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    12 views6 pages

    Ward-Leonard - Variable Voltage Control

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    ap1948

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cuarrer 22 VARIABLE-VOLTAGE CONTROL Abtrdutry~ Ward Leonard stem ~ Regenerate braking = Acceleration contol ~ Control egipment = Resersing ‘Sul seus Motor grt ts ~ Mergent for ato Tire geettor Deven ‘generator ~ Realatngexcters— Rotate control = Ampldye conrad ~ Maxipeed sem ~ Advantage of erable, ‘olage control Weigh eomperion~ Schomatc consis ~ Biblgraphy. Introductory. The variable-voltage system as applied to cranes is of increasing importance and itis necessary to describe several ofthe forms such control can take. Varying the voltage across the armature ‘ofa separately-excited motor results in stable running speeds varying from zero to 100 per cent. With ‘machines of good design a speed range of about 10 to t under constant torque is to be expected and by weakening the motor field a further speed increase is permissible under constant horsepower, The two methods combined give the speed range required for crane operation. By varying the generator field excitation to suit the working conditions practically any type of speed-torque characteristic is obtainable, Such variation is made in several ways amongst which are: 1, By providing a number of field windings on the generator of the motor-generator set, 2, By means of a separate pilot or regulating exciter for the generator field. ° 3: By regulating the gencrator- and motor-field excitation in such a way that the latter is increased when the former is decreased. Before describing any of these it is desirable to deal briefly with the Ward Leonard system since this is the earliest example of variable-voltage control, and to take note of the ancillary equipment such as the reversing field regulator and motor generator. Ward Leonard system. In its simplest form the system is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 298. ‘The armature of the motor to be controlled is electrically-connected to the armature of a generator the voltage and polarity of which can be varied between the limits ++ V by a reversing field regulator RS. ‘Both machines are separately excited from constant- voltage busbars, and the generator is independently driven, In this manner the speed and direction of rota- f s (F tion of the motor can be efficiently controlled, If when (Genercese) 3 ( woton the motor is running at normal speed in either diree- i tion the excitation of its field Fl is reduced by the % regulator Rl the speed is increased. ‘The field regu- = o eS Sisa OP Reversing Switch lators R and Rl, together with the reversing switch S, are actuated by a drum-type controller, or master switch, with contacts arranged so that the resistor Ris cutoutof the generator field circuit progressively before resistor Rl is inserted in like manner in the motor field circuit. Fig. g9 shows typical speed-torque characteristics when motoring and generating. In the case illustrated eight of the control notches are used for varying the generator field excitation and five notches weaken the motor field, As developed by Laurence, Scott, Ltd., the Ward Leonard system applied to cranes and winches permits: (a) speed selection by hand control or by an automatic load discriminator to give lightload speeds of three times full-load speed; (8) controled creeping speeds in both directions down to 2 per Be Constant voage Bastar FIG. 298. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 310 REGENERATIVE BRAKING cent, or les, of normal full speed; and (2) rapid acceleration by feld-forcing under automatic control fon the last step, or normal acceleration by step-by-step notching of the controller. Regenerative braking. Consider the case ofa variablesoltage hoist or other motion posses considerable inertia and suppose that, with the motion in operation, the controller is moved towards the ‘of portion thus reducing the excitation of the generator and the voltage across the motor armature 1 After tseconds:- Motor Field serength...» XA Generator Feld strength + XB Field Strength. i apt tn 0, 299. SPEED-TORQUE CURVES 0, 300, MAGNETIC FIELD DECAY CURVES “The hoist motor, having a field of constant strength, becomes a dynamo without changing any electrical coumctions and is driven by the energy stored in the moving parts. Provided that the connections are setintained, the feed-back gives rite to a braking torque with a slight increase in speed of the motor- enerator act "The intensity ofthe braking depends upon the rate at which the generator eld decrees sentength and, as a rule, the speed increase is small, but the possibilty of oversped is minimised by providing a centrifugal switch inthe safety circuit which operates the mechanical brake, Devices in the eeetrol ereuit which do not ‘fail to safety’ should be viewed with suspicion. ‘Under normal conditions electrical regenerative braking can be relied upon for retarding the motion ‘ill the speed is reduced to a value at which the mechanical brake can be safely applied. The Tbject is treated at greater length in the author's book on Electric Winders. tis there indicated hat Fegenerative braking under emergency condition is best effected when the