2 LANGUAGE BANK AVES hypothetical conditional: past ‘The most common conditional sentences refer to permanent facts (zero conditional), future possibility (frst conditional) or imaginary situations (second conditional) hypothetical conditional: past (third conditional) Use to talk about something that could have happened, but didnt, or should not have happened, but did. If! hadn't eaten that shellfish | would have been fine. other forms with a third conditional meaning Supposing you'd met the president, what would you have said? Imagine you'd missed the fight, what would you have done? In more formal contexts, it is possible to replace if by inverting the subject and had. Had | knawn her | would have said hello Or replace /Pwith but for + noun (+ gerund) But for Wilkinson's heroics, they would have lost the match, mixed conditional Use to say how, if something had been different in the past, the present or future would be different. If she'd listened ta me, she wouldn't be in debt now. verb patterns verb + ing Many verbs can be followed by a verb in the -ing form. Some of these verbs are related in meaning: like, dislike, adore, love, detest, can’t bear/stand. Some can also be followed by the infinitive, but the meaning may change. We regret to inform you... (We are sorry before we speak) He regrets telling her... (He is sorry after he speaks) Prepositions are followed by an -ing form. Are you still interested in buying the property? -Ing forms when they function as nouns (gerunds) are often the subject of a sentence. Smoking is bad for you. infinitive with to Use an infinitive with to: after certain verbs including oppear, decide, fal, need, offer, refuse, want, wish. Verbs with a future meaning (hope, expect, promise, etc) are often followed by the infinitive They hoped to negotiate a better deal after certain verb + object combinations, e.g, advise, allow, ask, cause, encourage, forbid. The potice asked everyone to remain calm. with some nouns often as part of semi-fixed phrases tts time to .., et) after most adjectives. [was happy to help. introducing opinions Use the following phrases to introduce opinions or knowledge. iF you want my honest According to (the statistic: To my knowedge, Quite frankly From what I can gather, Lookat it this way If you ask me, regrets Use regret + gerund, ifonly + past perfect or wish + past perfect to say we want something in the past to have been different. [regret going out lost night. Ifonly | hadn't left the oven on. He wishes he'd gone to university. Use ifonly + past simple or wish + past simple to say we want something to be different now. Ifonly we had some matches! {wish you were here. Note: After only and wish, we often use were instead of was Were is considered more correct in formal English, although was is often used in spoken English Use ifonly + would or wish-+ would to show we are annoyed by something nov. ‘only you'd be more sensible! | wish you would be quiet! passive infinitive or -ing form Use the passive -ing form (being done) to describe actions which are done to the subject. | hate being told what to do. Use the passive infinitive (to be done) after some verbs (especially reporting verbs). He was considered to be the right person for the job. perfect infinitive or -ing form Use the perfect -ing form (having done) or the perfect infinitive (to have done) to emphasise when one action happened before another. ‘She mentioned having seen him leave. They seem to have solved the problem. After verbs of preference (would like/love/hate/ prefer/rather) we can use the perfect infinitive to talk about an action in the past. We would hate to have lost the match, negative infinitive or ing form Not + infinitive and not + -ing are also important. {t's quite common not to understand at first ‘Not understanding Is quite common. Infinitives can be the subject of a sentence. To learns important. Not to thank her would be impolite. is,K LANGUAGE BANK GRAMMAR noun phrases ‘A noun phrase is a group of words which function asa unit to describe the noun. Information can be added before or after the noun to add further information about it before the noun (pre-modification) Compound nouns are formed when another noun is added to help describe the main noun. These can be written as two words, with a hyphen, oras one word. coffee cup build-up fingerprint Compound adjectives can be used for expressions of measurement. Note: Plural expressions become singular. «@ forty-five-minute journey (It takes forty-five minutes) a six-year-old boy (He is six years old.) Adverb + adjective combinations can be used to give more information after the noun (post-modification) Prepositional phrases can be used to help modify the noun. the light from the setting sun ‘a suggestion for how to arrange the meeting Participle clauses also give more description. people rushing in and out of their offices Relative clauses can also be used to modify the noun phrase, See 3.2 below. the man whom I spotted in the restaurant Sometimes, the relative clause can be rewritten as a noun phrase research that has been conducted recently > about the noun. an amazingly simple process rece Basch Adjectives before a noun need to be ina specific order. ‘determiner value | size | age | shape colour | origin | material | compound | noun. two lovely _ vases my shabby leather | biker | jacket some small silver _ [ear ‘ings relative clauses relative pronouns defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses give essential information about a noun, Compare: 1 Myuncle, who lives in New York, is coming to Oxford. 2 Myuncle who lives in New York is coming to Oxford. In sentence 1, who lives in New Yorkis a non-defning relative clause, It gives extra non-essential information about the uncle. In sentence 2, it isa defining relative clause, The speaker has more than one uncle so he/she ‘identifies which uncle he/she is talking about. Indefining relative clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun if it is the object of the verb. ve eaten the cake (which) | made yesterday. non-defining relative clauses 'Non-defining relative clauses give extra information about a noun, Use a comma before and after the relative clause That project, which I started years ago, still isn’t finished. making a proposal ‘introducing your proposal | Just to give a bit of background information, To start with, fm going to talk briefly about ‘The alt of the project ito. ‘The main goal/objective of our proposal isto... | _ describing your idea What we plan to dois... | We're going to build/develop/come up with . Use: wito for people, which for things/groups of people, where for places, whose for possessions belonging to people and things. That can replace any pronoun except whose in defining relative clauses. Use a relative pronoun after some of, all of, a few of. none of. She has four sisters, none of whom are married. fixed prepositional phrases and relative clauses There are a number of fixed phrases which use a preposition in a non-defining relative clause. The company ran out of money, at which point! quit my job He may work late, in which case I'l get home first We watched the final, the result of which was never in doubt in informal sentences, the preposition stays with the verb. In formal sentences we put the preposition before the relative pronoun. Compare: He completed the book which he'd been working on. (informal) He completed the book on which he'd been working, (Formal) justifying your idea This solution will help usto .. listing the benefits {nthe first instance, this would mean ... The short-termn/long-term benefits include . ‘summarising your proposal So, basicaly, what we're proposing (to do) Is to To sum up, we're proposing acute Does anyone have any questions? Is there anything that needs clarification? This dea is feasible because.