EELE 3332 – Electromagnetic II

Chapter 11
Transmission Lines
Islamic University of Gaza
Electrical Engineering Department
Dr. Talal Skaik

2012 1
 11.1 Introduction
Wave propagation in unbounded media is used in radio or TV
broadcasting, where the information being transmitted is meant for
everyone who may be interested.
Another means of transmitting power or information is by guided
structures. Guided structures serve to guide (or direct) the
propagation of energy from the source to the load.
Typical examples of such structures are transmission lines and
waveguides.
 Waveguides are discussed in the next chapter; transmission lines
are considered in this chapter.

2
 Introduction
Transmission lines are commonly used in power distribution (at
low frequencies) and in communications (at high frequencies).
A transmission line basically consists of two or more parallel
conductors used to connect a source to a load.
Typical transmission lines include coaxial cable, a two-wire line, a
parallel-plate line, and a microstrip line.
Coaxial cables are used in connecting TV sets to TV antennas.
Microstrip lines are particularly important in integrated circuits.
Transmission line problems are usually solved using EM field
theory and electric circuit theory, the two major theories on which
electrical engineering is based.
3
 Introduction

Figure 11.1 Typical transmission lines in cross-sectional view: (a) coaxial line, (b) two-wire line, (c) planar line, (d) wire above conducting plane,
(e) microstrip line.

4
 11.2 Transmission Line Parameters
Transmission line parameters are:
R: Resistance per unit length. (Ω/m)
L: Inductance per unit length. (H/m)
G: Conductance per unit length. (S/m)
C: Capacitance per unit length. (F/m)

Distributed
parameters of a
two-conductor
transmission line

5
Transmission Line
Parameters

6
 Transmission Line Parameters
The line parameters R, L, G, and C are uniformly distributed
along the entire length of the line.
For each line, the conductors are characterized by σc,µc,εc,=ε0,
and the homogeneous dielectric separating the conductors is
characterized by σ,µ,ε.
G ≠1/R; R is the ac resistance per unit length of the conductors
comprising the line and G is the conductance per unit length due to
the dielectric medium separating the conductors.
For each line:
G 
LC   and 
C 
7
 Fields inside transmission line
•Transmission lines transmit TEM waves.
•V proportional to E,
•I proportional to H

8
 11.3 Transmission Line Equations
Two-conductor transmission lines support a TEM wave; E and H
are perpendicular to each other and transverse to the direction of
propagation.
E and H are related to V and I:

V    E.dl , I=  H.dl

Using V and I in solving the transmission line problem is simpler

than solving E and H (requires Maxwell’s equations).
Examine an incremental portion of length Δz of a two-conductor
transmission line.

9
Transmission Line Representation

10
 Transmission Line Equations
I ( z , t )
Using KVL:- V ( z, t )  RzI ( z , t )  Lz  V ( z  z , t )
t
V ( z  z, t )  V ( z , t ) I ( z , t )
or   RI ( z, t )  L
z t
Taking the limit as z  0 leads to:
V ( z, t ) I ( z , t )
  RI ( z, t )  L
z t

equivalent circuit model

of a two-conductor T.L.
of differential length z.

11
Using KCL:- I ( z, t )  I ( z  z, t )  I
V ( z  z , t )
I ( z, t )=I ( z  z, t )  G zV ( z  z, t )  C z
t
I ( z  z , t )  I ( z , t ) V ( z  z , t )
or   GV ( z  z, t )  C
z t
Taking the limit as z  0 leads to:
I ( z , t ) V ( z, t )
  GV ( z , t )  C
z t

12
 Transmission Line Equations
The time domain form of the transmission line equations:
V ( z, t ) I ( z , t )
  RI ( z , t )  L
z t
I ( z , t ) V ( z , t )
  GV ( z, t )  C
z t
If we assume harmonic time dependence so that:
V(z , t )=Re[Vs (z)e j t ]
I(z , t )=Re[I s (z)e j t ]
where Vs and I s are the phasor forms of V ( z, t ) and I ( z , t ),
dVs
  ( R  j L) I s
dz
dI s
  (G  jC )Vs
dz 13
 Transmission Line Equations
dVs dI s
  ( R  j L) I s ,   (G  jC )Vs
dz dz
To solve the previous equations, take second derivative of Vs gives
d 2Vs
2
 ( R  j L)(G  jC )Vs
dz
Now take second derivative of I s gives
d 2Is
2
 (G  jC )( R  j L) I s
dz
Hence, the wave equations for voltage and current become
d 2Vs
2
  2
Vs  0
dz
2
, where     j   ( R  j L)(G  jC )
d Is
2
  2
Is  0
dz 14
     j   ( R  j L)(G  jC )
 : is the propagation constant
 : attenuation constant (Np/m or dB/m)
 : phase constant ( rad/m)
2 
wavelength is:  = , wave velocity is: u   f 
 
