⋅  + FRV [  



I  [ = [  −  [ ⋅ DUFWJ  [  −  [  →
 
I ′  [ =   [  DUFWJ  [  [  [ (  [ )  [ 
 
  
  

  +  [ −  [ 
[ ] ( )
  [ − [

⋅ −  ⋅ − + −      ⋅ − =
 
 [  −    [  −  
DUFWJ  [ 
 [  ([ 
 [ )
  +  [  −  [  
=
  [ − [ 
 ⋅ [ − ] + − ⋅  =

  DUFWJ  [  −  [    [ − [  
= [  −  ⋅  
   [  −  [    +  [ −  [   
 +  






I  [ = VHQ ⋅ [ +   →  VHQ  [ 

 

  
⋅ +

 X 
I ′  [ = VHQ ⋅ [ +   ⋅ FRV[ +   ⋅ [ +   ⋅  =
= [ +   ⋅ VHQ ⋅ [ +   ⋅ FRV[ +  



I  [ = DUFWJ [  −  − VHQ [

 
 
I ′  [ =  [ − (⋅ VHQ[ ⋅ FRV[ ⋅ ) =
 
 + [ −  [ 
 ⋅ 
⋅
 ( 
) − 
[ [
− VHQ[ ⋅ FRV[ = − VHQ[ ⋅ FRV[ =
( + [ − ) ⋅  [ −  [ ⋅  [ − 
=
( )

− VHQ[ ⋅ FRV[
[ ⋅ [ − 
=



I  [  = ORJ FRV [  − 
  −  [ ⋅ VHQ [  − 
I ′ [ = ⋅ [ − VHQ [  − ] ⋅  [ = = − [WJ ⋅  [  − 
FRV [  −   FRV [  −  [FRV [  − ]
⋅





I  [ = VHQ ⋅ 
( − [
) → [VHQ⋅ ( − [ )]
 


I ′  [ = VHQ ⋅ (  − [ ) ⋅ FRV(  − [ ) ⋅
 
⋅ − [ = 

 − [ 

− [ ⋅ VHQ ⋅ (  − [ ) ⋅ FRV(  − [ ) − [VHQ ⋅ (  − [ ) ⋅ FRV(

    
 − [ )
 − [ − [
= =



I  [ = WJ  [ → WJ  [ 

 

   + WJ  [ 
I ′  [ = WJ  [   =  WJ  [   [
−

  WJ  [    WJ  [  
⋅ + ⋅ =



I  [ = WJ  −  [
  −
I ′  [ = ⋅  −  =
FRV − [  − [ FRV − [ ⋅  − [
⋅ =
( ) ( )( )
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∫ NIG[ = N ⋅ ∫ IG[

∫  FRV [G[ = ∫ FRV [G[ = VHQ[ + N

7$%/$'(,17(*5$/(6


∫ = [+N ∫H [
=H [ + N ∫ FRV = WJ[ + N

[
[ Q+ D[ 
∫ [ = Q++ N
Q
∫ D = ORJD + N
[
∫ − [
= DUFVHQ[ + N

 
∫ [ = ORJ [ + N ∫ FRV [ = VHQ[ + N ∫  + [  = DUFWJ[ + N
 − VHQ[
∫ = [+N ∫ VHQ[ = − FRV [ + N WJ[ ∫ FRV [ = − ORJFRV [ + N
[
∫ = −