feld-decay curve, 18-300. sre hoist motor is les steep than that of the generator. From Fig. 300 it will be seen that after see the motor field strength X is greater than the generator field strength XB. “Acceleration control. The maximum rate of acceleration and retardation of a machine driven by a variablewoltage generator depends on the rate at which the generator voltage buildup and areays, When the field current i switched-on the rise is rapid at ist and gradually decreases as the sees Jnereases, Approximately uniform rates of acceleration and retardation ofthe driven machine ere i obtained in the manner shown in Fig. got by connecting the armature ofa small high-speed arene acros the generator field winding. On the spindle of this machine isa small diseflywheel / venieip virtue ofits inertia, speedssup and slows down gradually. At the instant of closing the switch $ aan dhe current drawn from the exciter busbars pastes through the low-resstance armature winding, This starts and accelerates the machine m and the increasing counter emf. causes the armature current aan rnce. Asa result, more and more current lows inthe generator field till m reaches fll speed and VARIABLE-VOLTAGE CONTROL 31 idles, when the generator field excitation attains its maximum value. On opening the switch S, the flywheel drives m as a dynamo and the latter maintains voltage across the generator field. As the speed. of the flywheel decreases, the generator field current also decreases. In this manner, by adjusting the fiywheel effect and excitation of m, any desired rate of accelera- tion and retardation of the driven machine M can be obtained. ‘This control has been applied to a number of mine hoists by the B.T-H, Co,, Ltd., and to the high-speed traversing motions of several notable overhead travelling cranes. Control equipment. If only one motor is driven the con- trol equipment consists of a variable voltage dc. generator and a reversing field regulator known as the controller. When several ‘motions have to be driven simultaneously and independently then, for each such motion, the equivalent of a separate genera tor and controller must be provided. If, however, the motions have not to be so driven then a single generator and controller suffice provided that the electrical arrangements are such that FIG. 301. ACCELERATION conTROL the motor it is desired to operate, and all auxiliary circuits. WITH FLOATING FLYWHEEL associated therewith can, without disturbance, be connected to co the generator by means of a selector. When several motions have to be dealt with, a favoured method is that of providing two generators and controllers, and one selector. This enables two motions to be operated simultaneously. In addition to the above equipment is the exciter used for energising the generator and motor field windings and other constant-voltage circuits. ‘Typical of the arrangements in common use are those shown diagrammatically in Fig. go2. Of these, in (a) a single generator G supplies either of two motors Ml and M2 through a selector switch S. ‘The relatively-heavy currents in the main circuit—known as the loop circuit—are usually controlled bby means of contactors the operating coils of which are energised through a drumstype selector in the s Euciter Busbars a © » FIG, 302. CONNECTION OF MOTORS TO GENERATORS. ‘manner described elsewhere in this chapter. In the arrangement (6) two generators G1 and G2 supply two motors Ml and M2, both of which can be operated simultaneously and independently. By com- bining diagrams (a) and (6) it is evident that the number of motors can be increased indefinitely. It should be noted that Ward Leonard control is often used for several of the motions of a crane, and. rheostatic control, either dc. or a.c., for the remainder. The former are powered from one or more variable-voltage generators, and for the other motions a constant-voltage supply is used. For heavy cranes, in which the main and auxiliary hoisting, luffing and slewing motions are controlled on the ‘Ward Leonard system, one or two generators usually suffice, but in the case of ore-unloaders, excavators land draglines there may be three or more generators in addition to the exciting dynamo. 312 FIELD REGULATORS Reversing field regulators. Fig. 303 shows in schematic form a typical regulator used with variable-voltage control equipments. From the diagram it will be seen that the regulator is connected in the generator field circuit, but nowadays, when a separate exciter is used for the generator, the a tet comet in he enc fl cet The Ge equipment consists of a field reversing switch and a oli, el wwidely-variable heostat the grading of which isuch that Sch, the angular displacement of the contol lever is propor- ; tional to the speed of the motor. The rheesat can be made by contactor switches actuated by a master ao eS = controller. Mi contacts made by ‘The interlocked switches, Hand L, determine the contactor switches direction of current through the field winding of the gen- | rng erator and likewise the direton of rotation ofthe motor [tm ————] a. The rheostat determines the excitation and voltage of Li concant-rttage Exciter G, and this voltage is approximately proportional to the 1G. 903. TYPICAL REVERSING FIELD speed of MM. Hence any speed, forward gt backward, is