INSTRUMENTA

L MUSIC
 “Music is generally perceived as the most
universal of all art forms.”

MUSIC Music is a unique art form. It is a lyrical

and auditory representation of story.

Music is a protean art; it lends itself

easily to alliances with words, as in song,
and with physical movement, as in dance.
 The implications of the uses of music
in psychotherapy, geriatrics,
and advertising testify to a faith in its power
to affect human behaviour.

Through patterned constructions of words,

rhythm, and instrumental collaboration, music
MUSIC provides listeners with insight to personal
experiences and even in-depth interpretations
of the world around us.
Throughout history, music has been an
important adjunct to ritual and drama and has
been credited with the capacity to reflect and
influence human emotion.
 In Art, the word Baroque was taken from the
Portuguese barocco meaning, “irregular pearl
or stone” and originating in Rome.

refers to an era that started around 1600 and

BAROQUE ended around 1750, and included composers
like Bach, Vivaldi and Handel, who pioneered
PERIOD new styles like the concerto and the sonata.

The Baroque style spread throughout Europe

over the course of the seventeenth century, with
notable Baroque composers emerging in
Germany, Italy, France, and England.
 Baroque art showed the religious conflicts of the age, the
desire of the Roman Catholic Church to restate itself after
the Protestant Reformation as annunciated at the council of
Trent

Baroque defined something that was extravagant or

intricate and highly detailed.

BAROQUE The popularity of the style was due to the Catholic Church,
PERIOD which was determined at the Council of Trent that the art
should convey and express religious ideas and direct
emotional involvement in reply to the Protestant Reformation.

Catholic- inspired Baroque art served a propagandist role

that tended to be large-scale works of public art, such as
monumental wall painting and huge frescoes for the ceilings
and vaults of palaces and churches.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF BAROQUE
MUSIC
 The early Baroque era of music centered in
Italy. Italian composers based in Rome and its
surroundings composed music that drew on the
traditions of the Renaissance era but also
expanded its harmonic and ornamental
ORIGIN IN boundaries. Notable Italian Baroque
composers include Alessandro Scarlatti (and
ITALY: his son Domenico Scarlatti), Antonio Corelli,
and Claudio Monteverdi. Antonio Vivaldi
was the last major Italian Baroque composer.
He worked in the later Baroque era,
overlapping with George Frideric Handel and
Johann Sebastian Bach.
 As musicians traveled throughout Europe, the
Baroque style caught on, and new composers
added new elements. The English composer
Henry Purcell and French composers like Jean-
Baptiste Lully and Jean-Phillippe Rameau
GERMAN made marks, but it was the German school of
Baroque music that was most influential. Georg
INFLUENCE: Philipp Telemann, Michael Praetorius, Johann
Pachelbel, and most of all Johann Sebastian
Bach helped define the high Baroque period.
Another prominent German was George
Frideric Handel, although he spent nearly his
entire career in England.
 The Baroque period's end is tied
to the death of Bach in 1750.
The second half of the eighteenth
century and early nineteenth
century marked the Classical
END OF period, where composers like
AN ERA: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and
Franz Joseph Haydn built on the
foundation laid by Baroque
composers.
 Popular Baroque musical forms
include the prelude and fugue, the
cantata, the concerto, the oratorio,
the sonata, and even opera. Like
BAROQUE prior Renaissance compositions,
many Baroque pieces have
PERIOD religious themes. Baroque
MUSICAL FORMS composers were aligned with both
the Catholic church and, following
the sixteenth century Protestant
Reformation, other denominations
like Lutheranism.
4
CHARACTERISTICS
OF BAROQUE
MUSIC
During the Baroque era, the pianoforte (an early
version of the piano) replaced the harpsichord as the
primary keyboard instrument. The pianoforte (called
a klavier in German) struck strings with felted
hammers, whereas the harpsichord plucked the
strings. This meant the pianoforte could play both soft
and loud, opening new dynamic possibilities.

EMPHASIS ON DYNAMICS
Prior to the Baroque era, a great amount of
music was vocal music used in liturgical
settings. While Baroque composers still
embraced singing in the form of chorales,
cantatas, and opera, instrumental music
became increasingly popular. Some of the
most renowned pieces of Baroque music,
such as Vivaldi's Four Seasons or
Bach's Brandenburg Concerto, are
instrumental pieces.