HMHPSOR
[   [  
∫ [ +  [ = ∫ [ + ∫  [ = ∫ [ + ∫ [ =  +  =  [  + [ 
  

6LHPSUHTXHQXPHUDGRUVHDODGHULYDGDGHOGHQRPLQDGRUHVLJXDODOORJ X
X′
= ORJ X
∫ X

5HVROYHUODVVLJXLHQWHVLQWHJUDOHV

[  [ 
D ∫ [ + [ = 
+N
 
+

[ 
E  [  + [ +  = [  + + [ + N
∫ 
[
F [  −  [ +  = − [  + [ + N
∫ 
[
D [  +  [ = + [  + N
∫ 
 [ −  
E ∫  [ −  = +N 

 [  [ 
F ∫  [ −  [ + [ +  = [ −

+ [+N
 
 
+
 

D 
[ [ 
∫[ 
= 

=

+N
 

E 
[ 
[ 

[ = ∫[ 
+N
∫ 

= =



F −
[ 

∫[ 
= 

= [ + N 

 
 −
[ 
[ 
D ∫ 
[
= ∫[ 
=

=

+N


 ⋅

E = ∫ = ORJ [ + N
∫ [ [
[
F ∫  [ −  [ + [ +  = ∫ [ −  = − [+N
 



 [ [
D ∫  [ +  [  [ −  = ∫ [ +  [ − [ −  [ =
 
+[ −

− [  + N
  
 
−  [  [  [ 
E ∫  [ − [ + [ −  =
 
− [+N

  
+ +

[  [ 
F  [  − [  = +N
∫  
−

 [  [ 
D   [  − [ +  = + [ + N
∫  
−

[
E  [ − VHQ[ = + FRV [ + N
∫ 
[
F ∫ [ + FRV [ = + VHQ[ + N

[
D ∫ [ − WJ[ = +  ORJFRV [ + N

E  VHQ[ + H [  = − FRV [ + H [ + N
∫
F ∫ FRV [ − H  = VHQ[ − H + N [ [

D ∫  H − H  = ∫ H − H ⋅  −  = H + H + N
[ −[ [ −[ [ −[

E ∫  H + H  = ∫ H + H ⋅  −  = H − H + N
[ −[ [ −[ [ −[


F ∫ [ −  =  ORJ[ −  + N
 
D ∫ [ +  =  ORJ[ +  + N

E ∫ + [  = DUFWJ[ + N
XP′
  X′  
F ∫ = DUFWJX = DUFWJ  [ = DUFWJ  [ + N
 + N[

 + X
∫ 
 
=
X

[
D ∫  [ − [  = [ − +N  

E H [ + = H [ + + N
∫
F ∫ [ [

D ∫  − [ = − ORJ[ −  + N
[  − [   


E
∫  [ − [ 
 = − ∫ −  [  − [   = −  − [  + N
− −

− [
∫ 
=  
=− 



 FRV [
F ∫ VHQ[ = ORJ VHQ[ + N

D ∫ + [ = ORJ [ + N
H[ + 
E ∫ H [ + [ = ORJH [ + [ 
[ X′ X = [
F = DUFWJX = DUFWJ[ 
+ [
∫ +X ∫

= 
X ′ = [

D ∫ [ −  = ORJ[ −  + N
E FRV − [  = VHQ − [  ⋅  −  = VHQ[ + N
∫
 − FRV[ + 
F VHQ [ +  = VHQ [ +   = +N
∫  ∫ 

ž/$,17(*5$&,Ï1325&$0%,2'(9$5,$%/(

XQ+
∫ X ⋅ X′ = Q +  + N
Q

X′
∫ X = ORJ X + N
∫ H ⋅ X′ = H + N
X X

∫ VHQX ⋅ X′ = − FRV X + N
∫ FRVX ⋅ X′ = VHQX + N
∫ ⋅ X′ = WJX + N

FRV X


∫ ⋅ X ′ = DUFVHQX + N
 − X

∫ + X  ⋅ X′ = DUFWJX + N

HMHPSOR

∫ FRV

[ +  ⋅ 
N[  = VHQ[


X′

+  + N
X

PX
P
X′
  [
∫H [
⋅[ = H [  [ = H +N


 ∫ 

 [ [ ([ + )



= ∫ [ ⋅ ([  + ) = =  [ +  + N

−




[ +
∫ ∫ ([
+ )

= 
 


   + [   


  [   [     [   = ⋅ ⋅  + [ 





∫ ∫  ∫  
 
+ = + = + ⋅ = ⋅



⋅  + [  + N

=

 
∫ FRV[ +
 =  ⋅ ∫ FRV[ +
 ⋅ XN′ =  VHQ[ +  + N
X X

X  [ +  
∫  [ +  = ∫ X ⋅ X′ =  =  + N
 

X     [ +   
  [  
∫  X ⋅   [ +   + N
∫   
+ = ⋅ ′ = ⋅ =

[  [ 
∫ [  +  =  ∫ [  +  =  ⋅ ORJ[  +  + N
 −
∫ VHQ [ +  =  ∫ VHQ [ +  ⋅  =  FRV [ +  + N
−
∫ WJ[ =  ORJFRV[ + N
∫H VHQ[
⋅ FRV [ = ∫H VHQ[
⋅ FRV [  = H VHQ[ + N

   +  [       +  [  


  +  [  = ∫  +  [  ⋅  = ⋅  +  [  =

+N


∫     

 = ⋅


 −
∫ [  WJ[  =  ∫  [ 
WJ[ 
=

ORJFRV [  + N

   
FRV [ =  FRV [ ⋅ =  VHQ [ + N
∫   ∫ 
[  [ 
∫  +  [   ∫  +  [   ORJ +  [   + N
= =

[ −   [  +  − −
 = ∫  [ ⋅  [ +  = ∫  [ ⋅  [ +  ⋅ =  ⋅ +N
 − 
∫  [ + 

 −  [ + 
= 



[  [   [     [
 

= ∫[ = ⋅  = ⋅ ⋅ [ = +N
−

∫ [  ∫ [      

=


 ž,17(*5$&,Ï13253$57(6 IHFKD

X ⋅ Y ′ = X′ ⋅ Y + X ⋅ Y ′
X ⋅ Y ′ = X ⋅ Y ′ − X′ ⋅ Y

∫ X ⋅ Y ′ = ∫ X ⋅ Y′ − ∫ X′ ⋅ Y
∫ X ⋅ Y ′ = X ⋅ Y − ∫ X′ ⋅ Y
HMHPSOR [H [
∫
X = [ → X′ = 
Y = H[ ¨ Y′ = H[

∫ N[HNG[ = [H
X Y′
[ [
− ∫  ⋅ H [ = [H [ − H [ = H [ ⋅  [ −  + N

HMHPSOR [ FRV [G[

∫
X = [ → X′ = 
Y = VHQ[ ¨ Y ′ = FRV [

∫ [ FRV [G[ = [VHQ[ − ∫  ⋅ VHQ[ = [VHQ[ + FRV [ + N

HMHPSOR   +  [  ⋅ H [
∫
X =   +  [  → X′ = 
Y = H[ ¨ Y′ = H[

∫  +  [ ⋅ H [
=   +  [  ⋅ H [ − ∫  ⋅ H [ =   +  [  ⋅ H [ −  ⋅ H [ = H [   [ −  + N

HMHPSOR ∫  +  [  ⋅ H − [

X =   +  [  → X′ = 
Y = − H− [ ¨ Y ′ = H− [

∫  +  [H =  +  [−H − [  − −H − [  =  +  [−H − [  − −H − [ − =
−[
∫ ∫
 +  [−H − [  − H − [  = −H − [ −  [H− [ − H − [ = −H − [  [ +  + N


[  [  −  − −
∫  [ −  
 = ∫ [ ⋅ [ 
−  −
=
−
=
 [ −  
 +N


 3º INTEGRACIÓN DE FUNCIONES RACIONALES
fecha(13/05/2002)

2x P( x )
∫x 2
+1 ∫ Q( x )
u′
1º Mirar si es del tipo: ∫u
2x
∫ x +1
2 = log( x 2 + 1) + k

Recordemos que toda función racional se podía descomponer en fracciones simples. Si el grado del
numerador es mayor o igual al grado del denominador, primeramente efectuamos la división

∫ 1
x −1
2
x2 − 1= 0
x=±1
x+1
x−1
( x 2 − 1) = ( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 1)
1 A B A( x + 1) + B( x − 1)
= + =
x −1 x−1 x+1
2
( x − 1)( x + 1)

A( x + 1) + B( x − 1) = 1
1
x = 1, 2 A = 1 → A =
2
−1
x = − 1, -2 B = 1 → B =
1 2 −1
1
∫ x2 + 1 = ∫ x − 1 + ∫ x + 1 =
2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
= ∫ − ∫ = log( x − 1) − log( x + 1) + k
2 x−1 2 x+1 2 2

Cuando las raíces del denominador sean raíces reales distintas, entontes las integrales serán log.