The solutions to the wave equations are:
Vs  V0 e  z  V0 e z , I s  I 0 e  z  I 0 e z
+z -z +z -z

where V0 ,V0 , I 0 , I 0 are wave amplitudes.

 sign  wave traveling along +z direction.
- sign  wave traveling along -z direction. 15
 Transmission Line Equations
Vs  V0 e  z  V0 e z
I s  I 0 e  z  I 0 e z

In time domain:
V ( z, t )  Re[Vs ( z )e j t ]
V ( z, t )  V0 e  z cos(t   z )  V0e  z cos(t   z )

Similarly for current:

I ( z, t )  I 0 e  z cos(t   z )  I 0e z cos(t   z )

16
 Characteristic Impedance, Z0
The Characteristic Impedance Z0 of the line is the ratio of the
positively travelling voltage wave to the current wave at any point on
the line.

V ( z )  V0 e  z , I ( z )  I 0 e  z
dV ( z )
since   ( R  j L) I ( z ),
dz
 (  V0 e  z )  ( R  j L) I 0 e  z
V0 R  j L R  j L V0
Zo      Ro  jX o   
I0  G  jC I0

R  j L Characterestic 1
Zo   Ro  jX o , Y0 
G  jC Admittance Z0
17
 Lossless Line (R=G=0)
A transmission line is said to be lossless if the conductors of the line
are perfect (σc ≈ ∞) and the dielectric medium separating them is
lossless (σ ≈ 0)

For lossless line, R=G=0

Since     j  = ( R  j L)(G  jC )

  0,   j  ,    LC

 1 2
u   f , 
 LC 
L
Xo  0 Z o  Ro 
C 18
 Distortionless Line
Any signal that carries significant information must has some
non-zero bandwidth. In other words, the signal energy (as well as
the information it carries) is spread across many frequencies.

If the different frequencies that comprise a signal travel at

different velocities, that signal will arrive at the end of a
transmission line distorted. We call this phenomenon signal
dispersion.
Recall for lossless lines, however, the phase velocity is
independent of frequency—no dispersion will occur! u  1/ LC

Of course, a perfectly lossless line is impossible, but we find

phase velocity is approximately constant if the line is low-loss.
19
 Distortionless Line (R/L=G/C)
A distortionless line is one in which the attenuation constant α is
frequency independent while the phase constant β is linearly
dependent on frequency.
A distorionless line results if the line parameters are such that
R G

L C
 j L  jC 
Thus,  = ( R  j L)(G  jC ) = RG 1  1  
 R  G 
 jC  α does not depend on
 = RG 1      j
 G  frequency, whereas β is a linear
or   RG ,    LC function of frequency.

u   /   1/ LC (frequency independent) 20
 Distortionless Line (R/L=G/C)
R  j L R 1  j L / R  R L
Z0     (Real)
G  jC G 1  jC / G  G C
 1
u= 
 LC
Notes:
Shape distortion of signals happen if α and u are frequency
dependent.
u and Z0 for distortionless line are the same as lossless line.
A lossless line is also a distortionless line, but a distortionless line
is not necessarily lossless.
Lossless lines are desirable in power transmission, and telephone
lines are required to be distortionless. 21
 Distortionless Line – Practical use
To achieve the required condition of R/L=G/C for a transmission line,
L may be increased by loading the cable with a metal with high
magnetic permeability (μ).

A common practice is to replace repeaters in long lines to maintain the

desired shape and duration of pulses for long distance transmission. 22
 Summary

 Zo

General R  jL
  ( R  jL)(G  jC ) Zo 
G  jC

L
Lossless   0  j LC Z o  Ro 
C

L
Distortionless   RG  j LC Zo  Ro 
C
 Example 11.1
An air line has characteristic impedance of 70 Ω and a phase
constant of 3 rad/m at 100 MHz. Calculate the inductance per meter
and the capacitance per meter of the line.
An air line can be regarded as lossless line because  0
and  c  . Hence RG0 and  =0
L
Z 0 =R0 =
C
   LC
R0 1
Deviding the two equations yields: 
 C
 3
or C    68.2 pF
 R0 2  100  10 (70)
6

L=R02C  (70) 2 (68.2  1012 )  334.2 nH/m 24

 Example 11.2
A distortionless line has Z0=60 Ω, α=20 mNp/m, u=0.6c, where c is
the speed of light. Find R,L,G , C and λ at 100 MHz.
RC  1
A distortionless line has RC  GL or G  , u 
L  LC
L C R
Z0  ,  = RG  R 
C L Z0
 R   Z 0  (20  103 )(60)  1.2  /m
2
400 106
Since  = RG  G    333 S/m
R 1.2
L  1
Dividing Z 0  by u   gives
C  LC
Z0 60
L=   333 nH/m
u 0.6(3 10 )
8 25
 Example 11.2 – solution continued

