The two-K method predicts This is a new technique that requires only two constants, plus the Reynolds nur edict the diameter, to ber and fitting head loss in an elbow, valve or tee. It is accurate even for large-diameter and alloy fittings, and at low Reynolds numbers, lan Br Hooper 3d nto Co (i Fereinw 2 fed through a sy, which & provided by # drop in p-esmas feing Tals pre ad Io The loss due 1 wall friction is b: bandied by weat- e fitting me physical length as che fi mI ition ficthods, and the two-K method, do this. Bur each method pres the remaining "exces rads f=) of srxight pipe, of the Equivalent length The eqivalent-lengih method ards som tal length of pive co the acuaal Teageh of the yielding.an “equivaleat lengeh” of pipe(E,) that has the. fame teal loss as the fitting. nforeunare drawback ro this imple approach is that the equivalent length for a given fisting is nat constant, but depends on Reynolds 2, a8 Wall ag 2ize and yecineiry Jength method recuires sing ig dae mostly to turbu- ranges in the ditecrion and 9 predict this loss by wing 2 and rovgl The eee head joxsin a St lence caused by ebrupe sporc of Bowe, Thus it is b a velucky-head approach. Velocity head The amount of kinete eneray’ 0 isthe velocity head. An equivalent sta velocity head is the amount of potential exergy (head) | nerestay 19 accelerate a fluid to its lowing veloc. Tor example: Presnare gages on both sides of a grad ‘Hetion-fiee pipe entrance would show that the | pressure in the Bowing fuid is lower than the premwe in the fed tank by ene velocty head. (This is why an | edluctor works) The potential (pressure) energy of the uid in the tank is not lost; it hes heen converted 10 netic energy. The mamber of velocity heads (7) jaa Rowing stream is calovlated dircetly froma the velaely af the streara (1): tained in a stream ave, ee tis that the | With ¢ background, comider a square elbow. The J experiences a pipelie frictional head loss stops abruptly and starts ina new oF the inlet velocity vector has no component in the outles die rection, all of the inles kinetic eneruy ts lost. Thiss, 1 part of the loss in a square ctbow is . Pipe exit: Ky = 0; Ke = 10, 3, Orifice: Ky ie variable; K (1/89) — 1), where Bis the rasta of oF inuide dia vs, equivalent length Why wee the two-K method when the equivaleni- suse? This length method is moze familiar? and ess!Inside pipe din, Moody sriction factor (/'= 02/Ng, for lassinar few) Standard" friedon factor for head los in feeing eration due to gravity, 2 2 Velocity head, fof fiaid Head loss, fof fat inside pipe dia, js wad! lost for & Btcing, velocty bead E fos fusing ot Ny K for very large biting at Ng, = 20, velocity hes ‘Length of pipe, including physical leneth of fi ings, < iy heads ————— TwoK method 5 Foon: AF =KE,| k= 4\(Nae + Find K for firings: cf + 1D —— Nomenclature L, Equivalent length of @ bring (L, = K D7}. tt Noe Reynelue number for few (Nye = aD a/e n Number of fittings of @ given type AP Pressure drop (AP = pIT/144), ps BUD. Tend rains of sn elbow divided by inside dia of pipe + Fluid vetocicy, /e Ratio of ertice dia. to pipe inside dia. Roughnes of pipe wall, f hh Visonsity of fuid, to's fe Density of Big, I/O K-factor method [5] | Form: As = (iD) 4 Hg Find & for fisings and ext: 3065 oa/210,000 45 Find for eadt and seaight pipe K = 1.9 for normal exit; K-= fL/D = 0.937 for pipe Find ead lor: AW= KU 305 + 10 4 0997)(1.534 Bat Fittings . ake Fittings x 2K 99° elbows 6 020 120 7 Do* allows 6 om 132 ‘Tes (ide cutlery 2 800 1,600 089 1.60 ‘Tees (side outlet) = 2.8 use Gate valves 2 a0 1000 03» 9.30 valves 2 00 Une Tatas 210 1 uo 100 Ana kH, —— Old equivalent-length