29.6 Resolver la siguiente integral:

19 x + 31
∫x 2
+ 5x + 6
x 2 + 5x + 6 = ( x + 2) ⋅ ( x + 3)

19 x + 31 A B A( x + 3) + B( x + 2)
= + =
x + 5x + 6 ( x + 2) ( x + 3)
2
( x + 2) ⋅ ( x + 3)

-151-
$ [ +  + % [ +  = [ + 
[ = −  → − % = [ +  → % = 
[ = −  → $ = [ +  → $ = − 
 [ +   
∫ [  + [ +  = ∫  [ +  − ∫  [ +  = ORJ[ +  −  ORJ[ +  + N

5HVROYHUOD,QWHJUDO ∫[ 
+ [ + 
[  +  [ +  =  →  [ +  ⋅  [ +  DOWHQHUVROXFLyQGREOHUHDOL]DPRVXQFDPELRGHYDULDEOH
PX′

   [ +  − −
∫ [ + [ + 
 = ∫ N
[ +  
= ∫  [ +  −
=
−
=
[+
+N
X


5HVROYHUODLQWHJUDO ∫[ 
+ [ + 

− ± −
[ + [ +  =  →

   X′
∫[ + [ + 

[ + [ +  + 
=∫  = ∫  [ +  
+
= ∫ + X  =

= DUFWJX + N = DUFWJ [ +  + N


 ,17(*5$/'(),1,'$ IHFKD
(Q ORV WHPDV DQWHULRUHV VH KD KHFKR HO HVWXGLR GH ODV SULPLWLYDV GH XQD IXQFLyQ GHVFXEULHQGR
GLVWLQWRVSURFHGLPLHQWRVSDUDHOFiOFXORGHSULPLWLYDVHVGHFLUVHKDQHQFRQWUDGRODVLQWHJUDOHVLQGHILQLGDV
GH IXQFLRQHVVHQFLOODV6LQHPEDUJRQRTXHGDQFODURVQLVXVLJQLILFDGRQLVXXWLOLGDGeVWRVVRQORVREMHWLYRV
GH HVWHWHPDSDUDORFXDOVHGDUiODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQTXH5LHPDQQPDWHPiWLFRDOHPiQGLRDFRQRFHUHQHOVLJOR
;,;
(O FiOFXORGHiUHDVGHILJXUDVFRPRHOFXDGUDGRHOUHFWiQJXORHOURPERHWFDGHPiVGHVHQFLOOR
WLHQH XQFODURVLJQLILFDGRHOiUHDGHXQDILJXUDHVXQQ~PHURTXHFRLQFLGHFRQHOGHFXDGUDGRVGHODGRXQLGDG
TXH UHFXEUHQH[DFWDPHQWHODILJXUD6HSXHGHFXHVWLRQDUHQWRQFHVVLFXDOTXLHUILJXUDWLHQHiUHD\FyPRVH
FDOFXOD

HMHPSOR I  [  = [ 
[
∫[ =  +N


[      


[ = = ⋅  − ⋅  = − = X


∫   
    


 [
(OYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO

∫  [ +  


[  −
[ ⋅ [  +  − =
∫ [ 
+   =
 ∫  ⋅  [  + 
[ − −  

 
∫  [ + 
  =
 ⋅  [ +      
  = + =



(OYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO [ FRV [G[ HV
π
∫

X = [ → X′ = 
Y = VHQ[ ¨ Y ′ = FRV [

∫ [ FRV [G[ = [VHQ[ − ∫  ⋅ VHQ[ = [VHQ[ + FRV [ + N

∫ [ FRV [G[ = [VHQ[ + FRV [] =  −  −  +  = − 

π π
 


 
5HVROYHUODLQWHJUDO

∫
 [ + [ + 


− ± − 
[ + [ +  =  →


   X′
∫ [  + [ +  ∫ [  + [ +  +  =
= ∫  [ +   + 
= ∫  + X =
= DUFWJX + N = DUFWJ  [ +  + N




= DUFWJ  [ +   = DUFWJ  − DUFWJ 

 
∫ [ + [ + 




 [
(OYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO HV

∫
  [ −  


[  [  −  − −
∫  [  −   ∫ [  [ 
 −
−  [  −  
= − = =

[ − − − −

 
∫  [  −    [  −       
= = − =


[
(OYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO HV

∫
  [ +  


[  −
∫  [ [  [  +  − ⋅  =

+   =
 ∫  [  + 
[ − − − 

 
∫  [ + 
  =
[ +   

  
 = − =



/D,QWHJUDO [  WJ[  YDOH
 π


∫

 − ORJ FRV [ 
∫ [ ⋅ WJ[ =  ∫ [ WJ[ =
   



− ORJ FRV [  − ORJ FRV ( )

 π
− ORJ FRV π − ORJ  ORJ 
 π  π


∫[ WJ[  =




    
 = = = =
 

/DLQWHJUDO [H [ G[ YDOH

∫ 

X = [ → X′ = 
Y = H[ ¨ Y′ = H [

∫ [H [
= [H [ − ∫  ⋅ H [ = [H [ − H [ = H [  [ − 

[H = H  [ −  ] = − −  = 

[ [
∫ 


  [ + 
/DLQWHJUDO G[ YDOH

∫
 [  + [ + 
 [ + 
[  +  [ +  =  [ +  ⋅  [ + 
∫ [ + [ + 
 [ +  $ % $ [ +  + %  [ + 
[ + [ +   [ +   [ + 

 [ +  ⋅  [ + 
= + =

$ [ +  + %[ +  =  [ + 
[ = −  → − % =  [ +  → % = 
[ = −  → $ =  [ +  → $ = − 

 [ +   
∫[ 
+ [ + 
= ∫  [ +  − ∫  [ +  =  ORJ [ +  −  ORJ [ +  + N

 [ + 


G[ =  ORJ [ +  −  ORJ [ +  =  ORJ  −  ORJ 

 
∫ [  + [ +  


/DLQWHJUDO  + [G[ YDOH

∫

     + [  
 + [ = ∫  + [  = ⋅  + [  =

 

∫   


  + [  

       −  
 + [ =
 
∫    
 = − =

 