EMBRACE OF
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Much like Baroque architecture
and sculpture, Baroque music
embraces flair. Even the simplest
melodies were often embellished
with ornamentations like trills,
acciaccaturas, appoggiaturas,
mordents, and turns.

ORNAMENTATION
Basso continuo notation became popular
during the Baroque era. This form of music
notation includes a complete bass line, which
is usually played by a cello in a Baroque
ensemble. A player of a keyboard instrument
like a harpsichord or piano then improvises
chords using figured bass notation. Solo
organ players often play basso continuo
notation entirely on their own.

BASSO CONTINUO
3 NOTABLE BAROQUE
COMPOSERS
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH

born March 21 [March 31, New Style], 1685,

Eisenach, Thuringia, Ernestine Saxon Duchies
[Germany]—died July 28, 1750, Leipzig
Bach was a master organ player (among many other
instrumental talents) and a composer who created
both liturgical and secular music.
Bach's brilliance lay in his mastery of counterpoint
and harmonic transformation.

Works like The Well-Tempered Klavier, The Art of the

Fugue, and the Brandenburg Concertos remain
essential parts of the classical music repertoire.
GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL

German-English composer

born February 23, 1685, Halle, Brandenburg [Germany]—

died April 14, 1759, London, England

Handel composed Baroque landmarks like Water Music and

the opera Rodrigo. Yet he is most remembered for Messiah,
an English-language oratorio composed in 1742.

is Music for the Royal Fireworks was commissioned by King

George II and firmly established his place in British music
history.
ANTONIO LUCIO VIVALDI (ANTONIO
VIVALDI)

born March 4, 1678, Venice, Republic of Venice

[Italy]—died July 28, 1741, Vienna, Austria

A Venetian composer, Vivaldi was famed for his

mastery of the violin.

The most famous of these is Four Seasons, a series of

violin concertos that is widely performed by today's
classical musicians.
During his lifetime, Vivaldi made most of his income as
an opera composer, where he pushed thematic
boundaries in works like 1716's Arsilda, regina di Ponto.
OTHER BAROQUE
COMPOSERS
JOHANN PACHELBEL
•baptized September 1,
1653, Nürnberg [Germany]—died March 3, 1706,
Nürnberg.
•German Baroque composer, organist and teacher
who brought the south German organ tradition to its
peak.
•He composed a large body of sacred and secular
music, and his contributions to the development of
the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a
place among the most important composers of the
middle Baroque.
FRANZ PETER SCHUBERT
(FRANZ SCHUBERT)
born January 31, 1797, Himmelpfortgrund, near
Vienna [Austria]—died November 19, 1828, Vienna
Austrian composer who bridged the worlds of
Classical and Romantic music, noted for
the melody and harmony in his songs (lieder)
and chamber music.
Among other works are Symphony No. 9 in C
Major (The Great; 1828), Symphony in B
Minor (Unfinished; 1822), masses, and piano works.
FAMOUS BAROQUE ARTISTS
PETER PAUL RUBENS

