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    26 views122 pages

    Solutionsmanual2ndedition 161013101736

    Uploaded by

    Jancarlo Mendoza Martínez

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    ~ SOLUTIONS MANUAL INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING and SCIENCE SECOND EDITION GILBERT M. MASTERS SOLUTIONS MANUAL ki INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING and SCIENCE SECOND EDITION GILBERT Le EUS Dept of Civil and Envir ring, Stanford University & Zz PRENTICE HALL, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Executive Editor: Bill Stenquist Editorial Assistant: Meg Weist Production Editor: Shea Oakley Special Projects Manager: Barbara A. Murray Supplement Cover Manager: Pau! Gourkan Manufacturing Buyer: Julia Meehan (© 1998 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. ‘Simon & Schuster / A Viacom Company Upper Saddle River, NI 07458. All rights reserved, No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 0987654321 ISBN 0-13-8850b4-1 Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Ply. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada, Inc, Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispancamericana, S.A., Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc, Tokyo jon & Schuster Asia Pte. Ltd. Singapore Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda, Rio de Janeiro SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 1 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 2 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 3 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 4 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 5 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 6 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 7 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 8 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 9 CONTENTS 1d 24 34 41 5.1 6.1 74 8.1 94 SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 1 1.1 Ozone at 0.08 ppm; mg/m? = 2emxmol wt, 273.15 Pam) j 24.414 T(K) * tatm C2 0.08 x (3 x 16) . mg/m? (at 25°C, | atm) = SEAS am) = 92.414 = 0.157 mg/m? = 157 pughm \ b. In Denver, at 15°C and 0.82 atm: 0.08 x (3 x 16) 273.15 0.82 3 3 = 008 XB X16), __273-15__ , 0:82 _ 6.133 mgm? = 22.414 (273.15+15) mem’ = 133 pam mg/m: T 1.2 Exhaust at 1% CO, 25°C, 1 atm: 1%CO = —LPALCO_ _ 10%parts CO _ 1.16 ppm 100 parts air 10°parts air 3 _ lxlO* x (12+16) 27315, g/m? = = 11,445 mg/m? nee Raia * @73.15+25) ~ 1S mem 1.3. 