/DLQWHJUDO YDOH

∫ [  + [ + 
[  +  [ +  =  →  [ +  ⋅  [ + 
P X′

   [ +   − −
∫ [ + [ + 
 = ∫ N
[ +  
= ∫  [ +  −
=
−
=
[+
X

 −  − − 


∫ [ +  [ +  [ +  

  
= = − =



/DLQWHJUDO   +  [  ⋅ H − [ G[ YDOH

∫
−

X =  +  [  → X ′ = 
Y = −H − [ ¨ Y=′ H−[

∫  +  [  ⋅ H −[
=  +  [ ⋅  − H − [  − ∫  ⋅H − [  −  =  +  [  ⋅  − H − [  − H − [ =
= − H − [ −  [H − [ − H − [ = − H − [  +  [ 

 +  [  ⋅ H − [ = − H − [ ⋅   +  [  ] = − − H

∫− −


(OYDORUGH FRV [  G[ HV

π
∫
   
∫ FRV  [  = ∫ FRV  [  ⋅  = VHQ  [ 
  
FRV [  = VHQ [   = VHQ − VHQ = 
π
π
   
π
∫


 [
/DLQWHJUDO YDOH


  +  [
∫
[  [ 
∫  +  [  =  ∫  +  [  =  ORJ +  [  
[  ORJ


ORJ  [ 

 
∫  + [   
= + =
 


[
(OYDORUGH G[ HV

∫  [ +  


[ −   [  +  − −
 = ∫  [  [ +  ⋅ =

∫  [ + 

 − [ +
= 

[ −  − −


=

∫  [  +   [  +    
=  = −



  [
(OYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO HV
∫
 [+ 
žHQHVWHFDVRSULPHURGLYLGLPRVQXPHUDGRUHQWUHGHQRPLQDGRU
  [   ∏  [ +  =   [ −  + 

[HVHOFRFLHQWH\HVHOUHVWR

[  [ +   [ −  
[+  [ +   [ + 
= +

[  
∫  [ + 
= ∫ [ −  + ∫  [ +  = [ 
− [ +  ORJ[ + 

[
= [  − [ +  ORJ[ +  ] =  ORJ − 
 
∫  [ + 


([DPHQWLSR+PD\R(OYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO ∫ [ FRV [ HV
π


π


 VHQ[ 
∫ [ FRV [ =  ∫ [ FRV [ = 
 

VHQ

VHQ[  VHQ π  −


( ) ( )
∫ [ FRV[ G[ = = −

π π π

     
= − =
π

π


[  − [  − [ + 
G[ HV

([DPHQWLSR(PD\R(OYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO ∫
 [ − [ + 
žHQHVWHFDVRSULPHURGLYLGLPRVQXPHUDGRUHQWUHGHQRPLQDGRU
 [  − [  −  [ +  ∏  [  −  [ +   =  [ +  HOUHVWRHV
 [  −  [ +  ⋅  [ +  [
∫  [  −  [ + 
= ∫  [ +  =  + [
[  − [  − [ +  [   


+ [  = +  − +  = 
 
∫ [ − [ + 

  
=



,QWHJUDOGHILQLGDHQWUH\ 


 G[
&DOFXODU ∫[ 
− [ + 
(QHVWHFDVRODGHVFRPSRQGUHPRVHQIUDFFLRQHVVLPSOHV
[  −  [ +  =  [ −  ⋅  [ − 
 $ % $ [ −  + %  [ − 
[ − [ +   [ −   [ − 

 [ −  [ − 
= + =

$ [ −  + % [ −  = 
[ = → $ = 
[ =  → = −

  −
∫[ 
− [ + 
= ∫  [ −  + ∫  [ −  = ORJ[ −  − ORJ[ − 

[  − [  + 
&DOFXODUHOYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO
[ −∫
ž5HDOL]DPRVODGLYLVLyQGHOSROLQRPLR
[  −  [  +  ∏[  −  =  [ −  +  [ − 

/DLQWHJUDOODSRGHPRVH[SUHVDUGHOVLJXLHQWHPRGR
[  − [  +  [ −
= [ −+
∫ [ − ∫ ∫[ 
−

žGHVFRPSRQHPRVODVHJXQGDLQWHJUDOHQIUDFFLRQHVVLPSOHV

[ − $ % $ [ +  + % [ − 
[ − [ − [ +  [ −  ⋅  [ + 

= + =

$ [ +  + % [ −  = [ − 
−
[ =  →  $ = − → $ =


[ = − → −% = − → % =

ž7HUPLQDPRVODLQWHJUDOGHOVLJXLHQWHPRGR
− 
[  
[ −+ 
∫ [ − ∫ [ +

−  [ − ORJ [ −  + ORJ [ +  + N
∫   
+ =


 [
&DOFXODUHOYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO 
∫ [ +
−
[  ∏ [  +  =  +
[ +
[ −
= + = [ − DUFWJ[ + N
∫ [ + ∫ ∫[ 
+

[  − [ + 
&DOFXODUHOYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO 
[ + ∫

 [  −  [ +   ∏ [ +  =  [ −  +
[ +
[  − [ +   [
[ −+ −  [ +  ORJ [ +  + N
∫ [ + ∫ ∫ [ + 
= =

[ + [
&DOFXODUHOYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO 
∫ [ −
[
 [  + [  ∏ [  −  = [ +
[ −


[ + [ [ [
= [+ + ORJ [  −  + N
∫ [ − ∫ ∫ [ − 

=

[ + [ − [ + 
&DOFXODUHOYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO
[ + ∫
− [ + 
 [  + [  − [ +  ∏ [  +  =  [ +  + 
[ +
[ + [ − [ +  − [ +  − [ 
[  = [ ++
∫ [ + [ +
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ [ + ∫ [ +
= + + + =

[
+ [ − ORJ[  +  + DUFWJ[ + N

=

&DOFXODUHOYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO
∫ DUFWJ[
ORJ  + [ 
( )
DUFWJ[ = [DUFW[ −
∫ 