•born June 28, 1577, Siegen, Nassau, Westphalia

[Germany]—died May 30, 1640, Antwerp, Spanish
Netherlands [now in Belgium]
•Flemish painter who was the greatest exponent of
Baroque painting’s dynamism, vitality, and sensuous
exuberance.
•Rubens is perhaps best known for his religious and
mythological compositions.
•His powers of invention were matched by
extraordinary energy and versatility.
The
Massacre
of the
Innocents
MICHELANGELO MERISI DA
CARAVAGGIO (CARAVAGGIO)
•born September 29, 1571, Milan or Caravaggio
[Italy]—died July 18/19, 1610, Porto Ercole,
Tuscany
•leading Italian painter of the late 16th and early
17th centuries who became famous for the intense
and unsettling realism of his large-scale religious
works.
The
Crucifixion of
Saint Peter
REMBRANDT HARMENSZOON
VAN RIJN (REMBRANDT)
•born July 15, 1606, Leiden, Netherlands—died
October 4, 1669, Amsterdam
•Dutch Baroque painter and printmaker, one of the
greatest storytellers in the history of art, possessing
an exceptional ability to render people in their
various moods and dramatic guises.
•Rembrandt is also known as a painter of light and
shade and as an artist who favoured an
uncompromising realism that would lead some critics
to claim that he preferred ugliness to beauty.
•Rembrandt painted
mainly portraits.
•Although he continued to
paint—and etch and,
occasionally, draw—
portraits throughout his
career, he did so less
frequently over time.
•The painting known
as Night
Watch (1640/42) was
clearly a turning point in
his stylistic development.
GIAN LORENZO BERNINI
•born December 7, 1598, Naples, Kingdom of
Naples [Italy]—died November 28, 1680, Rome,
Papal States.
•Italian artist who was perhaps the greatest sculptor
of the 17th century and an outstanding architect as
well.
•Bernini created the Baroque style of sculpture and
developed it to such an extent that other artists are
of only minor importance in a discussion of that style.
“David,”
marble
sculpture by
Gian Lorenzo
Bernini, 1623–
24. In the
Borghese
Gallery, Rome.
 Serious or conventional music
following long-established principles
rather than a folk, jazz, or popular
CLASSICAL tradition. Music written in the
European tradition during a period
PERIOD lasting approximately from 1750 to
1830, when forms such as the
symphony, concerto, and sonata were
standardized.
FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN
(JOSEPH HAYDN)
•born March 31, 1732, Rohrau, Austria—died May 31,
1809, Vienna
•Austrian composer who was one of the most important
figures in the development of the Classical style
in music during the 18th century
•He helped establish the forms and styles for the
string quartet and the symphony.
Haydn wrote 107 symphonies in total, as well as 83
string quartets, 45 piano trios, 62 piano sonatas, 14
masses and 26 operas, amongst countless other scores.
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN
•baptized December 17, 1770, Bonn, archbishopric
of Cologne [Germany]—died March 26,
1827, Vienna, Austria.
•German composer, the predominant musical figure in
the transitional period between the Classical
and Romantic eras.
•Widely regarded as the greatest composer who
ever lived, Ludwig van Beethoven dominates a
period of musical history as no one else before or
since.
He oversaw the transition of music from the Classical
style, full of poise and balance, to the Romantic
style, characterised by emotion and impact.
 A prolific composer who wrote for wealthy patrons and also
earned money from public concerts, he wrote nine
symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, one opera, five piano
concertos, and many chamber works including some ground-
breaking string quartets.
He could be a difficult and unsociable man, who felt bitter
and isolated by the deafness which developed in his 20s; he
never married.He enjoyed great success and recognition in
his lifetime.
It is said that at the premiere of his Ninth, he could not hear
UDWIG VAN the thunderous applause at the end, and had to be turned
round to see the delighted audience reaction.
BEETHOVEN Virtually all his major works are standard repertoire pieces,