REGULATOR obtained by manipulating the master controller which handles a current negligibly small in comparison with the current circulating in the loop circuit. The master controller is usually of the cam-actuated type and is readily operated. To make the diagram easy to follow, the arrows show the direction of current through the field winding for the H and L positions of the reverser, and for the same reason all control circuits and safety devices are omitted so as not to confuse the reader with detail. Motor-generator sets. If the variable-voltage generator is driven at a constant speed, or at a controlled speed, and conditional on the overload capacity and pull-out torque being sufficient, the kind of motor used for driving the generator is immaterial, A slip-ring motor or selfstarting synchronous ‘machine may be used. Failing an adequate electric supply, either a steam engine or diesel give satisfac- tion. When the motor is energised from a three-phase supply, the frequency is 25, 50 or 60 cycles per M0, 304. MOTOR-GENERATOR SET WITH ONE OR TWO GENERATORS sec, and this restricts the running speed of the motor-generator to comparatively-narrow limits. A further restriction is imposed by the ability of the generator to commutate heavy overload currents under weak field conditions. The generator is provided with a neutralising winding to take care of armature reaction, Speeds of 1,000 and 1,500 revs per min are customary for 50 cycles, the higher speed being used for machines of small output. ‘A typical motor-generator is shown in Fig. go4. The motor M is coupled to two dic. generators Dy and D, mounted one on each side, and to the overhung exciter Fy. When a separate variable voltage VARIABLE-VOLTAGE CONTROL 313, cexciter is used for one of the generators it ean be overhung at E,, or both exciters may be in the form of ‘an independent unit, When there is only one generator the set is as indicated by dotted lines. As a safe ‘guard against overspeeding, a centrifugal switch J is mounted on an extension of the shaft as also is a tachograph generator m. The layout is largely governed by the number of d.c. machines in the set and by the space that is available on the machinery platform. A four-bearing machine is shown in Fig. 304 but in many cases two bearings are omitted and the generator armatures overhung, Motor-generators for excavators. For this duty the motor-generator has to be compact because it must lie across the rear of the cab where its weight acts as counterbalance, Moreover, since the machine rests on the main members of the revolving superstructure which deflect in operation, it ‘must be self-supporting as a whole and not rely on a solid foundation, Due to the vibration and general ‘movement it is customary, when roller bearings are fitted, to adopt two-bearing construction. Welded to the underside of the base in the form ofa triangle are three machined pads and, as the latter are the only points of support, even if the main structure warps the base will not be distorted. ‘The author is indebted to the B.T-H. Co., Ltd., for the following particulars of typical shovel equipments. In a two-bearing motor-generater for a quarry-type shovel with a g}-yd bucket the shaft projects beyond the two bearings, and the armatures of the end generators are overhung on these extensions with the commutators nearest the bearings. The central part of the shaft is specially stiffened to carry both the rotor of the induction motor and the armature of the largest generator. The ratings of the several machines are: Mot geneator Motors Induction mtr. 200 bp, 1460 rpm. squirrel-age, usually | Hist mtr. 125 h.p. 240 vols, fo rpm. force ventilated. 3,000/3,300 volt ‘Sing motor 394 hp 290 volt 575 p.m force venated. dirgentidr. 0 EW, 290 volts with three Geld windings. | Crue motor. Same 36 for swing motor but fted with Swing gear 91 EW, 250 volts with three field windings. ‘rip-pret covers. Geel ena, KW, ago vole with thre eld windings. ‘These generators, which are permanently connected to their corresponding motors, have Class B insulation and are shunt wound for separate excitation ffom an exciter which also supplies the separ ately-excited control fields of the generators. This exciter is usually independently driven, but excep- tionally it may be mounted on top of one ofthe end generators in which case the latter has an endhield bearing and is flexibly coupled to the main shaft. In the larger sizes of excavator the swing generator becomes too large for its armature to be overhung and this necessitates the provision of separate bear- ings and couplings. In both these instances it would be difficult to replace a solid roller bearing in the pedestal and roller bearings ofthe split-type are therefore fitted. For large stripping shovels ic is usual to limit the speed of the motor-generator to 1,000 revs per rin and to provide a synchronous motor so as to maintain a high power factor and to minimise the voltage drop in the trailing cable. Although the rotor of the synchronous motor is built on a common shaft with the armature of the hoist generator it isnot feasible to adopt the two-bearing design, and sleeve bearings are therefore employed in conjunction with solid and flexible couplings. The exciter is

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