[
E&DOFXODUHOYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO
∫ + [ 

[ = X [  X′ 
= DUFWJ[  + N
[ = X ′
∫ + [  +X
∫ 

= 


D&DOFXODUHOYDORUGHODLQWHJUDO [ ORJ [
∫

X = ORJ [ → X ′ =
[
[
Y= Y′ = [

¨

[  [ [  [  [ [ [
∫ [ ORJ [ = ORJ [ ⋅  [ 
−∫ ⋅ = ORJ [ ⋅ − ∫ [ = ORJ [ ⋅
    
− ⋅ =

⋅ ORJ [ −

+N


 )RUPXODULRGH*HRPHWUtDGHO(VSDFLR

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 DERIVADAS DE LAS FUNCIONES MÁS USUALES INTEGRALES INMEDIATAS
FUNCIONES DERIVADAS FUNCIONES DERIVADAS FORMA SIMPLE FORMA COMPUESTA
y = k , k ≡ cte. y' = 0 y = arc sen x
1
y' =
y=x
y=u+v
y' = 1
y ' = u' + v ' y = arc sen u
1 − x2
1 ∫ dx = x + C ∫ f ' ( x) ∗ dx = f ( x) + C
y = u∗v y ' = u' ∗ v + v ' ∗ u
y' = ∗ u'
1− u
∫ x ∗ dx = nx + 1 + C ( n ≠ − 1) ∫ [ f ( x)]
2 n +1 n +1

u' ∗ v − v '∗ u [ f ( x)] ∗ f ' ( x ) ∗ dx =

n n
u
y= y' = −1 +C
v v2 y = arccos x y' = n+1

∫ 1x ∗ dx = Ln x + C ∫ ff ' (( xx)) ∗ dx = Ln f ( x) + C
y = xn , n ∈ ℜ y' = n ∗ x n − 1 1− x 2

y = un y ' = n ∗ u n −1 ∗ u' −1
y = arc cos u y' = ∗ u'

∫ e ∗ dx = e + C ∫ e ∗ f ' ( x) ∗ dx = e + C
1
1− u
2
y=n x y' = f ( x) f ( x)
n ∗ n x n −1 x x

y = arc tg x 1
y' =
y=n u 1 + x2
∫ a ∗ dx = Ln1 a ∗ a + C ∫ a ∗ f ' ( x) ∗ dx = aLn a + C
f ( x)
1 x x f ( x)
y = Ln x y' = y = arc tg u 1
x y' = ∗ u'
1+ u
2

∫ sen x ∗ dx = − cos x + C ∫ sen [ f ( x)] ∗ f ' ( x) ∗ dx = − cos f ( x) + C

1
y = Ln u y' = ∗ u'
u y = arc cotg x −1
y' =
y = log a x 1 1 + x2
y ' = ∗ log a e

y = log a u
x
1
y ' = ∗ u' ∗ log a e
y = arccotg u y' =
−1
1+ u
2
∗ u' ∫ cos x ∗ dx = sen x + C ∫ cos [ f ( x)] ∗ f ' ( x) ∗ dx = sen f ( x) + C
u
y = ex
y = eu
y' = e x
y ' = e u ∗ u'
y = Sh x
y = Sh u
y ' = Ch x
y ' = Ch u ∗ u' ∫ cos1 x ∗ dx = tg x + C
2 ∫ cosf ' (fx() x) ∗ dx = tg f ( x) + C
2

y = ax
y = au
y ' = a x ∗ Ln a
y ' = a u ∗ u' ∗ Ln a
y = Ch x
y = Ch u
y ' = Sh x
y ' = Sh u ∗ u' ∫ sen1 x ∗ dx = − cotg x + C
2 ∫ senf ' (fx() x) ∗ dx = − cotg f ( x) + C
2

y = sen x y ' = cos x

y = sen u
y = cos x
y ' = cos u ∗ u'
y ' = − sen x
y = Th x y' =
1
Ch x
2 ∫ 11− x ∗ dx = arc sen x + C
2 ∫ 1 −f '[(fx()x)] ∗ dx = arc sen f ( x) + C
2

y = cos u y ' = − sen u ∗ u'

∫ 1 +1x ∗ dx = arc tg x + C ∫ [ (( )) ]
y = Th u 1 f' x
y' = ∗ u' ( )
∗ dx = arc tg f x + C
1 Ch 2 u 2
1+ f x
2
y = tg x y' = = 1 + tg 2 x
y = Arg Ch x 1
∫ Sh x ∗ dx = Ch x + C ∫ Sh [ f ( x)] ∗ f ' ( x) ∗ dx = Ch f ( x) + C
cos2 x
y' =
y = tg u 1 x2 − 1
y' = ∗ u'
cos2 u 1
y = Arg Ch u
y = co tg x y' = −
1
sen 2 x
y' =
u −1
2
∗ u'
∫ Ch x ∗ dx = Sh x + C ∫ Ch [ f ( x)] ∗ f ' ( x) ∗ dx = Sh f ( x) + C
1
∫ 11+ x ∗ dx = Arg Sh x + C ∫
y = co tg u 1 y = Arg Sh x y' = f ' ( x)
y' = −
sen 2 u
∗ u' x2 + 1 ∗ dx = Arg Sh [ f ( x ) ] + C
1 + [ f ( x)]
2 2
y = sec x y ' = sec x ∗ tg x y = Arg Sh u 1

∫ x1 − 1 ∗ dx = Arg Ch x + C
y' = ∗ u'
y = sec u y ' = sec u ∗ tg u ∗ u' u2 + 1
2 ∫ [ f ( x)] − 1 ∗ dx = Arg Ch [ f ( x)] + C
f ' ( x)
2
y = cosec x y ' = − cosec x ∗ cotg x y = Arg Th x 1
y' =
y = cosec u y ' = − cosec u ∗ cotg u ∗ u'
y = Arg Th u y' =
1 − x2
1
∗ u'
∫ 1 −1x ∗ dx = Arg Th x + C
2 ∫ 1 −f[ 'f((xx))] ∗ dx = Arg Th [ f ( x)] + C
2