method [/] Form: AH = (fL,/D) Hy Pind equivalent Jengtles Le 90" elbavee 6 Tes (side cule) = 2978 ovals 2 9 18 1 88 a ich pipe tal Zp Find head tos: 7/1.402)9(1 New Crane method [6] Foun, Al = ((Jh/0) + K) My op for this mers 0.13 (p. A-26) Fuad K for Fittings 2 90" elbows 6 ees (side outlet 2 1360 Bate valves 2 209 Exit Po Total 4228 Bind X for eraight pips K 87 (given) nid al les MH (sD) + Ke 7 + 4.928) 1 5 SMe «—| 34 | wo | > | et ‘Normal, equsre-cdeed Ievevarcepre =e: entries (Borda) GQ ipecnvance K valuardo mikes mauler | not depend on diameter Fig. 3 | Reese a8 | classic wethod, in whieh each type of 624 in fe relable for 1 S624! 12 piping in normal runs (see the dashed lin ‘arge, complex alloy systems, the method eould predict 3 times too high, That aicans oversized § capital. [n lami head losses 13. = xc waste of e0e"gy thar flow, on the other hwnd, it eould predict head losses aa whole order of magaitud= too low. ‘-length concept alsa contains a booby trap for the unwary. Every equ! aspe- tile fretion factor (f) associated with it, heeawse the equivalent lengths were originally developed from K Dif. This is why the lat- fest version of the equivalentlength method (the 1976 fdition of Crane Technical Paper 410 [6]) properly re- quires the use of two friction factors. The firs. is the factual fiction factor for flow in the straight fad the second ie a “standard” friction factor for the particular fitting (fj). Thus the ovo-K methed is a easy to uo a) she updated equivalentlength method. And the results are as accurate. ‘What about the widely wed K-factor graphs pub- lished by the Hydraulic Institute? (See [9] for a good presentation of these graphs.) The graphs are good for 1-8 in. pipe in fully turbulent flow (see do:ted line ia Fig. 2), but extrapolation to larger sizes can cause er rors: For example, the K-factor line in Fig. 2 shows aX 6f 0.075 for a S6-in. elbow, but the actual K is about 0.200, OF course, these charts greatly underestimate laminar head losses, and should not be used for Mae ‘below 10,000, faciors by the formula L, Example Consider @ 16-in. Sdy 108 saintewstee! system as shown in Fig. 4. The system contains 100 actual ft of pipe: 6 long-radius (normal for most systems) elbows; 2 Rde-oudler tezs; 2 gate valves and an exit into a tanke ‘The Maid has 2 viscosity of 1 cP, a specific gravity of 1s and Is lowing at 10 fy/s, What isthe bead low shrough this ystem? [Let us frst calculate and convert the given & the needed information: 0 get 13 62.49 = 62.43 Ib/i 1X 672% 10 = 872 X LO Ib/i (10)(1.303) (arog = 1 Given ¢ = (00008 fi for sta from she Colebrook equation: f = 0.0123. Thus, (L/D (0.0122X100)/1.302) = 0.037 (this is the X value for the pipe itself) ‘The four boxes (on p. 99) show how to eatculate the oral head loss by the two-K method and three other methods. The resalte 1, Two K metho 2, Old equival: (185 bis! 3, K4actor mi 4%, Revised Crane method: SW = 8.18 ft Note that Row was fally 1 ‘aminar flow, the equiv e ods would have been off considerably more. les pipe, we can find References ts lesan, J, "Eapeiarn Upon ihe Tio of Weer fp Pie ae Pe Eepmred Teese icc! gi, Nee Vo 10 Retuge CP, and Reney £8, Restane Contin fa Ea es Gre Meu lek Valve and Ficingn aw ASME, 79 (Noe eb 4, Pore tJ © Presa Losin Tang, pe and ing, Tow. asta, SE Gy TREN, p Be 7 * 4 Pp) JS, Lon Pipe and iting, Ta ASAE 79 (Nov. 1991), 4, Simao, tL, Siig pln or proton plans Chr 6, "Pow af Fig trout Vas” Grate Gane Ge, Calera 17 june. 3688,9 jel Sages 0,10 ping, ‘The author iy vais mum ace 200 ae Th for anc syst cak me she in: OF pass ow Tos af assir Tt swith desig Hea TI of follo: Whe ri