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Module 3 Geotechnical Hazards
Module 3 Geotechnical Hazards
I am indebted to Dr Alex Baumgard and Mark Leir and Gerry Ferris (BGC Engineering )
and Moness Rizkalla Via Plus for the use of some of the material in this presentation
• Avulsion
1. Geohazards –
Hydrotechnical
Rivers/Creeks are Dynamic
1.00E+01
1.00E+00 In-Line
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cross Flow
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
1.00E-03
Fatigue Life = 0.01 year
1.00E-04
1.00E-05
1.00E-06
Span length [m]
Alan Murray 2017 13
Stream Network
Site Visit
1. Identifies 1. Measure depth of
watercourse cover, bankfull width
crossings and gradient
2. Determine
discharge rates of
2. Collect site-specific
floods characteristics
Return Period (year)
Squamish, BC
1. Geohazards – Hydrotechnical
Debris Flow
• Common in mountainous
terrain
• Very rapid, channelized
fluidized mixture of soil, rock,
and debris
• Capable of extreme scour
and unpredictable channel
avulsion
• The entire fan is the hazard
• Pipeline must be protected
within the entire fan
Yale, BC
1. Geohazards – Presence of
Hydrotechnical Hazards
Typically 1 crossing every:
Average 5 km
BC 3 km
Alberta 6 km
Wyoming + Montana 8 km
Tension Cracks
showing shallow
instability
Rock Slide
• Landslides involving mostly rock
• Can occur catastrophically or
slowly (Rock Creep)
• Pipelines crossing mountains in
wet climates with unfavorable
structural geology or bedrock
types are most vulnerable
Seismic Hazards
Generally driven by:
• plate tectonics
• distance to epicenter,
and
• bedrock and structural,
and surfical geology
2 Common Subclasses:
• fault rupture
• lateral spreading
Ground Movement
Other
Quite rare occurrences in benign 13%
8%
terrain so Geohazards are generally
considered to have a low probability
of occurrence and pipeline operators
do not believe they can do anything
Corrosion
to prevent them …. 24%
Construction / Material
14%
Operator Error
US DOT-OPS Gas Transmission Data 1984-2007 4%
Onshore steel pipelines > 2” (50 mm) diameter
2. Pipeline Standards – Pipeline Failures
… but they cause relatively more ruptures!
B31.8
Translational Slips
Movement occurs predominantly along more or less planar
or gently undulatory surfaces and is frequently structurally
controlled by discontinuities and variations in shear strength
between layers of bedded deposits
Rotational Slips
movement results from forces that cause a turning moment
about a point above the centre of gravity of the section.
The surface of rupture concaves upwards
Alan Murray 2017 49
Slope Stability
• The sources of the stresses and strength acting within
hillslope materials are gravity and internal friction
respectively.
• A major source of stress is the gravitational force.
• The magnitude of this force is related to the angle of the
slope and the weight of hillslope sediments and rock. The
following equation models this relationship:
F = W sin Ø
• where F is gravitational force, W is the weight of the material
occurring at some point on the slope, and Ø is the angle of
the slope.
•This solution tends to give a conservative value for the factor of safety, of
•between 5 and 20%.
Alan Murray 2017 53
The shear strength of the soil is a function of
the normal stress :
t = c' + s' tan f'
• an = the positive or negative dip angle of the tangent line at the centre of
the slice base (unit: degrees).
•
f' = angle of friction in terms of effective stress (unit: degrees).
•
c' = cohesion in terms of effective stress (unit: kN/m²).
•
Ln = base length of a slice (unit: m).
•
run = pore pressure ratio for slice.
•
Wn = vertical load due to the slice (unit: kN)
•
•This solution tends to give a conservative value for the factor of safety, of
•between 5 and 20%.
Alan Murray 2017 61
The shear strength of the soil is a function of
the normal stress :
t = c' + s' tan f'
• an = the positive or negative dip angle of the tangent line at the centre of
the slice base (unit: degrees).
•
f' = angle of friction in terms of effective stress (unit: degrees).
•
c' = cohesion in terms of effective stress (unit: kN/m²).
•
Ln = base length of a slice (unit: m).
•
run = pore pressure ratio for slice.