1 − u2

u ≡ u ( x) y v ≡ v ( x)
FORMULARIO DE ( a + b ) ⋅ ( a 2 − ab + b2 ) = a 3 + b3 θ sen cos tg ctg sec csc
Gráfica 4. Las funciones trigonométricas inversas
arc ctg x, arc sec x, arc csc x. sen α + sen β = 2sen
1 1
(α + β ) ⋅ cos (α − β )
0 0 ∞ ∞ 2 2
CÁLCULO DIFERENCIAL ( a + b ) ⋅ ( a 4 − a3b + a 2b 2 − ab3 + b 4 ) = a5 + b5
0 1 1
1 1
sen α − sen β = 2sen (α − β ) ⋅ cos (α + β )
4
30 12 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 2
E INTEGRAL VER.3.3  n  45 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
( a + b ) ⋅  ∑ ( −1) a n −k b k −1  = a n + b n ∀2n − 1
3
k +1
1 1
Por Jesús Rubí M.  k =1  60 3 2 12 3 1 3 2 2 3 2
cos α + cos β = 2 cos (α + β ) ⋅ cos (α − β )
2 2
SUMAS Y PRODUCTOS 1 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 1
http://mx.geocities.com/estadisticapapers/ 90
1 1
cos α − cos β = −2 sen (α + β ) ⋅ sen (α − β )
 π π
1
n
a1 + a2 + + an = ∑ ak y = ∠ sen x y ∈ − ,  2 2
VALOR ABSOLUTO k =1  2 2 0
sen (α ± β )
n
y = ∠ cos x y ∈ [ 0, π ] tg α ± tg β =
a si a ≥ 0
a = ∑ c = nc π π
-1
arc ctg x cos α ⋅ cos β
− a si a < 0
arc sec x
k =1 1
y = ∠ tg x y∈ − sen α ⋅ cos β = sen (α − β ) + sen (α + β ) 
arc csc x
n n
, -2
2 2 -5 0 5
2
a = −a ∑ ca k = c∑ ak
1 1
IDENTIDADES TRIGONOMÉTRICAS sen α ⋅ sen β =  cos (α − β ) − cos (α + β ) 
k =1 k =1
a ≤ a y −a ≤ a n n n
y = ∠ ctg x = ∠ tg y ∈ 0, π
x 2
∑ (a + bk ) = ∑ ak + ∑ bk
2
a ≥0y a =0 ⇔ a=0 k sen θ + cos 2 θ = 1
1 1
n n
k =1 k =1 k =1
y = ∠ sec x = ∠ cos y ∈ [ 0, π ] 1 + ctg 2 θ = csc 2 θ cos α ⋅ cos β =  cos (α − β ) + cos (α + β ) 
x 2
∏a = ∏ ak
n
ab = a b ó
k =1
k
k =1
∑ (a k − ak −1 ) = an − a0
1  π π tg 2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ tg α ⋅ tg β =
tg α + tg β
k =1 y = ∠ csc x = ∠ sen y ∈ − , 
n n n
n x  2 2 sen ( −θ ) = − sen θ ctg α + ctg β
a+b ≤ a + b ó ∑a
k =1
k ≤ ∑ ak
k =1
∑  a + ( k − 1) d  =  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2 Gráfica 1. Las funciones trigonométricas: sen x, cos ( −θ ) = cosθ FUNCIONES HIPERBÓLICAS
k =1
cos x, tg x;.
EXPONENTES n
= (a + l) tg ( −θ ) = − tg θ e x − e− x
2 senh x =
a p ⋅ a q = a p+q 2 sen (θ + 2π ) = sen θ 2
n
1 − r n a − rl
1.5
e x + e− x
ap
= a p−q ∑ ar k −1 = a
1− r
=
1− r 1 cos (θ + 2π ) = cosθ cosh x =
aq k =1 2
n 0.5 tg (θ + 2π ) = tg θ
1 senh x e x − e− x
(a )
p q
=a pq
∑ k = ( n2 + n ) tgh x = =
k =1 2
0
sen (θ + π ) = − sen θ cosh x e x + e − x
(a ⋅b)
p
= a p ⋅bp cos (θ + π ) = − cosθ e x + e− x
n -0.5
1 1
∑ k 2
= ( 2n3 + 3n2 + n ) ctgh x = =
tg (θ + π ) = tg θ tgh x e x − e − x
-1
a
p
ap k =1 6
  = p n
1
-1.5 sen x
1 2
b b
∑ k 3 = ( n 4 + 2 n3 + n 2 ) sen (θ + nπ ) = ( −1) sen θ
cos x n
tg x
sech x = =
cosh x e x + e− x
-2
q 4 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
a p/q = a p k =1
cos (θ + nπ ) = ( −1) cosθ
n
n
1 1 2
∑ k 4 = ( 6n5 + 15n 4 + 10n3 − n ) Gráfica 2. Las funciones trigonométricas csc x, sec x, csch x = =
LOGARITMOS k =1 30 ctg x. tg (θ + nπ ) = tg θ senh x e x − e − x
sen ( nπ ) = 0 senh : →
log a N = x ⇒ a x = N 1+ 3 + 5 + + ( 2n − 1) = n 2 2.5

log a MN = log a M + log a N cosh : → [1, ∞

cos ( nπ ) = ( −1)
n 2 n

n! = ∏ k 1.5
tgh : → −1,1
M tg ( nπ ) = 0
log a = log a M − log a N k =1 1

N n n! ctgh : − {0} → −∞ , −1 ∪ 1, ∞

 2n + 1 
0.5

log a M r = r log a M  = , k≤n sen  π  = ( −1)

n
→ 0,1]
 k  ( n − k )!k ! sech :
0
 2 
logb N ln N -0.5
csch : − {0} → − {0}
log a N = = n
 
n  2n + 1 
( x + y ) = ∑   x n− k y k
n -1
logb a ln a cos  π=0 Gráfica 5. Las funciones hiperbólicas senh x, cosh x,
k =0  k   2 
-1.5

log10 N = log N y log e N = ln N -2

csc x
sec x tgh x.
ctg x  2n + 1 
ALGUNOS PRODUCTOS TRIGONOMETRÍA -2.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 tg  π=∞ 5
 2 
a ⋅ ( c + d ) = ac + ad sen θ =
CO 1 4
cscθ = Gráfica 3. Las funciones trigonométricas inversas  π
( a + b ) ⋅ ( a − b ) = a2 − b2 HIP sen θ arc sen x, arc cos x, arc tg x. sen θ = cos  θ −  3

CA  2
cos θ = 1 2

( a + b ) ⋅ ( a + b ) = ( a + b ) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 secθ =
2
HIP
4
 π
cos θ cosθ = sen  θ + 
1

( a − b ) ⋅ ( a − b ) = ( a − b ) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
2
sen θ CO 1 3  2 0
tg θ = = ctg θ =
cos θ CA tg θ sen (α ± β ) = sen α cos β ± cos α sen β -1