400 wg/m3 of $02 at 25°C, 1 atm: 24.465 x SO,(mg/m*) _ 24.465 x 0.400 mol wt “2+ 2x16) YES, exceeds the air quality standard of 0.14 ppm. ppm = .15 ppm 1.4 Motoreycle emitting 20 g/mi of CO: 0.087 m? a. V=20gCO!mixS mix ME x 24.465 L/mol x L Bg 10°L 9m*CO 1.087 m* CO 10° m’ air Vm’ air V =9666 m3 b. 9 ppm CO: m polluted ___ 9666 m? 2 12 i mile Smix1609mimi Page 1.1 1.5 Air density with 79% N2 and 21% O2: Be 1 mol N Bs. ___ 0 = 987 g N,/m’ ai mol 22.414x10°m Ny SNiim at 0.79 m? Tm air 32g ImolNs 309 g0,/m sir mol ~ 22.414x10°m? Ny 021m 1m? air Total = 987 +300 = 1287 gm} = 1.287 kg/m3 1.6 Mixing 10 MGD, 3.0 mg/L, with 5 MGD, 10.0 mg/L: a. 1OMGD x3.0 mg/L + 5 MGD x 10.0 mg/L = (10+5)MGDxC mg/L C=80/ 15 = 533 mg/L Ly AS 522 - cs6ibidey b. 533 BS x 15x 10°22 x 3.785 pe L day gal * 10%mg * “kg 1.7 500 ppm 25 m3 /s, 400 ppm -— gf F2@ Orem 5 m3/s, 2000 ppm 4 2 2, 7 Upstream of take-out: C= 25m°/s x400mg/l. + Sm 1s x 2000 mak _ 667 mofL, (5+ Syms Drinking water @ 500 ppm: 500 mg/L x(Q + FQ) m7/s= 667 mg/LxQm*/s 5001+ F)=667 = 0333 (that is, 1/3 pure water) Page 1.2 50 mes—= CW nb > > — 55 m/s,c= {5 mB /s, 100 mg/t, K=0.25/d Input = Output + Decay , where decay =KCV 0.25/ day ma g/L) x 10’m? Ba held x 3600 oe * © (BL * 10° Sm3/s x 100 mg/L = 55 m3/s x C (mg/L) + 500 2 596 mg/L BS mel 1MGD Gn? q see E> K= 0.30/d Lake 1: Input = Output + KCV 1 MGD x 20 mg/L-= 1 MGD x Cj + 03/day x SMG x Cy 20 = 8.0 mg/L. Tes 0ome" 500 = 55C + 28.9C 1.9 Lake 2: 1 MGD x 8.0 mg/L = 1 MGDx C2 +03/d x3 MG x C2 80 4.2 iL T+o5 ~*?™# 1.10 0.1 m3/s C <10mo/L 30 mg/L. ——> K=0.2/d Input = Output + KCV 5, . O.2day s i ).1 m* g/L = 0. Soe |x 10 Lx V 0.1 m/s x30 mg/L 01 msxi0mp. + (=-O2—). mg/l m Poa10. — 86,400 m? 231x 10 Page 1.3 eit oe 60 kg/s CO Input rate = Output rate 60 kg/s x 106 mg/kg = 20 x 103 m x 250 m x2 m/s x (CO) mg/m3 co 1.12 100 km 4m/s Ca? 100 ken J} ken 10 kg/s, K=0.2/hr Input rate = Output rate + KCV Input rate = 10 kg/s x 109 pg/kg = 10x 109 g/s Output rate = 100x 103 mx 103 mx 4 mvs x C (g/m) =4 x 108 C pg/s Decay rate = O/T x © (gfm3) x 105 m x 105m x 108 m= 5.5.x 108 C pels 3600 s/he 10 x 10° 3 = =! it 4x 10° + 5.55x 16° 105 nom s 1.13 = 1.20) Ce" OaRV (1.20) S = 10x 109 pg/s Q =I misx 105m x 103 m=1 x 108m3/s (new value at 1 m/s wind) 0.2/hr KV = ———_ 103 m= 5.55 3) So60 ai * 1PM 109 mx m= 5.55x 108 m3/s 10 x 10° pig/s (x10 + 5.55x10 m/s = 15.26 pgm? C(t) =[C, -C_Jexp[-(K+Q/ V)t] + CL (1.29) Thr 10m C(2hr)=[10.5- 1s26up/m? leo (22 + torn rs 3600 ct, 15.26u9/m? = 123 pg/m> Page 1.4 | 100 m3/d ; 10 mg/L. | a. Input rate = Output rate (conservative) 100 m3/dx 10 mg/L = 100 m3/dxC C= 10 mg/L b. Change input concentration suddenly to 100 mg/L, Ces = 100 mg/L, C (7day: C(t) =[C, -C. Jexp[-(K +Q/V)t] + CL (1.29) C(7hr)=[10-100 naltten|{o- wails) 7 4 +£100mg/L = 498 mg/L 1.15 100 m3/d 10 mg/L a. Input rate = Output rate + KCV 100 m3/d x 10 mg/L = 100 m3/d x C mg/L + 0.20/d x C mg/L x 1200 m3 now K=0.20/day 100 x 10 100 + 0.20 x 1200 94 mg/L b. Change input suddenly to 100 mg/L, C(7 days) =? s 100 m7/d x 100 mg/L. C= =——— eee =" Q+KV 100m°/d + 0.20/d x 1200 m’ C(t) =[C, -C_]exp[-(K +Q/ V)t] + CL 0.20 100 m°/d (7 d) = [2.94 — 29.2 = T .