L  1
Multiplying Z 0  by u   gives
C  LC
1 1 1
uZ 0 =  C    92.59 pF/m
C uZ 0 0.6(3  10 )60
8

u 0.6(3  108 )
=  8
 1.8 m
f 10

26
11.4 Input impedance, standing wave ratio, power
Consider a transmission line of length l, characterised by  and Z0,
connected to a load ZL. Generator sees the line with the load as an
input impedance Zin.

27
 Input impedance
Vs ( z )  V0 e  z  V0 e z
V0  z V0  z  V0 V0 
I s ( z)  e e ,  Z0 =     
Z0 Z0  I0 I0 
At generator terminals (sending end):
Let V0  V ( z  0), I 0  I ( z  0), Substitute in prev. equs.:
1
V0  V0  V0 V  V0  Z 0 I 0 
0


2
 V0
V0  ... (1)
I0  1
Z0 Z0 V0  V0  Z 0 I 0 


2
If the input impedance at the terminals is Zin ,
Z in Vg
then V0  Vg , I0 
Z in  Z g Z in  Z g 28
 Input impedance
V0  z V0  z
Vs ( z )  V0 e  z  V0 e z , I s ( z)  e  e
Z0 Z0
At the load:
Let VL  V ( z  l ), I L  I ( z  l ), Substitute in prev. equs.

VL  V0 e  l  V0 e l 1
V  VL  Z 0 I L  e l
0


2
 V0  l V0  l  ... (2)
IL  e e 1
Z0 Z0 V0  VL  Z 0 I L  e  l


Now determine the input impedance Zin =Vs ( z ) / I s ( z ) at any

point on the line.
29
 Input impedance
 
V V
At the generator, recall V0  V0  V0 , I 0  0  0 , then
Z0 Z0

Zin =
Vs ( z ) V0
 

Z 0 V0  V0 
I s ( z) I0 V0  V0
Substituting eq. 2 and utilizing
the fact that:
e l  e   l e l  e   l
 cosh  l ,  sinh  l ,
2 2
sinh  l e l  e  l
or tanh l    l  l
cosh  l e  e
 Z L  Z 0 tanh  l 
we get Z in  Z 0   (General - Lossy Line)
 Z 0  Z L tanh  l 
30
 Input impedance (Lossless Line)
 Z L  Z 0 tanh  l 
Z in  Z 0   (General - Lossy Line)
 Z 0  Z L tanh  l 
For a lossless line,  =j  , tanh j  l  j tan  l , then

 Z L  jZ 0 tan  l 
Z in  Z 0   (Lossless Line)
 Z 0  jZ L tan  l 

βl is known as electrical length, in degrees or radians

Note: To find Z in at a distance

l ' from load, replace l by l ' :-
 Z L  jZ 0 tan  l ' 
Z in  Z 0  
 0
Z  jZ L tan  l ' 
31
 Reflection Coefficient, (at load)
Define  L as the voltage reflection coefficient (at the load), as the
ratio of the voltage reflection wave to the incident wave at the load,
V0 e l
 L    l
V0 e
1
V  VL  Z 0 I L  e l
0


2
Since , and VL  Z L I L
1
V0  VL  Z 0 I L  e  l


Z L  Z0
 L  (Voltage Reflection coefficient at load)
Z L  Z0

32
 Reflection Coefficient, (at generator)
Define  0 (at z  0) as the voltage reflection coefficient at the source,
as the ratio of the voltage reflection wave to the incident wave at source,
V0 e 0 V0
 0    0  
V0 e V0
1
V  V0  Z 0 I 0 
0


2
Since , and V0  Z in I 0
1
V0  V0  Z 0 I 0 


Z in  Z 0
 0  (Voltage Reflection coefficient at source)
Z in  Z 0

33
 Reflection Coefficient

The voltage reflection coefficient at any point on the line is the ratio
of the reflected voltage wave to that of the incident wave.

V0 e z V0 2 z
That is: ( z )    z   e
V0 e V0

The current reflection coefficient at any point on the line is the

negative of the voltage reflection coefficient at that point.