( x + b ) ⋅ ( x + d ) = x 2 + ( b + d ) x + bd 2

cos (α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sen α sen β

-2

( ax + b ) ⋅ ( cx + d ) = acx 2 + ( ad + bc ) x + bd π radianes=180 1 -3
senh x
cosh x
tg α ± tg β tgh x

( a + b ) ⋅ ( c + d ) = ac + ad + bc + bd tg (α ± β ) = -4
-5 0 5
0
1 ∓ tg α tg β
( a + b ) = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b3
3

HIP -1
arc sen x
sen 2θ = 2sen θ cos θ FUNCS HIPERBÓLICAS INVERSAS
( a − b ) = a 3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − b3 CO
( )
3 arc cos x

-2
arc tg x cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sen 2 θ senh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 , ∀x ∈
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

( a + b + c ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc

2 2 tg θ
( )
θ tg 2θ =
1 − tg 2 θ cosh −1 x = ln x ± x 2 − 1 , x ≥ 1
( a − b ) ( 2 + ab + b 2 ) = a 3 − b3
⋅ a CA
1 1  1+ x 
sen 2 θ = (1 − cos 2θ )
( a − b ) ⋅ ( a 3 + a 2b + ab 2 + b3 ) = a 4 − b 4 2
tgh −1 x = ln  ,
2  1− x 
x <1

( a − b ) ⋅ ( a 4 + a 3b + a 2b 2 + ab3 + b 4 ) = a 5 − b5 1
cos 2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ ) 1  x +1 
ctgh −1 x = ln  x >1
2 ,
 n
 2  x −1 
( a − b ) ⋅  ∑ a n −k b k −1  = a n − b n ∀n ∈ tg 2 θ =
1 − cos 2θ
 1 ± 1 − x2 
 k =1  1 + cos 2θ sech −1 x = ln  , 0 < x ≤1
 x 
 
−1
 1 x +1 
2
csch x = ln  + , x ≠ 0
x x 

IDENTIDADES DE FUNCS HIP dF dF du INTEGRALES DE FUNCS LOG & EXP
= ⋅ (Regla de la Cadena) DERIVADA DE FUNCS HIPERBÓLICAS ∫ tgh udu = ln cosh u
cosh 2 x − senh 2 x = 1 dx du dx
∫ e du = e
u u
d du
1 − tgh x = sech x
2 2 du
=
1 senh u = cosh u ∫ ctgh udu = ln senh u
dx dx a u a > 0
dx dx du ∫ a du = ln a a ≠ 1 ∫ sech udu = ∠ tg ( senh u )
u
ctgh 2 x − 1 = csch x d du
dF dF du cosh u = senh u
senh ( − x ) = − senh x = dx dx au  1  ∫ csch udu = − ctgh ( cosh u )
−1
dx dx du
∫ ua du = ln a ⋅  u − ln a 
u
d du
cosh ( − x ) = cosh x tgh u = sech 2 u 1
dy dy dt f 2′ ( t )  x = f1 ( t ) dx dx = ln tgh u
tgh ( − x ) = − tgh x = = donde 
∫ ue du = e ( u − 1)
u u 2
dx dx dt f1′( t )  y = f 2 ( t ) d
ctgh u = − csch 2 u
du
senh ( x ± y ) = senh x cosh y ± cosh x senh y
DERIVADA DE FUNCS LOG & EXP
dx dx
∫ ln udu =u ln u − u = u ( ln u − 1) INTREGRALES DE FRAC
cosh ( x ± y ) = cosh x cosh y ± senh x senh y d du du 1 u
d du dx 1 du dx
sech u = − sech u tgh u
dx
1 u
∫ log a udu =ln a ( u ln u − u ) = ln a ( ln u − 1) ∫ u 2 + a 2 = a ∠ tg a
tgh x ± tgh y
tgh ( x ± y ) = ( ln u ) = = ⋅
dx u u dx d du 1 u
1 ± tgh x tgh y csch u = − csch u ctgh u u2 = − ∠ ctg
senh 2 x = 2senh x cosh x
d
( log u ) =
log e du
⋅ dx dx ∫ u log a udu = 4 ⋅ ( 2 log a u − 1) a a
dx u dx du 1 u−a
∫ u 2 − a 2 = 2a ln u + a ( u > a )
2 2
cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + senh 2 x DERIVADA DE FUNCS HIP INV u2
2 tgh x
d
dx
log e du
( log a u ) = a ⋅ a > 0, a ≠ 1
u dx d 1 du
∫ u ln udu = 4 ( 2 ln u − 1)
du 1 a+u
tgh 2 x = senh −1 u = ⋅
∫ a 2 − u 2 = 2a ln a − u ( u < a )
2 2
1 + tgh 2 x dx INTEGRALES DE FUNCS TRIGO
d u du 1 + u 2 dx
( e ) = eu ⋅
1
senh 2 x = ( cosh 2 x − 1) dx dx d ±1 du +
 si cosh u > 0
-1
∫ sen udu = − cos u INTEGRALES CON
2 d u du cosh −1 u = ⋅ , u >1 
( a ) = a u ln a ⋅ dx u 2 − 1 dx  − si cosh -1
u<0 ∫ cos udu = sen u du u
1
cosh 2 x = ( cosh 2 x + 1) dx dx
d 1 du
∫ a2 − u 2
= ∠ sen
a
∫ sec udu = tg u
2
2 d v du dv tgh −1 u = ⋅ , u <1
cosh 2 x − 1 dx
( u ) = vu v −1
dx
+ ln u ⋅ u v ⋅
dx dx 1 − u 2 dx
= −∠ cos
u
tgh 2 x = ∫ csc udu = − ctg u
2