•
Wn = vertical load due to the slice (unit: kN)
•
CSA Z662
B31.8
• No specified inspection
interval
DNV OS-F101
• In-place assets
4. Managing Geotechnical Hazards –
Estimating Consequence
6 5 4 3 2 1
Indices
Incidental Minor Moderate Major Severe Catastrophic
Minor w orkforce Workforce lost- Workforce long- Workforce Multiple Multiple
injury; no public time accident; no term disability; fatality; serious w orkforce w orkforce
Safety impact public impact minor public public injury fatalities (<10); fatalities (>10);
injury public fatality multiple public
fatalities
Insignificant Localized short- Localized long- w idespread long- Widespread Loss of a
term impact; term impact; term impact; impact; not significant
Environment recovery w ithin recoverable recoverable recoverable portion of a
days or w eeks w ithin the lifetime w ithin the lifetime w ithin the lifetime valued species
of the project of the project of the project
Negligible; no Some asset loss; Serious asset Major asset loss; Severe asset Total loss of
business minimal business loss; up to 1 day up to 1 w eek loss; up to 1 asset; >1 month
Economic interruption; interruption; business business month business business
<$10,000 <$100,000 interruption; interruption; interruption; interruption;
<$1M <$10M <$100M >$100M
Negligible impact Slight impact; Local publicity; National publicity; International May threaten
recoverable recoverable temporary publicity; long- corporation's
Reputation w ithin days w ithin w eeks (w eeks to term (years) loss survival
months) loss of of market share
market share
Probability VL Very Low Risk is broadly acceptable; no f urther review or risk reduction required
Indices
Likelihood Descriptions Range
Event can reasonably be
expected to occur at least once A Very Likely >0.9 M H H VH VH VH
per year
Event typically occurs every f ew
years B Likely 0.1 to 0.9 L M H H VH VH
Moderate chance of event
occurring w ithin the lif etime of a C Moderate 0.01 to 0.1 L L M H H VH
40 yr f acility
Event unlikely to occur w ithin the
lif etime of a 40 yr f acility D Unlikely 0.001 to 0.01 VL L L M H H
Event very unlikely to occur
w ithin the lif etime of a 40 yr E Very Unlikely 0.0001 to 0.001 VL VL L L M H
f acility
Event is possible but is extremely
unlikely to occur w ithin the F Extremely Unlikely <0.0001 VL VL VL L L M
lif etime of a 40 yr f acility
6 5 4 3 2 1
Indices
Incidental Minor Moderate Major Severe Catastrophic
Consequence Descriptions and Indices
Minor w orkf orce Workf orce lost- Workf orce long- Workf orce Multiple Multiple
injury; no public time accident; no term disability; f atality; serious w orkf orce w orkf orce
Safety impact public impact minor public public injury f atalities (<10); f atalities (>10);
injury public f atality multiple public
f atalities
Insignif icant Localized short- Localized long- w idespread long- Widespread Loss of a
term impact; term impact; term impact; impact; not signif icant
Environment recovery w ithin recoverable recoverable recoverable portion of a
days or w eeks w ithin the lif etime w ithin the lif etime w ithin the lif etime valued species
of the project of the project of the project
Negligible; no Some asset loss; Serious asset Major asset loss; Severe asset Total loss of
business minimal business loss; up to 1 day up to 1 w eek loss; up to 1 asset; >1 month
Economic interruption; interruption; business business month business business
<$10,000 <$100,000 interruption; interruption; interruption; interruption;
<$1M <$10M <$100M >$100M
Negligible impact Slight impact; Local publicity; National publicity; International May threaten
recoverable recoverable temporary publicity; long- corporation's
Reputation w ithin days w ithin w eeks (w eeks to term (years) loss survival
months) loss of of market share
market share
Risk $ Mitigation
Costs $
goal
▪ Subsequent passes
Stable
Typically use a base Ground
station and driven
smooth steel bars or Landslide
another frost resistant
monument in landslide
area. In both methods, the monuments are
surveyed at selected intervals of time.
Alan Murray 2017 97
Soil Strainmeter
LANDSLIDE
Wire is anchored at
toe of slide
If the slope moves
Pipeline
there will be some
bulking (volume
expansion of ground)
Alan Murray 2017 101
Slope Extensometers
Example of Installation behind
main scarp of slide
Installation Pulley Switch to
trigger alarm
(cont’d) •Light
•Siren
•Phone alert
Zero-
•Other
Expansion
wire
Measurement
Scale
Flexible PVC
pipe Weight
Stake
Stand
Stable Ground
Alan Murray 2017 102
Slope Extensometers
Monitoring installation
Anchor
This is what a monitoring
installation would look like
installed on the slope Alan Murray 2017 103
Slope Inclinometers (Basics)
Grouting Ground
equipment:
Grout
Grout fills annular
space between SI
SI pipe
pipe and borehole
walls Alan Murray 2017 106
4. Managing Geotechnical Hazards –
Monitoring Instruments)
Slope Inclinometers
VELOCITY PLOTS
Strain gage
sensor
A settlement cell consists of a liquid reservoir, liquid-filled tubing, and the settlement cell,
which contains a pressure transducer. One end of the tubing is connected to the settlement
cell, which is embedded in fill or installed in a borehole. The other end of the tubing is
connected to the reservoir, which is located away from the construction area.
The transducer measures the pressure created by the column of liquid in the tubing. As the
transducer settles with the surrounding ground, the height of the column is increased and
the settlement cell measures higher pressure.
Unloading the
slope crest to
reduce the
driving forces.
Tucuman, Argentina
Supporting
slope toe to
increase the
resisting forces.
Salmo, SE BC
139
Alan Murray 2017
7. Mitigating Geohazards –
Do Nothing