Thus the current reflection coefficient at the load is

 l   l
I e /I e
0 0   L
34
 Standing Wave Ratio
Whenever there is a reflected wave, a standing wave will form
out of the combination of incident and reflected waves.
The standing wave ratio s is defined as: (as we did for plane waves)
Vmax I max 1   L Z L  Z0
s=   L 
Vmin I min 1   L Z L  Z0
When load is perfectly matched ( Z L  Z 0 )  Total Transmission
L  0  s  1
When load is a short circuit :
 Total Reflection
 L  1   L  1  s  
When load is an open circuit :
 Total Reflection
 L  1   L  1  s   35
 Power
The time-average power flow along the line at the point z is:
1
Pave  Re[Vs ( z ) I s* ( z )]. For a lossless line, this can be reduced to:
2
 2  2
Pave  V / 2Z 0   V
2
 2 / 2Z 0
1    ,
V 0 0
Pave 
0 2

2Z 0 Incident Reflected
Power (Pi) Power (Pr)

 The average power flow is constant at any point on the lossless line.
 The total power delivered to the load (Pav ) is equal to the incident
 2  2
 / 2Z0 )
2
power ( V 0 / 2Z 0 ) minus the reflected power ( V0

 If   0, maximum power is delivered to the load, while no power

is delivered for   1.
 The above discussion assumes that the generator is matched. 36
 Special Cases , ZL=0, ZL=∞, ZL=Z0

Short Circuited Line

(ZL=0)

Open Circuited Line

(ZL=∞)

Matched Line
(ZL=Z0)

37
 Shorted Line (ZL=0)

Z L  jZ 0 tan  l
Z in  Z 0  jZ 0 tan  l
Z 0  jZ L tan  l
Z L  Z0
L   1, s   (Total Reflection)
Z L  Z0

38
 Open-Circuited Line (ZL=∞)

Z L  jZ 0 tan  l
Z in  Z 0 , (Z L   )
Z 0  jZ L tan  l
 Z0 
 1  j Z tan  l 
Z in  Z 0  L  
Z0
  jZ 0 cot  l
 Z0  j tan  l
 Z  j tan  l 
 L 
Z L  Z0
L   1, s   (Total Reflection)
Z L  Z0
39
 Matched Line (ZL=Z0)

Most desired case from practical point of view.

Since Z in  Z 0  Z in  Z 0
Z L  Z0
L   0, s  1
Z L  Z0
The whole wave is transmitted, and there is no reflection.
The incident power is fully absorbed by the load.
 (Maximum power transfer)

40
 Example 11.3
A certain transmission line 2 m long operating at ω=106 rad/s has
α=8 dB/m, β=1 rad/m, and Z0= 60+j40 Ω. If the line is connected
to a source of 10∟00 V, Zg=40 Ω and transmitted by a load of
20+j50 Ω, determine
(a) The input impedance
(b) The sending end current
(c) The current at the middle of the line.
Solution
(a ) Since 1 Np=8.686 dB
8
=  0.921 Np / m
8.686
 = +j  0.921  j1
 l =2(0.921  j1)  1.84  j 2
41
 Example 11.3 – Solution continued
tanh  l  tanh 1.84  j 2   1.033  j 0.03929
 Z L  Z 0 tanh  l 
Z in  Z 0  
 0
Z  Z L tanh  l 
 20  j50  (60  j 40)(1.033  j 0.03929) 
Z in  (60  j 40)  
 60  j 40  (20  j 50)(1.033  j 0.03929) 
Z in  60.25  j 38.79 

(b) The sending end current is I ( z  0)  I 0

Vg 10
I0    93.03  21.15 mA
Z in  Z g 60.25  j 38.79  40
42
 Example 11.3 – Solution continued
(c ) To find the current at any point, we need V0 and V0 . But
I 0  93.03  21.15 mA
V0  Z in I 0  (71.6632.770 )(0.09303  21.150 )  6.66711.620

1 1
V  V0  Z 0 I 0   6.66711.62  (60  j 40)(0.09303  21.15)

0
2 2
 6.68712.080
1 1
V  V0  Z 0 I 0   6.66711.62  (60  j 40)(0.09303  21.15)

0
2 2
 0.05182600

43
 Example 11.3 – Solution continued
At the middle of the line, z  l / 2,  z= l / 2  0.921+j1, Hence the
current at this point is:
V0  l /2 V0  l /2
I s ( z  l / 2)  e  e
Z0 Z0
0.921 j1
(6.687e j12.080
)e (0.0518e )e0.921 j1
j 2600
= 
60  j 40 60  j 40
Note that j1 is in radians and is equivalent to j57.30 ,(j1  180/ ):-
j12.080 0.921  j 57.30 j 2600 0.921 j 57.30
(6.687e )e e (0.0518e )e e
I s ( z  l / 2)= j 33.690
 j 33.690
72.1e 72.1e
 j 78.910
 0.0369e  0.001805e j 283.610

 6.673  j34.456 mA
=35.102810 mA 44