familiar to musicians and listeners throughout the commercial
world.
Beethoven could take a simple idea and work it into a
large-scale piece. He constantly pushed music into new
areas.
JOHANN CHRYSOSTOM WOLFGANG
AMADEUS MOZART (WOLFGANG
AMADEUS MOZART)
•baptized as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus
Theophilus Mozart
•born January 27, 1756, Salzburg, archbishopric of
Salzburg [Austria]—died December 5, 1791,
Vienna.
•was arguably the most gifted musician in the history
of classical music.
•Austrian composer, widely recognized as one of the
greatest composers in the history of Western music.
 •Mozart most commonly called himself
Wolfgang Amadé or Wolfgang Gottlieb
•His inspiration is often described as
'divine', but he worked assiduously, not
only to become the great composer he
JOHANN was, but also a conductor, virtuoso
CHRYSOSTOM
WOLFGANG AMADEUS pianist, organist and violinist.
MOZART •Mozart's music embraces opera,
symphony, concerto, chamber, choral,
instrumental and vocal music, revealing
an astonishing number of imperishable
masterpieces.
ROMANTIC
PERIOD
 The Romantic period started around 1830 and ended
around 1900, as compositions became increasingly
expressive and inventive. Expansive symphonies,
virtuosic piano music, dramatic operas, and passionate
songs took inspiration from art and literature. Famous
ROMANTIC Romantic composers include Tchaikovsky, lizst and
chopin.
PERIOD “Romantic” is indispensable but also a little misleading:
there was no self-styled “Romantic movement” at the
time, and the great writers of the period did not call
themselves Romantics.
PETER ILICH TCHAIKOVSKY
(PYOTR LLYICH TCHAIKOVSKY)
•Tchaikovsky also spelled Chaikovsky, Chaikovskii,
or Tschaikowsky
•born April 25 [May 7, New Style], 1840, Votkinsk,
Russia—died October 25 [November 6], 1893, St.
Petersburg.
•the most popular Russian composer of all time.
•His music has always had great appeal for the general
public in virtue of its tuneful, open-hearted melodies,
impressive harmonies, and colourful, picturesque
orchestration, all of which evoke a profound emotional
response.
 Tchaikovsky's oeuvre includes 7
symphonies, 11 operas, 3 ballets, 5
suites, 3 piano concertos,
a violin concerto, 11 overtures
PETER ILICH (strictly speaking, 3 overtures and 8
TCHAIKOVSKY single movement programmatic
orchestral works), 4 cantatas, 20
choral works, 3 string quartets, a
string sextet, and more than 100
songs and piano pieces.
FRANZ LISZT
•Hungarian piano virtuoso and composer.
•Among his many notable compositions are his 12
symphonic poems, two (completed) piano concerti,
several sacred choral works, and a great variety of
solo piano pieces.
•He literally redefined what 10 fingers were
capable of, producing one scintillating sleight-of-
hand keyboard effect after another.
FRANZ LISZT
•Such was the sheer force of his musical personality that adoring women collapsed
swooning following just a single touch of the ivories.
•Even the normally unimpressionable Matthew Arnold reported after a Liszt concert
that “as soon as I returned home, I pulled off my coat, flung myself on the sofa, and
wept the bitterest, sweetest tears”.
•There were even those who thought Liszt’s unearthly powers were the result of a pact
with the Devil, exacerbated by such dark and “paranormal” pianistic whirlwinds as
the Dante Sonata and Mephisto Waltz.
 FRÉDÉRIC FRANÇOIS CHOPIN
(FRÉDÉRIC CHOPIN)
•Polish Fryderyk Franciszek Szopen
•born March 1, 1810, Żelazowa Wola,
near Warsaw, Duchy of Warsaw [now in Poland]—died
October 17, 1849, Paris, France.
•Polish French composer and pianist of
the Romantic period, best known for his solo pieces for
piano and his piano concerti.
•was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the
Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
•Although he wrote little but piano works, many of them
brief, Chopin ranks as one of music’s greatest tone poets
by reason of his superfine imagination
and fastidious craftsmanship.
 He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading
musicians of his era, whose “poetic genius was based on a professional
technique that was without equal in his generation.”