- C(7 d) =[2.94 294 mete A eat) a] + 29.4mg/L = 258mg Page 15 1.16 300 Btu/ft2-hr — 19pm ~~ Ti+aT 4x8" 1 gpm Ti. n= 50% Rate of energy absorbed = Rate of change of stored energy 0.50 x 300 Btu z x4 Bf Font RATERS H 0.50 x 300 x32 _ “1x 8.34x 60 tl e a a 1.17 itt i 2 tt a LOE x 1S wksx 5e— x 1000 ft" x 624 = x 10508 =81.9% 10°Btu/season Cover saves: z x89 x 16 Ex S100 =$546/ yi season “10° Bu 0 YES a $500 cover does pay for itself in less than one season. Page 1.6 1.18 fuel: 3000 Mt — DQ TZ, crecrciry: 1000 Mie waste heat: 2000 MWt 2006, ak ——= 100 m/s a, Rate of heat added to cooling water = rate of change of stored energy = m c AT. Jj 2000 x 10° W x we Is + (kg te = (Me x10°C $8) cass s Ww 2000 x 10° “4184 x 10 = 47.8x 10'kg/s x 10°m/kg = 47.8 m'/s nuclearplantcooling water _ 47.8m*/s coal plant cooling water (Ex 1.10) 40.6 m°/s .IT7 (= 18% more) b. River temperature rises by AT as it receives 2000 MWtof heat: __ cooling water heat gain rate _ 2000 x 108 J/s 7=48°C AT. = = rate) 100 m?/s x 4184 /kg-°C x 10° kg/m* 1.19 Moisture condensing releases latent heat = SmL x 1 gimL x 2.5KJ/g= 12.51) Sensible heating = mc AT = 0.354 kg x 4.18 ki/kg-©C x AT = 12.5 J 125 AT=————"— = 0354 x 4.18 84°C 1.20 Energy needed to vaporize 1 kg of water at 15°C (Table 1.4) = 2465 kJ To raise | kg 3000 m require: 98N 15 x kg N-m 3000 mx I kg x = 29,4003 = 29.41) Energy to vaporize water _ 2465 ki km 294k 83:1 Page 1.7 1.21 Condensation of 1 Ib of water releases 1060 Btu (Table 1.4) 1.22 1.23 1.24 Bu Potential energy of 1 Ib at 5000 ft = 5000 ft x 1 Ib x 7aIEe =6.43 Btu Potential energy _ 6.43 BU _ 9 96 0.06% Latentheat 1060 Btu 4 asyy Wastehest stack 85% 36% eff cooling 600 MWe Satay Heat input = Heat to cooling water = 0.85 x (1667 - 600) MW = 907 MWt Lis, _ kg KW * 2465s "10° kg = 037 m'Is Evaporation rate = 907 x 10° KW x Waterheaterjacket: 25 t2 70 °F room R-5 to RIS 40 - 70°F) °F/ Btu 2sit Heat loss before = AST = ( R Shr-ft =350 Btwhr 25 ft*(140-70°F) 15hr- Heat loss after = = H7Buwhr Btu . Bu kWh, br cday Savi = (350-117) — x ——x24—— 365— = 599 kWhr’} ravings = ( Vr “3412 Baa Gay °° yr Dts worth 599 kWh/yr x 0.08 $/kWhr = $47.92 lyr 60-watt incandescents vs 15-watt CFL: Energy savings = (60 - 15 watts) x 9 khr = 405 kWh per CFL Carbon savings = 405 kWh x 280 gC/kWh = 113,400 gC = 113.4 kg C $02 savings = 405 kWh x 2.8 g SO/kWh = 1134 g S02 = 1.134 kg SO2 Particulate savings = 405 kWh x 0.14 g/kWh = 56.7 g particulate matter Page 1.8 1.25 75-watt incandescents vs 18-watt CFL: a. Electricity savings = (75 - 18 watts) x 10 khr = 570 kWh per CFL S70kWh 3412 Btu b. Heat lant saved =

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