cosh 2 x + 1 DERIVADA DE FUNCIONES TRIGO d −1 1 du a

ctgh u = ⋅ , u >1
tgh x =
senh 2 x
cosh 2 x + 1
d
dx
( sen u ) = cos u
du
dx
dx
d
1 − u 2 dx
∓ 1 du − si sech −1 u > 0, u ∈ 0,1
∫ sec u tg udu = sec u ∫
du
u2 ± a2
(
= ln u + u 2 ± a 2 )
OTRAS d du dx
sech −1 u = ⋅ 
u 1 − u 2 dx + si
−1
sech u < 0, u ∈ 0,1
∫ csc u ctg udu = − csc u du 1 u
Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0
( cos u ) = − sen u ∫ tg udu = − ln cos u = ln sec u ∫u ln =
dx dx d 1 du a a + a2 ± u 2
a2 ± u 2
d du csch −1 u = − ⋅ , u≠0
− B ± B 2 − 4 AC ( tg u ) = sec2 u dx u 1 + u 2 dx ∫ ctg udu = ln sen u du 1 a
⇒ x=
2A dx dx ∫ u u 2 − a 2 = a ∠ cos u
d du
INTEGRALES DEFINIDAS,
∫ sec udu = ln ( sec u + tg u )
B 2 − 4 AC = discriminante ( ctg u ) = − csc2 u PROPIEDADES 1
= ∠ sec
u
LÍMITES
dx dx
∫ csc udu = ln ( csc u − ctg u ) a a
∫ { f ( x ) ± g ( x )} dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx
b b b
d du
( sec u ) = sec u tg u u 1 u 2 a2 u
∫ sen
1 a a a
lim (1 + x ) x = e = 2.71828...
2
udu =
− sen 2u
∫ a − u du = 2 a − u + 2 ∠ sen a
2 2 2
dx dx b b
2 4
x →0
d
( csc u ) = − csc u ctg u
du ∫ cf ( x ) dx = c ⋅ ∫ f ( x ) dx c ∈
a a
u 1
( )
x
a2
 1
∫ cos udu = 2 + 4 sen 2u u 2
2
lim  1 +  = e dx dx
∫ u ± a du = 2 u ± a ± 2 ln u + u ± a
b c b 2 2 2 2 2
x →∞
 x d du ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
a a c

sen x ( vers u ) = sen u b a

∫ tg udu = tg u − u
2

lim =1 dx dx ∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx MAS INTEGRALES

∫ ctg udu = − ( ctg u + u )
a b
x →0 x DERIV DE FUNCS TRIGO INVER 2
a e au ( a sen bu − b cos bu )
∫ f ( x ) dx = 0 ∫e sen bu du =
au
1 − cos x d 1 du
=0 ( ∠ sen u ) =
lim
x →0 x dx
⋅
1 − u 2 dx
a
∫ u sen udu = sen u − u cos u a 2 + b2
eau ( a cos bu + b sen bu )
b
m ⋅ ( b − a ) ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M ⋅ ( b − a )
e −1 ∫ u cos udu = cos u + u sen u ∫ e cos bu du =
x au
a
lim =1 d 1 du
x →0 x ( ∠ cos u ) = − ⋅ ⇔ m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M ∀x ∈ [ a, b ] , m, M ∈ INTEGRALES DE FUNCS TRIGO INV
a 2 + b2
dx 1 − u 2 dx ALGUNAS SERIES
x −1 b b
lim
x →1 ln x
=1 d
( ∠ tg u ) =
1 du
⋅ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ g ( x ) dx
a a ∫ ∠ sen udu = u∠ sen u + 1 − u
2

f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f ' ( x0 )( x − x0 ) +
f '' ( x0 )( x − x0 )
2

dx 1 + u 2 dx ⇔ f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) ∀x ∈ [ a , b ] 2!
∫ ∠ cos udu = u∠ cos u − 1 − u
2
DERIVADAS d 1 du
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
( ∠ ctg u ) = − 2 ⋅ b b f ( n) ( x0 )( x − x0 )
n

Dx f ( x ) =
df
= lim = lim
∆y dx 1 + u dx ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx si a < b
a a ∫ ∠ tg udu = u∠ tg u − ln 1 + u
2
+ +
n!
: Taylor
dx ∆x →0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
d 1 du + si u > 1
d ( ∠ sec u ) = ± ⋅ 
∫ ∠ ctg udu = u∠ ctg u + ln 1 + u
2
f '' ( 0 ) x 2
(c) = 0 dx u u 2 − 1 dx − si u < −1 INTEGRALES f ( x ) = f ( 0) + f ' ( 0) x +
dx
d
d
( ∠ csc u ) = ∓
1 du − si u > 1
⋅  ∫ adx =ax ∫ ∠ sec udu = u∠ sec u − ln ( u + u
2
−1 ) f ( n) ( 0 ) x n
2!

( cx ) = c dx u u 2 − 1 dx + si u < −1 = u∠ sec u − ∠ cosh u + + : Maclaurin

dx n!
∫ af ( x ) dx = a ∫ f ( x ) dx
d
dx
( cxn ) = ncxn−1
d
dx
( ∠ vers u ) =
1
⋅
du
2u − u 2 dx ∫ ( u ± v ± w ± ) dx = ∫ udx ± ∫ vdx ± ∫ wdx ± ∫ ∠ csc udu = u∠ csc u + ln ( u + u2 −1 ) x 2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + + +
2! 3!
xn
n!
d du dv dw = u∠ csc u + ∠ cosh u
(u ± v ± w ± ) = ± ± ± ∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu ( Integración por partes ) INTEGRALES DE FUNCS HIP
x3 x5 x7
sen x = x − + − + + ( −1)
n −1 x 2 n −1
dx dx dx dx
u n +1
3! 5! 7! ( 2n − 1)!
d
( cu ) = c
du
∫ u du = n + 1
n
n ≠ −1 ∫ senh udu = cosh u x2 x4 x6 x 2n − 2
+ ( −1)
n −1
dx dx cos x = 1 − + − +
d dv du du ∫ cosh udu = senh u 2! 4! 6! ( 2n − 2 ) !
( uv ) = u + v ∫ = ln u
u ∫ sech udu = tgh u
2
dx dx dx x 2 x3 x 4 n −1 x
n
ln (1 + x ) = x −+ − + + ( −1)
d dw dv du 2 3 4 n
( uvw ) = uv + uw + vw ∫ csch udu = − ctgh u
2
2 n −1
dx dx dx dx x3 x5 x7 n −1 x
∠ tg x = x − + − + + ( −1)
d  u  v ( du dx ) − u ( dv dx )
=
∫ sech u tgh udu = − sech u 3 5 7 2n − 1
 
dx  v  v2
∫ csch u ctgh udu = − csch u
d n n −1 du

dx
( u ) = nu dx