A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed many

of his works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than
a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.

FRÉDÉRIC Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade.

FRANÇOIS His major piano works also include sonatas, mazurkas, waltzes,nocturnes,
CHOPIN polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, and preludes, some published
only after his death.

Many contain elements of both Polishfolk music and of the classical

tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he
admired.

His innovations in style,musical form, and harmony, and his association of

music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late
Romantic period.
The Modern Era has been a period of massive technological and socio-political
change, sparked largely by the increasingly rapid transit of people and
information (via automobiles, airplanes, spacecraft and telephone, radio,
television, satellite transmission, the Internet, etc.). There have been more wars
and outbreaks of social violence in the past century than in all previous ages
combined, including two major World Wars that dramatically affected all
aspects of life in Europe and America between 1914-18 (WWI) and 1939-45
(WWII). This era has seen the gradual decline of the worldwide British
Commonwealth (which once included India, Hong Kong and other parts of the
Far East, much of Africa, Canada, and the British Isles), the establishment of the
United States as the major force of the Free World, and the rise and fall of
Soviet Communism. The ever-changing delicate balance of economic and
political power is now--more than ever--of urgent global significance.

MODERN PERIOD
ACHILLE-CLAUDE DEBUSSY
(CLAUDE DEBUSSY)
•born August 22, 1862, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France—
died March 25, 1918, Paris
•French composer whose works were a seminal force in
the music of the 20th century.
•He developed a highly original system of harmony and
musical structure that expressed in many respects the ideals
to which the Impressionist and Symbolist painters and writers
of his time aspired.
•His major works include Clair de lune (“Moonlight,” in Suite
bergamasque, 1890–1905), Prélude à l’après-midi d’un
faune (1894; Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun), the
opera Pelléas et Mélisande (1902), and La Mer (1905; “The
Sea”).
 Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent
figures associated withImpressionist music, though he himself
disliked the term when applied to his compositions.
ACHILLE- He was madeChevalier of the Legion of Honour in his native

CLAUDE France in 1903. Debussy was among the most influential

composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his
use of non-traditional scales and chromaticism influenced
DEBUSSY many composers who followed.Debussy’s music is noted for
its sensory content and frequent usage of atonality.
The prominent French literary style of his period was known
as Symbolism, and this movement directly inspired Debussy
both as a composer and as an active cultural participant.
 ARNOLD FRANZ WALTER SCHOENBERG (ARNOLD
SCHOENBERG)
•Schoenberg also spelled Schönberg
•born September 13, 1874, Vienna, Austria—died
July 13, 1951, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
•Austrian-American composer who created new
methods of musical composition involving atonality,
namely serialism and the 12-tone row.
He was also one of the most-influential teachers of
the 20th century; among his most-significant pupils
were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.
Arnold Schoenberg is one of the most influential composers of the
twentieth century. He championed atonality in music composition, first
through freely composed, expressionist works such as Pierrot Lunaire
(one song from that cycle, “Madonna,” is on our playlist), and later
through his own system of composition commonly referred to as as
twelve-tone music (the Piano Suite, a portion of which is on our list, was
composed using this method). This system of atonal composition
became the dominant musical idiom at music conservatories in America
and Europe during the latter half of the twentieth century. Though the
influence of twelve-tone composition appears to be waning, its impact
on the music of the last century is enormous. Love it or hate it, the music
of Schoenberg walks large on the stage of history.

ARNOLD FRANZ
WALTER SCHOENBERG
JOSEPH-MAURICE RAVEL
(MAURICE RAVEL)
•born March 7, 1875, Ciboure, France—died December 28,
1937, Paris
•French composer of Swiss-Basque descent, noted for his
musical craftsmanship and perfection of form and style in
such works as Boléro (1928), Pavane pour une infante
défunte (1899; Pavane for a Dead Princess), Rapsodie
espagnole (1907), the ballet Daphnis et Chloé (first
performed 1912), and the opera L’Enfant et les
sortilèges (1925; The Child and the Enchantments).
•His family background was an artistic and cultivated one,
and the young Maurice received every encouragement from
his father when his talent for music became apparent at an
early age.
•he was obviously a talented pianist, he showed a stronger desire to compose.
In order to encourage his musical pursuits further, Ravel’s parents sent him to the Paris
Conservatory, initially as a preparatory student and then as a piano major.
He studied first with Émile Descombes and received a first prize in the piano in his first year
(1891).
More generally, however, Ravel saw limited success at the conservatory and although his
musicianship matured significantly, his academics were weak.
Ravel was unfortunately expelled in 1895, after failing to be awarded a competitive medal
in three consecutive years.
Three years later, he returned to the conservatory in order to study composition with Gabriel
Fauré.
Unfortunately, he fell victim once more of failing to win any competitive prizes and so was
expelled for the second time in 1900.
ACTIVITY #7&8 (
1. Compose your own song. Send it together with the song notation just like below.
MIDTERM ASSESSMENT/QUIZ #2
(please do not forget to take a video of not less than three minutes but not more than five minutes)
A.
1. Perform your composed song while singing and playing your instrument (guitar, flute, organ
etc..)
2. Perform it using your instrument only.
B.
1. Draw your ideal man/woman.
2. Using clay, create or make your ideal man/woman.
C.
1. Create your own monologue.
2. Perform it.
NOTE!!! MAMILI LAMANG NG ISA (from A to C). ANG UNANG GAWAIN SA
BAWAT PAMIMILIAN AY IKOKONSIDERA NA INYONG ASSESSMENT. AT ANG PANGALAWA
(no. 2) NAMAN AY PARTE NG INYONG MIDTERM EXAM (20 POINTS). RUBRICS OR CRITERIA
WILL BE SENT SA GC.

Deadline: NOVEMBER 30, 5PM